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Introduction to and Programming 01204111 Computers and Programming

Jittat Fakcharoenphol, Chaiporn Jaikaeo Department of Kasetsart University

Cliparts are taken from http://openclipart.org Revised 2018-01-09 Outline • Introduction to . ◦ A of computer anatomy and a quick of . • A quick look at the Python and common constructs ◦ Sequential programs ◦ ◦ Repetitive ◦ Selective execution

2 The age of computing • Computers are everywhere.

By Marc van der Chijs at https://www. flickr.com/photos/chijs/21798665468

From: https://pixabay.com/en/network-iot-internet-of- things-782707/ By Philip Wilson (BY-ND) at https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetsense/9900738813/

3 What "computers" used to be

These people were "computers" in 1949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computer 4 Computer programming • Programming – an act of developing computer programs. • What is a computer ?

Public domain Image from https://pixabay.com/en/work-typing-computer-notebook-731198/ 5 A • Margaret Hamilton with the computer program that took Apollo 11 to the moon. • You can read the code at: https://github.com/chrislgarry/Apollo-11

Public domain image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)#/media/:Margaret_Hamilton.gif 6 A computer program

• A computer program is a sequence of instructions to be executed by computers. • Examples of computer programs in various forms:

0001 1001 MOV AX,10 1001 1110 SUB BX,AX sum = 0 1000 1011 MOV [DX],AX for i in range(1,101): 1100 1011 JMP 200 sum = sum+i MOV CX,5 1110 0010 MOV AX,10 Instructions in Python programming language 1001 0111 MUL AX,CX 1100 1011 CMP BX,AX 1110 0010 JLE 500 1001 0111 JMP 400 More readable 1100 1011 Instructions in Machine instructions

7 From home to school • To understand how computer works, let’s try to make an analogy with how people solve some problem. • Problem: It’s the first day of school. You want to go to KU from your home. What do you have to do? ◦ Assume that your home is close to KU, so you decide to walk to KU.

8 Walking from home to school • If you know the way to KU, you can just walk. But if you don’t you may want to look at the map and use it to plan your route to KU. • Note that if you can plan your walking route with a map, you can solve this kind of problems not just for going from your home to KU, but from any place to any other place.

9 A computer, inputs, and outputs • In a way, you are a computer.

Location of your home

Location of KU Route from home to KU

Map A computer Output Inputs that solves the path problem

10 A program • Can you teach other people to solve the same problem? “If you have a map, you can find you way from one place to another using the following instructions. First, locate ……” A program (or ) A computer

11 How computer works, abstractlyPerforms calculation and makes decision based on instructions and in the memory

Central Processing Input Unit & (CPU) Output

Memory Provides means for the CPU to interact with the outside world through Stores data and various devices instructions

12 The real computer components From http://www.intel.com/ content/www/us/en/support/ Power supply processors/000005576.html CPU

From http://www.kingston.com/ Memory us/memory/server

Other devices are input or output devices

Hard drive (external memory) Main Image by HereToHelp from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Personal_computer,_exploded_6.svg 13 Yes, your is a computer too • If you disassemble your smartphone, you will find CPU(s), memory units, and other I/O devices as well.

CC-BY-SA Image by Tyler Love, from iPhone Repair URL: http://flickr.com/photos/28004346@N08/3399597800 14 Inside the memory • The smallest unit of information that can be processed by digital 0 1 computers is a single binary digit (a bit), which can be either 0 or Two 1.

• We usually group them in groups 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 of 8 bits, each called a byte. One byte • A lot of bytes can be stored in a memory unit. ◦ 1 kB = 1,000 bytes IEEE-1541 recommendation 10 ◦ 1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes • 1 kiB = 2 bytes = 1,024 bytes 20 ◦ 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes • 1 MiB = 2 bytes = 1,024 kiB • 1 GiB = 230 bytes = 1,024 MiB

15 The instructions

Memory • 0001 1001 Central The memory, not only keeps 1001 1110 Processing the data to be processed 1000 1011 Unit with the CPU, but it also 1100 1011 keeps the instructions. 1110 0010 (CPU) 1001 0111 • These instructions are in the 1100 1011 1110 0010 From http://www.intel.com/ format that the CPU can 1001 0111 content/www/us/en/support/ easily understand, referred processors/000005576.html 1100 1011 to as “machine instructions.” • When writing a program, we rarely write in machine instructions.

