What Is a Computer Program? 1 High-Level Vs Low-Level Languages
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COM 113 INTRO to COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Theory Book
1 [Type the document title] UNESCO -NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT -PHASE II NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Computer Programming COURSE CODE: COM113 YEAR I - SE MESTER I THEORY Version 1: December 2008 2 [Type the document title] Table of Contents WEEK 1 Concept of programming ................................................................................................................ 6 Features of a good computer program ............................................................................................ 7 System Development Cycle ............................................................................................................ 9 WEEK 2 Concept of Algorithm ................................................................................................................... 11 Features of an Algorithm .............................................................................................................. 11 Methods of Representing Algorithm ............................................................................................ 11 Pseudo code .................................................................................................................................. 12 WEEK 3 English-like form .......................................................................................................................... 15 Flowchart ..................................................................................................................................... -
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java 1.1 Introduction • The central theme of this book is to learn how to solve problems by writing a program . • This book teaches you how to create programs by using the Java programming languages . • Java is the Internet program language • Why Java? The answer is that Java enables user to deploy applications on the Internet for servers , desktop computers , and small hand-held devices . 1.2 What is a Computer? • A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data. • A computer includes both hardware and software. o Hardware is the physical aspect of the computer that can be seen. o Software is the invisible instructions that control the hardware and make it work. • Computer programming consists of writing instructions for computers to perform. • A computer consists of the following hardware components o CPU (Central Processing Unit) o Memory (Main memory) o Storage Devices (hard disk, floppy disk, CDs) o Input/Output devices (monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse) o Communication devices (Modem, NIC (Network Interface Card)). Bus Storage Communication Input Output Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices Devices e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor, and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer FIGURE 1.1 A computer consists of a CPU, memory, Hard disk, floppy disk, monitor, printer, and communication devices. CMPS161 Class Notes (Chap 01) Page 1 / 15 Kuo-pao Yang 1.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. • It retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. -
Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases
Michigan Law Review Volume 91 Issue 3 1992 Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases John W.L. Ogilive University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Computer Law Commons, Intellectual Property Law Commons, and the Judges Commons Recommended Citation John W. Ogilive, Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases, 91 MICH. L. REV. 526 (1992). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol91/iss3/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases John W.L. Ogilvie INTRODUCTION Although computer programs enjoy copyright protection as pro tectable "literary works" under the federal copyright statute, 1 the case law governing software infringement is confused, inconsistent, and even unintelligible to those who must interpret it.2 A computer pro gram is often viewed as a collection of different parts, just as a book or play is seen as an amalgamation of plot, characters, and other familiar parts. However, different courts recognize vastly different computer program parts for copyright infringement purposes. 3 Much of the dis array in software copyright law stems from mutually incompatible and conclusory program part definitions that bear no relation to how a computer program is actually designed and created. -
Language Translators
Student Notes Theory LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS A. HIGH AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES Programming languages Low – Level Languages High-Level Languages Example: Assembly Language Example: Pascal, Basic, Java Characteristics of LOW Level Languages: They are machine oriented : an assembly language program written for one machine will not work on any other type of machine unless they happen to use the same processor chip. Each assembly language statement generally translates into one machine code instruction, therefore the program becomes long and time-consuming to create. Example: 10100101 01110001 LDA &71 01101001 00000001 ADD #&01 10000101 01110001 STA &71 Characteristics of HIGH Level Languages: They are not machine oriented: in theory they are portable , meaning that a program written for one machine will run on any other machine for which the appropriate compiler or interpreter is available. They are problem oriented: most high level languages have structures and facilities appropriate to a particular use or type of problem. For example, FORTRAN was developed for use in solving mathematical problems. Some languages, such as PASCAL were developed as general-purpose languages. Statements in high-level languages usually resemble English sentences or mathematical expressions and these languages tend to be easier to learn and understand than assembly language. Each statement in a high level language will be translated into several machine code instructions. Example: number:= number + 1; 10100101 01110001 01101001 00000001 10000101 01110001 B. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 4th generation 4GLs 3rd generation High Level Languages 2nd generation Low-level Languages 1st generation Machine Code Page 1 of 5 K Aquilina Student Notes Theory 1. MACHINE LANGUAGE – 1ST GENERATION In the early days of computer programming all programs had to be written in machine code. -
13. Stored-Program Computers
