Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages
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Programming Paradigms & Object-Oriented
4.3 (Programming Paradigms & Object-Oriented- Computer Science 9608 Programming) with Majid Tahir Syllabus Content: 4.3.1 Programming paradigms Show understanding of what is meant by a programming paradigm Show understanding of the characteristics of a number of programming paradigms (low- level, imperative (procedural), object-oriented, declarative) – low-level programming Demonstrate an ability to write low-level code that uses various address modes: o immediate, direct, indirect, indexed and relative (see Section 1.4.3 and Section 3.6.2) o imperative programming- see details in Section 2.3 (procedural programming) Object-oriented programming (OOP) o demonstrate an ability to solve a problem by designing appropriate classes o demonstrate an ability to write code that demonstrates the use of classes, inheritance, polymorphism and containment (aggregation) declarative programming o demonstrate an ability to solve a problem by writing appropriate facts and rules based on supplied information o demonstrate an ability to write code that can satisfy a goal using facts and rules Programming paradigms 1 4.3 (Programming Paradigms & Object-Oriented- Computer Science 9608 Programming) with Majid Tahir Programming paradigm: A programming paradigm is a set of programming concepts and is a fundamental style of programming. Each paradigm will support a different way of thinking and problem solving. Paradigms are supported by programming language features. Some programming languages support more than one paradigm. There are many different paradigms, not all mutually exclusive. Here are just a few different paradigms. Low-level programming paradigm The features of Low-level programming languages give us the ability to manipulate the contents of memory addresses and registers directly and exploit the architecture of a given processor. -
A Feature Model of Actor, Agent, Functional, Object, and Procedural Programming Languages
Accepted Manuscript A feature model of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming languages H.R. Jordan, G. Botterweck, J.H. Noll, A. Butterfield, R.W. Collier PII: S0167-6423(14)00050-1 DOI: 10.1016/j.scico.2014.02.009 Reference: SCICO 1711 To appear in: Science of Computer Programming Received date: 9 March 2013 Revised date: 31 January 2014 Accepted date: 5 February 2014 Please cite this article in press as: H.R. Jordan et al., A feature model of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming languages, Science of Computer Programming (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2014.02.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights • A survey of existing programming language comparisons and comparison techniques. • Definitions of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming concepts. • A feature model of general-purpose programming languages. • Mappings from five languages (C, Erlang, Haskell, Jason, and Java) to this model. A Feature Model of Actor, Agent, Functional, Object, and Procedural Programming Languages H.R. Jordana,∗, G. Botterwecka, J.H. Nolla, A. Butterfieldb, R.W. Collierc aLero, University of Limerick, Ireland bTrinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland cUniversity College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Abstract The number of programming languages is large [1] and steadily increasing [2]. -
Operating System Engineering, Lecture 3
6.828 2012 Lecture 3: O/S Organization plan: O/S organization processes isolation topic: overall o/s design what should the main components be? what should the interfaces look like? why have an o/s at all? why not just a library? then apps are free to use it, or not -- flexible some tiny O/Ss for embedded processors work this way key requirement: support multiple activities multiplexing isolation interaction helpful approach: abstract services rather than raw hardware file system, not raw disk TCP, not raw ethernet processes, not raw CPU/memory abstractions often ease multiplexing and interaction and more convenient and portable note: i'm going to focus on mainstream designs (xv6, Linux, &c) for *every* aspect, someone has done it a different way! example: exokernel and VMM does *not* abstract anything! xv6 has only a few abstractions / services processes (cpu, mem) I/O (file descriptors) file system i'm going to focus on xv6 processes today a process is a running program it has its own memory, share of CPU, FDs, parent, children, &c it uses system calls to interact outside itself to get at kernel services xv6 basic design here very traditional (UNIX/Linux/&c) xv6 user/kernel organization h/w, kernel, user kernel is a big program services: process, FS, net low-level: devices, VM all of kernel runs w/ full hardware privilege (very convenient) system calls switch between user and kernel 1 good: easy for sub-systems to cooperate (e.g. paging and file system) bad: interactions => complex, bugs are easy, no isolation within o/s called "monolithic"; -
