NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans— Southwest, New—History. | Ethnoarchaeology—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.) | Ethnoarchaeology—Southwest, New. Classification: LCC F799 .N47 2017 | DDC 979/.01—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016044391 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open access ISBN for the PDF version of this book is 978-1-60732-701-1; for the ePUB version the open access ISBN is 978-1-60732- 722-6. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover photograph, Ruins of a room block and the San Gregorio de Abó church at Abó Pueblo in the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, by William M. Graves To Jane Dempsey Douglass, Gordon Douglass, and the late Ralph Douglass for their inspirational examples and to Jill Onken for her love and To Helena Rodrigues and Matilde Graves for their love and encouragement. Contents List of Figures | ix List of Tables | xiii Foreword by David Hurst Thomas | xv Preface | xxi Acknowledgments | xxiii 1. New Mexico and the Pimería Alta: A Brief Introduction to the Colonial Period in the American Southwest John G. Douglass and William M. Graves | 3 Part 1. The New Mexico Colony: Native and Colonist Worlds Colliding 2. “The Peace That Was Granted Had Not Been Kept”: Coronado in the Tiguex Province, 1540–1542 Matthew F. Schmader | 49 3. Meeting in Places: Seventeenth-Century Puebloan and Spanish Landscapes Phillip O. Leckman | 75 4. Hopi Weaving and the Colonial Encounter: A Study of Persistence through Change Laurie D. Webster | 115 | vii 5. The Pueblo World Transformed: Alliances, Factionalism, and Animosities in the Northern Rio Grande, 1680–1700 Matthew Liebmann, Robert Preucel, and Joseph Aguilar | 143 6. Comanche New Mexico: The Eighteenth Century Severin Fowles, Jimmy Arterberry, Lindsay Montgomery, and Heather Atherton | 157 7. Aquí Me Quedo: Vecino Origins and the Settlement Archaeology of the Rio del Oso Grant, New Mexico J. Andrew Darling and B. Sunday Eiselt | 187 8. Becoming Vecinos: Civic Identities in Late Colonial New Mexico Kelly L. Jenks | 213 9. Moquis, Kastiilam, and the Trauma of History: Hopi Oral Traditions of Seventeenth-Century Franciscan Missionary Abuses Thomas E. Sheridan and Stewart B. Koyiyumptewa | 239 Part 2. Divergent Histories and Experiences in the Pimería Alta, Southern Arizona 10. Population Dynamics in the Pimería Alta, ad 1650–1750 Lauren E. Jelinek and Dale S. Brenneman | 263 11. Missions, Livestock, and Economic Transformations in the Pimería Alta Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman | 289 12. Life in Tucson, on the Northern Frontier of the Pimería Alta J. Homer Thiel | 311 13. O’odham Irrigated Agriculture Response to Colonization on the Middle Gila River, Southern Arizona Colleen Strawhacker | 331 Part 3. Discussion and Comparative Viewpoints 14. The Archaeology of Colonialism in the American Southwest and Alta California: Some Observations and Comments Kent G. Lightfoot | 355 15. Materiality Matters: Colonial Transformations Spanning the Southwestern and Southeastern Borderlands David Hurst Thomas | 379 List of Contributors | 415 Index | 417 viii | Contents Figures 1.1. Map of the American Southwest, including the approximate location of both the Pimería Alta and the New Mexico Colony | 6 1.2. Map of approximate early Spanish colonial routes through modern-day Arizona | 13 1.3. Map of approximate early Spanish colonial routes through modern-day New Mexico | 14 2.1. Approximate route of the Francisco Vázquez de Coronado expedition, February 1540 to June 1542 | 52 2.2. Map of Vázquez de Coronado’s “Tiguex Province” (middle Rio Grande valley) | 54 2.3. Sample of sixteenth-century metal artifacts recovered from Piedras Marcadas Pueblo | 64 2.4. Military-related metal sixteenth-century metal artifacts recovered from Piedras Marcadas Pueblo | 65 | ix 2.5. Sample of slingstones recovered from surface context at Piedras Marcadas