13. Stored-Program Computers 13.1 Introduction This chapter concentrates on the low-level usage and structure of stored program computers. We focus on a particular hypothetical machine known as the ISC, describing its programming in assembly language. We show how recursion and switch statements are compiled into machine language, and how memory-mapped overlapped I/O is achieved. We also show the logic implement of the ISC, in terms of registers, buses, and finite-state machine controllers. 13.2 Programmer's Abstraction for a Stored-Program Computer By stored-program computer, we mean a machine in which the program, as well as the data, are stored in memory, each word of which can be accessed in uniform time. Most of the high-level language programming the reader has done will likely have used this kind of computer implicitly. However, the program that is stored is not high-level language text. If it were, then it would be necessary to constantly parse this text, which would slow down execution immensely. Instead one of two other forms of storage is used: An abstract syntax representation of the program could be stored. The identifiers in this representation are pre-translated, and the structure is traversed dynamically as needed during execution. This is the approach used by an interpreter for the language. A second approach is to use a compiler for the language. The compiler translates the program into the very low-level language native to the machine, appropriately called machine language. The native machine language acts as a least-common-denominator language for the computer. -
Programming Fundamentals - I Basic Concepts Fall-Semester 2016
Programming Fundamentals - I Basic Concepts Fall-Semester 2016 Prepared By: Rao Muhammad Umer Lecturer, Web: raoumer.github.io Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore. What is computer? The term "computer" was originally given to humans who performed numerical calculations using mechanical calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule. The term was later given to a mechanical device as they began replacing the human computers. Today's computers are electronic devices that accept data such as numbers, text, sound, image, animations, video, etc., (input), process that data (converts data to information) , produce output, and then store (storage) the results. A basic computer consists of 4 components: 1. Input devices 2. Central Processing Unit or CPU 3. Output devices 4. Memory Input Devices are used to provide input to the computer basic input devices include keyboard, mouse, touch screens etc. Central Processing Unit acts like a brain, it processes all instructions and data in the computer, the instructions are computer commands, these commands are given to CPU by input devices, some of the instructions are generated by the computer itself Output devices are used to receive computer output, the output, some basic output devices are hard drive disk (HDD, commonly known as hard disk), printers, computer screens (Monitors and LCDs) The computer memory is a temporary storage area. It holds the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs. Before a program can be run, the program is loaded from some storage device such as into the memory, the CPU loads the program or part of the program from the memory and executes it. -
Introduction to Computer Programming
Introduction to Computer Programming CISC1600/1610 Computer Science I/Lab Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 1 Outline This Course Computer Programming Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 2 1 This is a course In Programming For beginners who want to become professionals or who would like to know something about programming who are assumed to be bright Though not (necessarily) geniuses who are willing to work hard Though do need sleep occasionally, and take a normal course load Using the C++ programming language Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 3 Learning Goals Learn Fundamental programming concepts Key useful techniques Basic Standard C++ facilities After the course, you’ll be able to Write small sound C++ programs Read much larger programs Learn the basics of many other languages by yourself Proceed with an “advanced” C++ programming course After the course, you will not (yet) be An expert programmer A C++ language expert An expert user of advanced libraries Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 4 2 The Means Lectures Attend every one Outside of lectures Read a chapter ahead, and read the chapter again after each lecture Read actively: with questions in mind, try to reorganize/rephrase the key points in your mind Review questions/Terms in chapters Drills Always do the drills, before the exercises Exercises Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 5 The Means (Cont.) Lab projects That’s where the most fun and the best learning takes place Don’t wait until lab section to start the project Start to think about the project early Finish up & get help during labs Exams Midterms Final Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 6 3 How to be Successful? Don’t study alone when you don’t have to Form study groups Do help each other (without plagiarizing) If in doubt if a collaboration is legitimate: ask! Don’t claim to have written code that you copied from others Don’t give anyone else your code (to hand in for a grade) When you rely on the work of others, explicitly list all of your sources – i.e. -
Complete Code Generation from UML State Machine
Complete Code Generation from UML State Machine Van Cam Pham, Ansgar Radermacher, Sebastien´ Gerard´ and Shuai Li CEA, LIST, Laboratory of Model Driven Engineering for Embedded Systems, P.C. 174, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France Keywords: UML State Machine, Code Generation, Semantics-conformance, Efficiency, Events, C++. Abstract: An event-driven architecture is a useful way to design and implement complex systems. The UML State Machine and its visualizations are a powerful means to the modeling of the logical behavior of such an archi- tecture. In Model Driven Engineering, executable code can be automatically generated from state machines. However, existing generation approaches and tools from UML State Machines are still limited to simple cases, especially when considering concurrency and pseudo states such as history, junction, and event types. This paper provides a pattern and tool for complete and efficient code generation approach from UML State Ma- chine. It extends IF-ELSE-SWITCH constructions of programming languages with concurrency support. The code generated with our approach has been executed with a set of state-machine examples that are part of a test-suite described in the recent OMG standard Precise Semantics Of State Machine. The traced execution results comply with the standard and are a good hint that the execution is semantically correct. The generated code is also efficient: it supports multi-thread-based concurrency, and the (static and dynamic) efficiency of generated code is improved compared to considered approaches. 1 INTRODUCTION Completeness: Existing tools and approaches mainly focus on the sequential aspect while the concurrency The UML State Machine (USM) (Specification and of state machines is limitedly supported. -