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java 1.1 Introduction • The central theme of this book is to learn how to solve problems by writing a program . • This book teaches you how to create programs by using the Java programming languages . • Java is the Internet program language • Why Java? The answer is that Java enables user to deploy applications on the Internet for servers , desktop computers , and small hand-held devices . 1.2 What is a Computer? • A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data. • A computer includes both hardware and software. o Hardware is the physical aspect of the computer that can be seen. o Software is the invisible instructions that control the hardware and make it work. • Computer programming consists of writing instructions for computers to perform. • A computer consists of the following hardware components o CPU (Central Processing Unit) o Memory (Main memory) o Storage Devices (hard disk, floppy disk, CDs) o Input/Output devices (monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse) o Communication devices (Modem, NIC (Network Interface Card)). Bus Storage Communication Input Output Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices Devices e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor, and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer FIGURE 1.1 A computer consists of a CPU, memory, Hard disk, floppy disk, monitor, printer, and communication devices. CMPS161 Class Notes (Chap 01) Page 1 / 15 Kuo-pao Yang 1.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. • It retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. -
Also Includes Slides and Contents From
The Compilation Toolchain Cross-Compilation for Embedded Systems Prof. Andrea Marongiu ([email protected]) Toolchain The toolchain is a set of development tools used in association with source code or binaries generated from the source code • Enables development in a programming language (e.g., C/C++) • It is used for a lot of operations such as a) Compilation b) Preparing Libraries Most common toolchain is the c) Reading a binary file (or part of it) GNU toolchain which is part of d) Debugging the GNU project • Normally it contains a) Compiler : Generate object files from source code files b) Linker: Link object files together to build a binary file c) Library Archiver: To group a set of object files into a library file d) Debugger: To debug the binary file while running e) And other tools The GNU Toolchain GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) The GNU toolchain has played a vital role in the development of the Linux kernel, BSD, and software for embedded systems. The GNU project produced a set of programming tools. Parts of the toolchain we will use are: -gcc: (GNU Compiler Collection): suite of compilers for many programming languages -binutils: Suite of tools including linker (ld), assembler (gas) -gdb: Code debugging tool -libc: Subset of standard C library (assuming a C compiler). -bash: free Unix shell (Bourne-again shell). Default shell on GNU/Linux systems and Mac OSX. Also ported to Microsoft Windows. -make: automation tool for compilation and build Program development tools The process of converting source code to an executable binary image requires several steps, each with its own tool. -
An Array-Oriented Language with Static Rank Polymorphism
An array-oriented language with static rank polymorphism Justin Slepak, Olin Shivers, and Panagiotis Manolios Northeastern University fjrslepak,shivers,[email protected] Abstract. The array-computational model pioneered by Iverson's lan- guages APL and J offers a simple and expressive solution to the \von Neumann bottleneck." It includes a form of rank, or dimensional, poly- morphism, which renders much of a program's control structure im- plicit by lifting base operators to higher-dimensional array structures. We present the first formal semantics for this model, along with the first static type system that captures the full power of the core language. The formal dynamic semantics of our core language, Remora, illuminates several of the murkier corners of the model. This allows us to resolve some of the model's ad hoc elements in more general, regular ways. Among these, we can generalise the model from SIMD to MIMD computations, by extending the semantics to permit functions to be lifted to higher- dimensional arrays in the same way as their arguments. Our static semantics, a dependent type system of carefully restricted power, is capable of describing array computations whose dimensions cannot be determined statically. The type-checking problem is decidable and the type system is accompanied by the usual soundness theorems. Our type system's principal contribution is that it serves to extract the implicit control structure that provides so much of the language's expres- sive power, making this structure explicitly apparent at compile time. 1 The Promise of Rank Polymorphism Behind every interesting programming language is an interesting model of com- putation. -
About ILE C/C++ Compiler Reference