16 From programs to instructions

• Instead of working directly with machine instructions, people usually develop software with higher-level programming languages. • But the program must be translated into a form that the computer can understand. This is called program translation. 0001 1001 1001 1110 sum = 0 1000 1011 for i in range(1,101): 1100 1011 sum = sum + i 1110 0010 1001 0111 Translation 1100 1011 1110 0010 1001 0111 Machine 1100 1011 A program in instructions high-level language

17 Why do you want to learn how to program? •Computer programming is not the easiest thing to learn, but it will definitely be useful to you.

From: https://pixabay.com/en/computer-female-girl-isolated-15812/ (CC0 license)

18 For your career • As an engineer or a scientist, you will have to perform lots of important computation tasks. • Knowing how to program gives you advantages: ◦ you can write the programs to do these tasks yourself, or ◦ if you let someone develop programs for you, you might have a better judgement on the quality of the work.

(1) By User A1 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elmer-pump-heatequation.png (CC-BY-SA) (2) By User Lazarus666 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osmosis_computer_simulation.jpg (3) By Rocchini from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Self_avoiding_walk.svg (CC-BY-SA) 19 It is central to innovations • Many exciting innovations have components that perform intelligent tasks. • They usually rely on powerful software running on the devices. • With recent cheap prototyping hardware boards, innovators can try new ideas faster by writing codes on existing hardware platforms.

(1) From: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_xmR35Ws0w (2) By Multicherry From: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raspberry_Pi_2_Model_B_v1.1_front_angle_new.jpg (CC-BY-SA) (3) By L'Ecole polytechnique at https://www.flickr.com/photos/117994717@N06/28066156056 20 Tech startups

• If you want to build a tech startup that changes people’s life, it is very important that you know how to code so that you can implement your ideas quickly and create values. By Jisc and Matt Lincoln from https://www.jisc.ac.uk/rd/get-involved/supporting-technology-startup-projects (CC-BY-NC-ND) 21 Finally, it’s fun Definitely not this!

From: https://pixabay.com/en/children-win-success-video-game-593313/ (CC0 license) 22 Python programming language

• In this course, we will use Python programming language to teach you computer programming.

• We will focus more on learning how to program and how to write good codes, skills that can be applied with any popular computer programming languages.

28 Let's try Python (1) • Guess what the following Python program does.

The output print("Hello, Python") Hello, Python

This may not look exactly like English, but it is not hard to guess what the program will do

29 Let’s try Python (2) • Guess what the following Python program does.

The output a = int(input()) 11 b = int(input()) 27 result = a + b 11 + 27 = 38 print(f"{a} + {b} = {result}")

The program reads two integers, and outputs their summation.

30 That looks difficult…

a = int(input())

• If this is the first time you see computer programs, you may feel that this line of code may look fairly difficult. • But as you continue to see and write more programs, it will be much easier to understand.

31 Let’s try Python (3) • Guess what the following Python program does.

The output import math 10 314.15926538979 r = float(input()) print(math.pi*r*r)

The program reads a number and outputs pi times that number squared…. What is the goal of this program, again?

It actually computes the area of the circle with radius r.

32 http://www.azquotes.com/quote/580953 A better program • The following fragment of the code ◦ Performs the exact same task ◦ Is easier to understand because it states its intention fairly clearly

import math

radius = float(input("Enter circle radius: ")) area = math.pi*radius*radius print("The area of the circle is",area)

34 Typical Python programs

Flow of """Rectangle area program Ask rectangle's length and width from user, Docstrings then compute rectangle area """ import math

def rectangle_area(length,width): """Compute area of rectangle of specified length and width""" return length*width # ask user to input length and width of a rectangle definition length = int(input("Enter length: ")) width = int(input("Enter width: "))

# then compute and print out the area Comments area = rectangle_area(length,width) print(f"Rectangle area is {area}")

35 Comments & Docstrings • They are in the code to provide insights into what code is doing, how code works, or give other notes ◦ They do not affect how program works • Docstrings are displayed when calling for help

def rectangle_area(length,width): """Compute area of rectangle of specified length and width""" return length*width docstring # ask user to input length and width of a rectangle length = int(input("Enter length: ")) comment width = int(input("Enter width: "))

