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Insurgency and Terrorism in Mexico Joint Hearing MERIDA PART TWO: INSURGENCY AND TERRORISM IN MEXICO JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT, INVESTIGATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 4, 2011 Serial No. 112–108 Serial No. 112–48 (Foreign Affairs Committee) (Homeland Security Committee) Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Homeland Security ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/ and http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 70–582PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida, Chairman CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey HOWARD L. BERMAN, California DAN BURTON, Indiana GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York ELTON GALLEGLY, California ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American DANA ROHRABACHER, California Samoa DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey EDWARD R. ROYCE, California BRAD SHERMAN, California STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York RON PAUL, Texas GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York MIKE PENCE, Indiana RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri JOE WILSON, South Carolina ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey CONNIE MACK, Florida GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas DENNIS CARDOZA, California TED POE, Texas BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida BRIAN HIGGINS, New York JEAN SCHMIDT, Ohio ALLYSON SCHWARTZ, Pennsylvania BILL JOHNSON, Ohio CHRISTOPHER S. MURPHY, Connecticut DAVID RIVERA, Florida FREDERICA WILSON, Florida MIKE KELLY, Pennsylvania KAREN BASS, California TIM GRIFFIN, Arkansas WILLIAM KEATING, Massachusetts TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania DAVID CICILLINE, Rhode Island JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina ANN MARIE BUERKLE, New York RENEE ELLMERS, North Carolina VACANT YLEEM D.S. POBLETE, Staff Director RICHARD J. KESSLER, Democratic Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE CONNIE MACK, Florida, Chairman MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York JEAN SCHMIDT, Ohio ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey DAVID RIVERA, Florida ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey Samoa ELTON GALLEGLY, California DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey (II) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY PETER T. KING, New York, Chairman LAMAR SMITH, Texas BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California LORETTA SANCHEZ, California MIKE ROGERS, Alabama SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas HENRY CUELLAR, Texas GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia LAURA RICHARDSON, California CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois TIM WALBERG, Michigan BRIAN HIGGINS, New York CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota JACKIE SPEIER, California JOE WALSH, Illinois CEDRIC L. RICHMOND, Louisiana PATRICK MEEHAN, Pennsylvania HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan BEN QUAYLE, Arizona WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia KATHLEEN C. HOCHUL, New York BILLY LONG, Missouri JANICE HAHN, California JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas ROBERT L. TURNER, New York MICHAEL J. RUSSELL, Staff Director & Chief Counsel KERRY ANN WATKINS, Senior Policy Director MICHAEL S. TWINCHEK, Chief Clerk I. LANIER AVANT, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT, INVESTIGATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas, Chairman GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts BILLY LONG, Missouri, Vice Chair YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi (Ex PETER T. KING, New York (Ex Officio) Officio) DR. R. NICK PALARINO, Staff Director DIANA R. BERGWIN, Clerk TAMLA SCOTT, Minority Subcommittee Director (III) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL C O N T E N T S Page WITNESSES The Honorable William R. Brownfield, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Inter- national Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, U.S Department of State . 8 Mr. Rodney G. Benson, Assistant Administrator, Chief of Intelligence, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice ............................... 14 Ms. Mariko Silver, Acting Assistant Secretary, Office of International Affairs, U.S. Department of Homeland Security ............................................................. 29 LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING The Honorable William R. Brownfield: Prepared statement ............................... 10 Mr. Rodney G. Benson: Prepared statement ......................................................... 16 Ms. Mariko Silver: Prepared statement ................................................................. 31 APPENDIX Hearing notice .......................................................................................................... 64 Hearing minutes ...................................................................................................... 65 The Honorable Connie Mack, a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida, and chairman, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere: Prepared statement .............................................................................................. 66 Material submitted for the record ...................................................................... 68 The Honorable Michael T. McCaul, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas: Material submitted for the record ............................................ 75 (V) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL MERIDA PART TWO: INSURGENCY AND TERRORISM IN MEXICO TUESDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2011 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT, INVESTIGATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT, COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY Washington, DC. The committees met, pursuant to notice, at 2 o’clock p.m., in room 2172 Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Connie Mack [chairman of the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere] pre- siding. Mr. MACK. The committee will come to order. I’d first like to start by asking unanimous consent that the gen- tleman from Texas, Mr. Cuellar, be allowed to sit in today’s hear- ing. Without objection, so ordered. That was a close call, Mr. Cuellar. That was a close call. I first want to thank everyone, especially our witnesses, for join- ing us today. After recognizing myself and the ranking member, Mr. Engel, for 5 minutes each for our opening statements, Chair- man McCaul and Ranking Member Keating for 5 minutes each for their opening statement, we will proceed directly to hearing testi- mony from our distinguished witnesses. The full text of their writ- ten statements will be inserted into the record. Without objection, members may have 5 days to submit statements and questions for the record. After we hear from our witnesses, individual members will be recognized for 5 minutes each for questions. And I now recognize myself 5 minutes for my opening statement. Two weeks ago, four expert witnesses testified in this hearing room. Two experts explained that an insurgency is raging along our southern border. The other two focused on the fact that violence and crime in Mexico has taken a unique turn and the U.S. re- sponse has not followed. All agree that the situation has evolved and fragmented into violent criminal control over parts of Mexico. It is clear that today Mexico represents a unique situation re- quiring the development of its own specific classification to success- fully combat the authority of this expanding criminal control. Today I will continue to make the case that Mexico is facing a criminal insurgency. The attack on the state are clear. The criminal organizations are capturing the allegiance of the population through economic and (1) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:21 Feb 27, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y:\WORK\WH\100411\70582 HFA PsN: SHIRL 2 social programs and as they undermine institutions, they have no desire to replace them. This makes the insurgency in Mexico more of a threat to democratic governance then we have seen in any other insurgency scenarios. Furthermore, these transnational criminal organizations are employing increasingly gruesome ter- rorist tactics to carry out their threats. The potential threat of criminal organizations controlling our southern border creates grave national security and economic im- plications for the United States. That is why in 2007 the United States began funding the Merida Initiative to improve the situation in Mexico. Unfortunately, we face more extreme threats and vio- lence from our
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