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Early Mexican American Literature and the Production of Transnational Counterspaces, 1885-1958 Diana Noreen Rivera

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Early Mexican American Literature and the Production of Transnational Counterspaces, 1885-1958 Diana Noreen Rivera University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository English Language and Literature ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-12-2014 Remapping the U.S. "Southwest": Early Mexican American Literature and the Production of Transnational Counterspaces, 1885-1958 Diana Noreen Rivera Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/engl_etds Recommended Citation Rivera, Diana Noreen. "Remapping the U.S. "Southwest": Early Mexican American Literature and the Production of Transnational Counterspaces, 1885-1958." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/engl_etds/30 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Language and Literature ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Díana Noreen Rivera Candidate English Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jesse Alemán, Chairperson Dr. María Cotera Dr. Kathleen Washburn Dr. Emilio Zamora ii REMAPPING THE U.S. “SOUTHWEST”: EARLY MEXICAN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF TRANSNATIONAL COUNTERSPACES, 1885-1958 By DÍANA NOREEN RIVERA B.A., English, University of Texas Pan American, 2003 M.A., English, University of Texas Pan American, 2005 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy English The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2014 iii ©2014, Díana Noreen Rivera iv Dedication To my mother and father Whose never-ending love, encouragement and wisdom Guides me, always To Sam Whose partnership, support and love Fulfills me on this journey through life To the memory of my grandmothers And todo mi familia Who have crisscrossed Borders, nations, oceans, and towns And shared with me their stories. v Acknowledgements This dissertation is made possible with the help of many persons – mentors, family, friends, archival staff, and other professionals. A heartfelt thank you goes out to Dr. Jesse Alemán, a fantastic dissertation director, educator and mentor who gave me the cognitive tools for critically thinking about literature and our field. My gratitude also goes out to the members of my dissertation committee – Dr. Kathleen Washburn, Dr. María Cotera, and Dr. Emilio Zamora – for their patience, encouragement, and insightful scholarly advice. I want to thank Dr. Cotera of the University of Michigan and Dr. Zamora of the University of Texas Austin, in particular, for agreeing to sit on my committee. I am so glad you both said “yes” to a young lady attending the University of New Mexico with Texas roots. Remapping the U.S. “Southwest” not only took me on cartographic adventures within the pages of early Mexican American literature. It led me to archives across state lines and exposed me to documents that are influential to my work. I must acknowledge the friendly staffs at the UTPA LRGV Special Collections in Edinburg, Texas, the Benson Latin American Collection in Austin, Texas, the Fray Angélico Chávez History Library in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the UNM Center for Southwest Research in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the University of Arizona Special Collections in Tucson, Arizona, and the Chicano/a Research Collection at Arizona State University in Phoenix, Arizona. I am especially grateful for Christine Marín, archivist of the Chicano/a Research Collection at ASU, for her time, kindness, and knowledge. These travels would not have been possible without the generous financial support from the UNM Center for Regional Studies Dr. Hector Torres Fellowship, the UNM Mellon Doctoral Defense Preparation Fellowship, the American Association of University Women vi Santa Fe Branch scholarship, the American Literary Studies George Arm Fund as well as funding from the UNM Office of Graduate Studies and the Department of English. I send a special thank you to Dr. Adriana Ramirez de Arellano and Dr. Michael Wayne Graves of the UNM Mellon Committee. Dr. Ramirez de Arellano’s request for monthly progress reports helped keep me on pace to finishing and allowed me to reflect on my month’s work. Dr. Graves kindly hosted me and other UNM Mellon recipients to a delightful gathering and extended his support. I also want to thank Judy Kares, President of the AAUW Santa Fe Branch for seeing the value of my work and offering me the opportunity to present my project as a Powerpoint to the admirable ladies of the Branch, after treating me to a wonderful and memorable dinner at Pranzo. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Karin Busto and Dr. Edward Vernon for allowing me to use Dr. Busto’s excellent map “Steamship Lines of the Late 19th Century” in my chapter on María Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s The Squatter and the Don. Dr. Busto’s and Dr. Vernon’s love for maps and California borderlands history saved me time and energy trying to find the perfect illustration. Family and friends are not to be forgotten. I am grateful to my colleague Erin Murrah-Mandril for reading the initial chapters of my dissertation and offering her thoughtful suggestions. Additionally, a special thanks goes out to Dr. Mai Ting of Santa Fe who helped my body recover and assured me with no doubt that I would finish this project. I am incredibly thankful to my parents for helping me with translations and so much more. My mother’s courage to leave her family in El Paso and pursue higher education nearly a thousand miles away at Pan American College, as it was called back in the 1970s, gave me the strength to “fly the coup” and do the women in our family proud. My father’s vii fortitude to persevere in an unequal South Texas educational system and attain a bachelor’s and master’s degree gave me the confidence and will to succeed despite hardships, and inspired me to push the bar of educational advancement. Moreover, my father’s striking stories of growing up Mexican American in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s in Mercedes, Texas set me on a path to understand a larger narrative of our people, which I attempt to uncover in this work. Likewise, if it were not for our travels together as a family, which opened my eyes to spaces and places beyond the Lower Rio Grande Valley, this study of Southwestern regionality may not exist. I am also appreciative for the encouragement offered by my brother Dr. David Rudy Rivera. And, of course, I am forever grateful to my husband Sam for his loving kindness, patience and support, which kept me on track to complete the mission I started, especially during those cold winter days when I dreamed of palm trees and the warm winds coming off the Gulf of Mexico. Lastly, those who have passed on before me make this project possible. From the writers of this study, to my grandmother Consuelo Rivera whose roots run deep in the south Texas borderlands, to my Mama Concha whose border-crossing routes from Jerez to Chicago and El Paso inspire me, to my Uncle Charlie and Uncle Herby who also passed on while I was in the thick of this project, your deaths move me to keep the memories of Mexican America alive. I must also acknowledge the influence of Dr. Hector Torres, whose untimely passing denied me the chance to work with him at this final phase of my doctoral program. I am grateful to have known him for three short years and receive his profound scholarly advice: “Noreen, don’t just write about Gloria Anzaldúa or Américo Paredes; don’t write on them. Write with them. You need to commune with your ghosts.” viii REMAPPING THE U.S. “SOUTHWEST”: EARLY MEXICAN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF TRANSNATIONAL COUNTERSPACES, 1885-1958 by DÍANA NOREEN RIVERA B.A., English, University of Texas Pan American, 2003 M.A., English University of Texas Pan American, 2005 Ph.D., English, University of New Mexico, 2014 ABSTRACT This dissertation brings to light a legacy of Mexican American spatial resilience that troubles Anglo-centric literary constructions of the Southwest, its history, and cultural formation as a byproduct of westward expansionism. This project argues that early Mexican American writers offer an alternative paradigm of transnationalism for understanding the literature, culture, and geography of the U.S. Southwest as it has been imagined in Anglo American cultural production about the region. For early Mexican American writers, the Southwest was not a quaint literary region but a space of historic transnational zones of contact, commerce, and cultural geography where they maintained degrees of agency. I examine writings by María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Fray Angélico Chávez, Federico Ronstadt, and Américo Paredes for their transnational counterspaces. I use this term, which draws from spatial theories by Henri Lefebvre and Edward Soja, to describe their vocalizations of the Southwest produced in the face of their respective Anglo counterparts Alice Corbin Henderson and Mabel Dodge Luhan’s respective Santa Fe and Taos Writers ix Colonies, Walter Noble Burns, J. Frank Dobie, and Walter Prescott Webb. I take an interdisciplinary approach dialoging with Chicano/a, borderlands, and American literary studies within a historical framework to chart how early Mexican American writings reclaim the region by mapping transnational heritages belonging to Mexican American and Chicano/a communities. x Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... xi
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