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Permanent War on Peru's Periphery: Frontier Identity

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Permanent War on Peru's Periphery: Frontier Identity id2653500 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ’S PERIPHERY: FRONT PERMANENT WAR ON PERU IER IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT IN 17TH CENTURY CHILE. By Eugene Clark Berger Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August, 2006 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Date: Jane Landers August, 2006 Marshall Eakin August, 2006 Daniel Usner August, 2006 íos Eddie Wright-R August, 2006 áuregui Carlos J August, 2006 id2725625 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com HISTORY ’ PERMANENT WAR ON PERU S PERIPHERY: FRONTIER IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT IN 17TH-CENTURY CHILE EUGENE CLARK BERGER Dissertation under the direction of Professor Jane Landers This dissertation argues that rather than making a concerted effort to stabilize the Spanish-indigenous frontier in the south of the colony, colonists and indigenous residents of 17th century Chile purposefully perpetuated the conflict to benefit personally from the spoils of war and use to their advantage the resources sent by viceregal authorities to fight it. Using original documents I gathered in research trips to Chile and Spain, I am able to reconstruct the debates that went on both sides of the Atlantic over funds, protection from ’ th pirates, and indigenous slavery that so defined Chile s formative 17 century. While my conclusions are unique, frontier residents from Paraguay to northern New Spain were also dealing with volatile indigenous alliances, threats from European enemies, and questions about how their tiny settlements could get and keep the attention of the crown. I also hope to shed new light on what the residents of the frontiers themselves were saying about their world, rather than relying on the important but somewhat muddled impressions of historians and statesman who have national legacies in mind. Approved: Jane Landers Date: August, 2006 id2742562 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com To Caroll and Matthew. For their love, patience and for allowing me to pursue a profession I am passionate about. iiiii id2755062 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project could not have been undertaken without funds from the Program for ’s Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports and Cultural Cooperation between Spain United States Universities, the Herbert and Blanche Henry Weaver Fellowship, the William Campbell Binkley Graduate Education Fund, a Vanderbilt University Travel Grant, a Vanderbilt University Graduate Fellowship and Teaching Assistantship, and the ón Helguera Dissertation Fellowship. J. Le I am especially indebted to Patrick McMullen ’s generous gift III who established the Helguera Fellowship. Mr. McMullen serves as a ’s decades of commitment to Vanderbilt University and more testament to Dr. Helguera importantly, to each and every one of his students. I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Jane Landers for her patience and guidance over ’s genuine interest in my project was a great the course of my entire graduate career. Jane motivator and she maintained her commitment to my work even through the very ’s passing difficult loss of her friend and colleague, Dr. Simon Collier. Dr. Collier was a shock to all who knew him, and I am blessed to have been mentored by such a brilliant ’s history and culture. I scholar, who helped cultivate my love and respect for Chile would also like to thank the members of my committee, professors Marshall Eakin, áuregui, Daniel Usner and Edward Wright íos. Carlos J -R I would like to thank my parents for taking in and supporting three weary travelers with the only condition being that I do the same for my children. I thank my son Matthew for his laugh, his wonderful personality, and for interrupting me when I really ’t). Finally, I thank my wife needed a break from writing (and sometimes when I didn iv Caroll for her faith. She never hesitated when I asked her to leave her friends and family in Chile, postpone her career, and follow me to Nashville. v id2780859 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Extent of the Inca Empire ......................................................................................10 2. Cities and forts founded in 16th-century Chile.......................................................12 ’s route 3. Almagro .....................................................................................................32 ’s 16th 4. Approximate Distribution of Chile -Century Indigenous Population...........34 ía 5. The Araucan ........................................................................................................82 vi id2797875 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................8 “ ” THE II. TRABAJOS DE LA GUERRA Y TRABAJOS DEL HAMBRE. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRONTIER IN 16TH-CENTURY CHILE ................29 “The Araucanía” and Araucanians .............................................................33 Indios de Guerra........................................................................................37 ’S III. LABOR AND THE BALANCE OF POWER. CHILE FRONTIER ECONOMY RESISTS VICEREGAL NEEDS .....................................................65 ñez de Loyola Disrupts the Colonial Pact O ...............................................95 IV. FRONTIER EXPERIMENTS: JESUITS, MYTHS AND SLAVERY IN POST-CURALABA CHILE................................................................................101 V. PROFITEERING ON THE FRONTIER: THE POVERTY OF THE VIDA FRONTERIZA MEANS WEALTH FOR AN UNSCRUPULOUS FEW ...........137 VI. CONCLUSION: AN EARTHQUAKE RATTLES PERU AND SENDS ’S FRONTIER ECONOMY RIPPLES THROUGH CHILE ...............................177 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................193 vii id2855203 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION For more than three hundred years, the Araucanian indigenous group in southern Chile remained unconquered by both Spanish and later Chilean authorities.1 Araucanian resistance began almost immediately after the Spanish arrived in the region in the 1540s and did not end until the 1880s when Chilean soldiers returned from the War of the Pacific to put down the last major Araucanian offensive. “War of Arauco” as it would come to be called took its name from the region This where most of the conflict would center.2 Not satisfied with decreasing spoils from the conquest of Peru, a number of Spaniards and their indigenous auxiliaries marched through the forbidding Atacama Desert and founded Santiago de Chile in 1541. After finding gold in rivers near Santiago, a smaller group of Spaniards moved steadily south in search of more placer mining possibilities, erecting first a fort then the town ón near the mouth of the Bío ío River in 1550. It was at the Bío ío of Concepci -B -B 1 “Mapuche,” and now refer to themselves as such. Mapuche The Araucanians are also known as “people of the earth” in Mapudungun, but the term only sporadically appears in 16th and 17th means century sources. The Spanish had various terms to refer to these Indians, usually based on the region “Araucano” or from whence they sent representatives in peace talks, but the most universal term was “Auca.” In a recent article Guillaume Boccara correctly pointed out that both “Mapuche” and “ ” are flawed, and instead uses the term “true people” to refer to the Araucano reche meaning “Etnogénesis Mapuche: Resistencia y Restructuración inhabitants of this area. Guillaume Boccara, ígenas del Centro ” Entre los Ind -Sur de Chile (Siglos XVI-XVIII), Hispanic American Historical Review 79:3 (August 1999). Reche was used and understood by the Spanish, but it too is imperfect as ’s political or religious leaders. it refers to the masses or individuals and does not include this region ás Guevara, ón de Araucanía, Tomo I ía Araucana Tom Historia de la civilizaci , Antroploj (Santiago: “Reche” is becoming more widely used among Chilean historians, Imprenta Cervantes, 1900), 186. “Araucanian” remains more universal. but 2 The colonial Province of Arauco was bordered by the Pacific and the Andes to its west and east, and én and Maule Rivers on the north and south. I will also use the more loosely defined by the Tolt “Araucanía” in this study. 8 River where this steady movement southward would stall, and the Spanish
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