36 A lot of keywords • The Python language uses many keywords to let you describe your ideas precisely • You will later learn the usage of some of the keywords, but not all import math

def rectangle_area(length,width): return length*width

length = int(input("Enter length: ")) width = int(input("Enter width: ")) area = rectangle_area(length,width) print(f"Rectangle area is {area}")

37 IDE – where you write programs • We will write our Python programs in an that provides editing facility and translation services for Python • This type of software is known as IDE (integrated development environment).

38 Edit-Run-Test Loop

• Because everything in life doesn’t always work the first time you try it, your program may not always do exactly like what you want. • It may be correct in some case, but it might fail in some other. Therefore, you need to test your program. If it is not correct, you have to fix it (debug it), and try to test it again. • Your process for writing a Python program would look like this.

RUN

EDIT TEST

39 • When try to fix mistakes in their codes, they usually refer to the activity as “debugging” (killing the bugs). • In the early days of computing, there was actually a bug in the machine. Therefore, problems with computers are often referred to as bugs.

40 Python Turtle Graphics

• Python comes with Turtle graphics module that allows you to control movement of a robotic turtle on screen • The turtle carries a pen and draws over the path he moves on

Graphics illustrated by Jittat Fakcharoenphol

41 Basic Turtle Movements • turtle.forward(d) – tell Turtle to walk forward d steps • turtle.right(a) – tell Turtle to turn right for a degrees • turtle.left(a) – tell Turtle to turn left for a degrees

42 Tell Turtle to draw something • The code is executed sequentially from top to bottom • What is Turtle drawing?

import turtle Flow of program turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90)

43 Guess the result • What does this code do? import turtle turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.left(45) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90)

44 Abstraction with subroutines • A set of instructions can be defined into a so that they can be called for execution later

import turtle

def draw_square(): turtle.forward(100) Define a subroutine turtle.left(90) "draw_square" turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.left(90)

Call the subroutine draw_square() "draw_square" turtle.left(45) draw_square()

45 Make it more general • The draw_square subroutine can be generalized to draw rectangles of any sizes "draw_square" import turtle now takes a

def draw_square(size): turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(90)

draw_square(100) Draw a square of size 100 turtle.left(45) draw_square(50) Draw a square of size 50

46 Get rid of repetitive code • Most programming languages provide special constructs for repeated actions import turtle import turtle

def draw_square(size): def draw_square(size): turtle.forward(size) for _ in range(4): turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(size) turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(90) turtle.left(90) turtle.forward(size) draw_square(100) turtle.left(90) turtle.left(45) turtle.forward(size) draw_square(50) turtle.left(90)

draw_square(100) turtle.left(45) draw_square(50)

47 Execute actions selectively • Some actions need to be executed only when certain conditions are met This code is executed only when import turtle size is greater than zero.

def draw_square(size): if size > 0: for _ in range(4): turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(90)

draw_square(100) turtle.left(45) draw_square(-50) This call gives no result turtle.left(90) draw_square(80)

48 Conclusions

• Computer programming skills (or coding skills) are very important • A computer takes instructions in a machine readable form. We write codes in a higher-level language which needs to be translated • Computer programs consist of instructions. Complex ideas are expressed in forms of ◦ Sequential instructions ◦ Subroutines ◦ Repetitive execution ◦ Selective (conditional) execution • Finally, in this course you will learn to program using the Python programming language

49 References • You can look at computing history at ◦ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing ◦ http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/ • Learn how to program at code.org ◦ http://www.code.org • There are a lot of additional online Python tutorials that you can read and learn ◦ Python for non-programmers ◦ How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Interactive Edition

50 Revision History • July 2016 – Jittat Fakcharoenphol ([email protected]) ◦ Originally created for # • July 2017 – Chaiporn Jaikaeo ([email protected]) ◦ Revised for Python ◦ Added examples using Turtle graphics • January 2018 – Chaiporn Jaikaeo ([email protected]) ◦ Added exercise on Turtle graphics

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