IBM i 7.3 Programming IBM Rational Development Studio for i ILE C/C++ Compiler Reference IBM SC09-4816-07 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 121. This edition applies to IBM® Rational® Development Studio for i (product number 5770-WDS) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This version does not run on all reduced instruction set computer (RISC) models nor does it run on CISC models. This document may contain references to Licensed Internal Code. Licensed Internal Code is Machine Code and is licensed to you under the terms of the IBM License Agreement for Machine Code. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1993, 2015. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents ILE C/C++ Compiler Reference............................................................................... 1 What is new for IBM i 7.3.............................................................................................................................3 PDF file for ILE C/C++ Compiler Reference.................................................................................................5 About ILE C/C++ Compiler Reference......................................................................................................... 7 Prerequisite and Related Information.................................................................................................. -
The Machine That Builds Itself: How the Strengths of Lisp Family
Khomtchouk et al. OPINION NOTE The Machine that Builds Itself: How the Strengths of Lisp Family Languages Facilitate Building Complex and Flexible Bioinformatic Models Bohdan B. Khomtchouk1*, Edmund Weitz2 and Claes Wahlestedt1 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1Center for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of We address the need for expanding the presence of the Lisp family of Psychiatry and Behavioral programming languages in bioinformatics and computational biology research. Sciences, University of Miami Languages of this family, like Common Lisp, Scheme, or Clojure, facilitate the Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th ST, Miami, FL, USA creation of powerful and flexible software models that are required for complex 33136 and rapidly evolving domains like biology. We will point out several important key Full list of author information is features that distinguish languages of the Lisp family from other programming available at the end of the article languages and we will explain how these features can aid researchers in becoming more productive and creating better code. We will also show how these features make these languages ideal tools for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications. We will specifically stress the advantages of domain-specific languages (DSL): languages which are specialized to a particular area and thus not only facilitate easier research problem formulation, but also aid in the establishment of standards and best programming practices as applied to the specific research field at hand. DSLs are particularly easy to build in Common Lisp, the most comprehensive Lisp dialect, which is commonly referred to as the “programmable programming language.” We are convinced that Lisp grants programmers unprecedented power to build increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence systems that may ultimately transform machine learning and AI research in bioinformatics and computational biology. -
The Design of a Pascal Compiler Mohamed Sharaf, Devaun Mcfarland, Aspen Olmsted Part I
The Design of A Pascal Compiler Mohamed Sharaf, Devaun McFarland, Aspen Olmsted Part I Mohamed Sharaf Introduction The Compiler is for the programming language PASCAL. The design decisions Concern the layout of program and data, syntax analyzer. The compiler is written in its own language. The compiler is intended for the CDC 6000 computer family. CDC 6000 is a family of mainframe computer manufactured by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. It consisted of CDC 6400, CDC 6500, CDC 6600 and CDC 6700 computers, which all were extremely rapid and efficient for their time. It had a distributed architecture and was a reduced instruction set (RISC) machine many years before such a term was invented. Pascal Language Imperative Computer Programming Language, developed in 1971 by Niklaus Wirth. The primary unit in Pascal is the procedure. Each procedure is represented by a data segment and the program/code segment. The two segments are disjoint. Compiling Programs: Basic View Machine Pascal languag program Pascal e compile program filename . inpu r gp output a.out p t c Representation of Data Compute all the addresses at compile time to optimize certain index calculation. Entire variables always are assigned at least one full PSU “Physical Storage Unit” i.e CDC6000 has ‘wordlength’ of 60 bits. Scalar types Array types the first term is computed by the compiler w=a+(i-l)*s Record types: reside only within one PSU if it is represented as packed. If it is not packed its size will be the size of the largest possible variant. Data types … Powerset types The set operations of PASCAL are realized by the conventional bit-parallel logical instructions ‘and ‘ for intersection, ‘or’ for union File types The data transfer between the main store buffer and the secondary store is performed by a Peripheral Processor (PP). -
