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Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimería

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Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimería Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimeria Alta, 1750-1800 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Waugh, Rebecca Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 10:54:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195118 PRESIDIO AND PUEBLO: MATERIAL EVIDENCE OF WOMEN IN THE PIMERÍA ALTA, 1750–1800 by Rebecca Jo Waugh Copyright © Rebecca Jo Waugh 2005 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2005 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Rebecca Jo Waugh entitled Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimería Alta, 1750– 1800 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dr. J. Jefferson Reid, Ph.D. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dr. Teresita Majewski, Ph.D. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dr. Thomas E. Sheridan, Ph.D. Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dissertation Director: Dr. J. Jefferson Reid, Ph.D. 3 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. TYPE NAME HERE: Rebecca Jo Waugh 4 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to acknowledge and thank the members of her committee for their strong support and amazing patience. She also acknowledges Dr. Jack Williams and his volunteer crew for conducting the excavation of the South Barrio site at Tubac and the Archaeological Conservancy for its preservation of the site. The Archaeological Conservancy and the Amerind Foundation gave the author access to collections from the South Barrio and Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate. The Office of Ethnohistorical Research at the University of Arizona and the Mission 2000 database accessed through the website of Tumacácori National Park have provided invaluable access to crucial colonial documents and demographic data. Last but not least the author is extremely grateful to Dirk Harris and David Thompsen, the computer wizards of the anthropology department; without their assistance with maps, graphics, and electronic submission this dissertation could not have been completed. 5 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the colonial women in the Pimería Alta, of every ethnicity, who left their marks on the archaeological record. 6 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................11 LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................12 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1: TO FIND WOMEN....................................................................................15 CHAPTER 2: DESCRIBING GROUPS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD AND GROUPS ON THE SONORAN FRONTIER........................................20 Describing Groups in the Archaeological Record.....................................................21 Behavioral Chain Analysis........................................................................................21 Task-Differentiation Framework...............................................................................21 Spanish Colonial Pattern...........................................................................................22 Recovery Context.........................................................................................................23 Analysis.........................................................................................................................24 Colonial Indigenous Ethnic Groups...........................................................................26 Castas on the Sonoran Frontier..................................................................................27 CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETING GENDER IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD...........................................................................................................................29 Theoretical Criticism...................................................................................................30 Development of the Archaeology of Gender..............................................................31 Gender and Sex..........................................................................................................32 Previous Archaeological Considerations of Gender.................................................34 7 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued Reactions to the Scientific Perspective......................................................................35 Development of Gender Studies in Archaeology.......................................................37 Task-Differentiation Framework...............................................................................38 Other Uses of Task-Differentiation............................................................................40 Chesapeake Frontier..............................................................................................40 Michilimackinac.....................................................................................................41 Postscript to Task-Differentiation..............................................................................42 CHAPTER 4: CULTURE CONTACT AND THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF COLONIALISM................................................................................................................43 Proposed Methods of Culture Change in Contact Situations..................................46 Acculturation..............................................................................................................46 Transculturation........................................................................................................48 Ethnogenesis..............................................................................................................49 Model of Colonization and Culture Change..............................................................50 Defining the Model....................................................................................................50 Themes in the Archaeology of Colonialism...............................................................53 Ethnogenesis in New Spain........................................................................................54 Transition to History..................................................................................................56 Integrating the Data...................................................................................................58 Model Creation.............................................................................................................59 8 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS–Continued Spanish Colonial Pattern...........................................................................................60 St. Augustine..............................................................................................................61 Ethnicities at St. Augustine....................................................................................64 Puerto Real................................................................................................................64 CHAPTER 5: HISTORY OF SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE PIMERÍA ALTA.................................................................................................................................67 Spanish Reasons for Moving North...........................................................................70 Colonial-Period Settlement Types..............................................................................72 Reales de Minas.........................................................................................................72 Missions.....................................................................................................................74 Presidios....................................................................................................................78
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