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java 1.1 Introduction • Java is the Internet program language • Why Java? The answer is that Java enables user to deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop computers, and small hand-held devices. 1.2 What is a Computer? • A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data. • A computer includes both hardware and software. o Hardware is the physical aspect of the computer that can be seen. o Software is the invisible instructions that control the hardware and make it work. • Programming consists of writing instructions for computers to perform. • A computer consists of the following hardware components o CPU (Central Processing Unit) o Memory (Main memory) o Storage Devices (hard disk, floppy disk, CDs) o Input/Output devices (monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse) o Communication devices (Modem, NIC (Network Interface Card)). Memory Disk, CD, and Storage Input Keyboard, Tape Devices Devices Mouse CPU Modem, and Communication Output Monitor, NIC Devices Devices Printer FIGURE 1.1 A computer consists of a CPU, memory, Hard disk, floppy disk, monitor, printer, and communication devices. 1.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. • It retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. • The CPU usually has two components: a control Unit and Arithmetic/Logic Unit. • The control unit coordinates the actions of the other components. • The ALU unit performs numeric operations (+ - / *) and logical operations (comparison). • The CPU speed is measured by clock speed in megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1 million pulses per second. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to Java®
Lecture 1: Introduction to Java MIT-AITI Kenya 2005 1 Lecture Outline • What a computer program is • How to write a computer program • The disadvantages and advantages of using Java • How a program that you write in Java is changed into a form that your computer can understand • Sample Java code and comments MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 2 Computer Program vs. Food Recipe Food Recipe Computer Program A chef writes a set of A programmer writes a set of instructions called a recipe instructions called a program The recipe requires specific The program requires specific ingredients inputs The cook follows the The computer follows the instructions step-by-step instructions step-by-step The food will vary depending on The output will vary depending the amount of ingredients and on the values of the inputs and the cook the computer MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 3 Recipe and Program Examples Student’s Student’s Ingredient # 1 Ingredient # 2 Name Grade Recipe Program Dinner “Bilha got an A on the exam!” MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 4 What is a computer program? • For a computer to be able to perform specific tasks (i.e. print what grade a student got on an exam), it must be given instructions to do the task • The set of instructions that tells the computer to perform specific tasks is known as a computer program MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 5 Writing Computer Programs • We write computer programs (i.e. a set of instructions) in programming languages such as C, Pascal, and -
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages Although there exist many programming languages, the differences among them are insignificant compared to the differences among natural languages. In this chapter, we discuss the common aspects shared among different programming languages. These aspects include: programming paradigms that define how computation is expressed; the main features of programming languages and their impact on the performance of programs written in the languages; a brief review of the history and development of programming languages; the lexical, syntactic, and semantic structures of programming languages, data and data types, program processing and preprocessing, and the life cycles of program development. At the end of the chapter, you should have learned: what programming paradigms are; an overview of different programming languages and the background knowledge of these languages; the structures of programming languages and how programming languages are defined at the syntactic level; data types, strong versus weak checking; the relationship between language features and their performances; the processing and preprocessing of programming languages, compilation versus interpretation, and different execution models of macros, procedures, and inline procedures; the steps used for program development: requirement, specification, design, implementation, testing, and the correctness proof of programs. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.1 introduces the programming paradigms, performance, features, and the development of programming languages. Section 1.2 outlines the structures and design issues of programming languages. Section 1.3 discusses the typing systems, including types of variables, type equivalence, type conversion, and type checking during the compilation. Section 1.4 presents the preprocessing and processing of programming languages, including macro processing, interpretation, and compilation. -
User's Guide and Reference
IBM Compiler and Library for REXX on IBM Z Version 1 Release 4 User’s Guide and Reference IBM SH19-8160-06 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under Appendix G, “Notices,” on page 267. Seventh Edition, August 2013 This edition applies to version 1 release 4 of IBM Compiler for REXX on IBM Z (product number 5695-013) and the IBM Library for REXX on IBM Z (product number 5695-014), and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This edition replaces SH19-8160-04. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1991, 2013. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About This Book..................................................................................................xix How to Read the Syntax Notation............................................................................................................. xix How This Book Is Organized..................................................................................................................... xix How to Send Your Comments.................................................................................................................... xx What's New in Release 4..................................................................................... xxi IBM Compiler for REXX on IBM Z..............................................................................................................xxi