Compiler Error Messages Considered Unhelpful: the Landscape of Text-Based Programming Error Message Research
Working Group Report ITiCSE-WGR ’19, July 15–17, 2019, Aberdeen, Scotland Uk Compiler Error Messages Considered Unhelpful: The Landscape of Text-Based Programming Error Message Research Brett A. Becker∗ Paul Denny∗ Raymond Pettit∗ University College Dublin University of Auckland University of Virginia Dublin, Ireland Auckland, New Zealand Charlottesville, Virginia, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Durell Bouchard Dennis J. Bouvier Brian Harrington Roanoke College Southern Illinois University Edwardsville University of Toronto Scarborough Roanoke, Virgina, USA Edwardsville, Illinois, USA Scarborough, Ontario, Canada [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Amir Kamil Amey Karkare Chris McDonald University of Michigan Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur University of Western Australia Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Kanpur, India Perth, Australia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Peter-Michael Osera Janice L. Pearce James Prather Grinnell College Berea College Abilene Christian University Grinnell, Iowa, USA Berea, Kentucky, USA Abilene, Texas, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT of evidence supporting each one (historical, anecdotal, and empiri- Diagnostic messages generated by compilers and interpreters such cal). This work can serve as a starting point for those who wish to as syntax error messages have been researched for over half of a conduct research on compiler error messages, runtime errors, and century. Unfortunately, these messages which include error, warn- warnings. We also make the bibtex file of our 300+ reference corpus ing, and run-time messages, present substantial difficulty and could publicly available. -
TASKING VX-Toolset for Tricore User Guide
TASKING VX-toolset for TriCore User Guide MA160-800 (v6.1) September 14, 2016 Copyright © 2016 Altium Limited. All rights reserved.You are permitted to print this document provided that (1) the use of such is for personal use only and will not be copied or posted on any network computer or broadcast in any media, and (2) no modifications of the document is made. Unauthorized duplication, in whole or part, of this document by any means, mechanical or electronic, including translation into another language, except for brief excerpts in published reviews, is prohibited without the express written permission of Altium Limited. Unauthorized duplication of this work may also be prohibited by local statute. Violators may be subject to both criminal and civil penalties, including fines and/or imprisonment. Altium®, TASKING®, and their respective logos are registered trademarks of Altium Limited or its subsidiaries. All other registered or unregistered trademarks referenced herein are the property of their respective owners and no trademark rights to the same are claimed. Table of Contents 1. C Language .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Data Types ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Half Precision Floating-Point ....................................................................... 3 1.1.2. Fractional Types ....................................................................................... -
Computer Architecture and Assembly Language
Computer Architecture and Assembly Language Gabriel Laskar EPITA 2015 License I Copyright c 2004-2005, ACU, Benoit Perrot I Copyright c 2004-2008, Alexandre Becoulet I Copyright c 2009-2013, Nicolas Pouillon I Copyright c 2014, Joël Porquet I Copyright c 2015, Gabriel Laskar Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being just ‘‘Copying this document’’, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Introduction Part I Introduction Gabriel Laskar (EPITA) CAAL 2015 3 / 378 Introduction Problem definition 1: Introduction Problem definition Outline Gabriel Laskar (EPITA) CAAL 2015 4 / 378 Introduction Problem definition What are we trying to learn? Computer Architecture What is in the hardware? I A bit of history of computers, current machines I Concepts and conventions: processing, memory, communication, optimization How does a machine run code? I Program execution model I Memory mapping, OS support Gabriel Laskar (EPITA) CAAL 2015 5 / 378 Introduction Problem definition What are we trying to learn? Assembly Language How to “talk” with the machine directly? I Mechanisms involved I Assembly language structure and usage I Low-level assembly language features I C inline assembly Gabriel Laskar (EPITA) CAAL 2015 6 / 378 I Programmers I Wise managers Introduction Problem definition Who do I talk to? I System gurus I Low-level enthusiasts Gabriel Laskar (EPITA) CAAL