Pueblo | 68 3.1. LA 162’s location in the Middle Rio Grande Valley | 79 3.2. Local watersheds and drainage systems in the vicinity of LA 162 | 80 3.3. North-south elevation profile of the Arroyo San Pedro watershed | 81 3.4. Major Early Classic–period sites in the East Mountains | 83 3.5. Site map of LA 162 illustrating major divisions and roomblocks identified by Nels Nelson (1914) | 84 3.6. Map of the seventeenth-century plaza group at LA 162 | 85 3.7. Rectilinear structure constructed in the southwest corner of Paako’s seventeenth-century plaza | 89 3.8. Corrals erected within Paako’s seventeenth-century plaza | 91 3.9. Precontact- and contact-period Arroyo San Pedro community settlement patterns | 94 3.10. Colonial-period water-management features at Paako | 95 3.11. Estimated precontact-period ceramic density along the Arroyo San Pedro floodplain | 96 3.12. Estimated contact-period ceramic density along the Arroyo San Pedro floodplain | 97 3.13. Density of major Middle Rio Grande pueblo sites during the Early Classic Period | 101 3.14. Density of major Middle Rio Grande pueblo sites during the contact and colonial periods | 102 3.15. Paako and neighboring communities at the beginning of the contact period | 103 3.16. Paako and neighboring communities in the mid-seventeenth century | 104 4.1. Map of Hopi Reservation | 117 4.2. Excerpt of map by Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco, ca. 1760, illustrating the “Dress and Dance of the Indians of New Mexico” | 126 4.3. Wàlpi kiva interior showing Hopi man weaving on a traditional upright Pueblo loom, 1899 | 131 6.1. The Vista Verde Site (LA 75747), located within Rio Grande Gorge at the confluence of the Rio Grande and the Rio Pueblo | 165 x | Figures 6.2. Probable Jicarilla Apache rock art from the Rio Grande Gorge | 167 6.3. Lightly abraded and pecked rock art at the Manby Trailhead Site (LA 102341) | 167 6.4. Map of the central tipi encampment (Area 6) at the Vista Verde Site | 169 6.5. Scratched and abraded rock art from the Vista Verde Site (detail of Panel 2014-009A) | 171 6.6. Scratched and abraded rock art from the Vista Verde Site (Panel 2008-353) | 171 6.7. Scratched and abraded rock art from the Vista Verde Site (panel 2008-408A) | 172 6.8. Scratched and abraded rock art from the Vista Verde Site (Panel 2008-374B, overlying graffiti removed) | 173 6.9. Scratched and abraded rock art from the Vista Verde Site (panel 2008-298) | 174 6.10 Scratched and abraded rock art from the Vista Verde Site (Panel 2008-059, overlying graffiti removed) | 174 6.11. A. Panel 2009-234 at the Vista Verde Site (overlying graffiti removed). B. Rock art details from the Tolar Site, Wyoming (based upon Loendorf and Olsen 2003) | 175 6.12. Scratched and abraded rock art from the Rio Grande Gorge, just north of the Vista Verde Site (Panel 2009-209) | 179 7.1. Villages mentioned in the text | 190 7.2. Changes in population growth rate from 1700 to 1900 using the formula for exponential population growth | 192 7.3. The expansion of the Vecino Homeland after Nostrand (1970, 1975, 1980) | 194 7.4. Rio del Oso grant genealogy | 198 7.5. Early and late component structures in the Rio del Oso Valley | 201 8.1. Sample of twenty-five excavated Hispanic Sites | 220 8.2. Pueblo potting areas | 222 9.1. Hopi History Project Workshop with the Cultural Resources Advisory Task Team (CRATT) of the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, Kykotsmovi, Arizona, October 21, 2009 | 247 9.2. Katsina Buttes (Kaktsintuyqa), where Hopis performed ceremonies in secret during the Franciscan mission period | 248 Figures | xi 9.3. Ruins of mission church at Awat’ovi on Antelope Mesa | 252 10.1. The Pimería Alta | 265 10.2. O’odham distribution in the Pimería Alta as reported by Kino and Manje | 268 10.3. Pimería Alta sites and landmarks | 270 11.1. Map of the Pimería Alta in the eighteenth century | 291 11.2. Summary of zooarchaeological remains from Mission San Agustín | 299 11.3.