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By Kumari Priyadarshani 22-04-2020 BBM 3Rd Year Variables in C a Variable Is a Name of the Memory Location. It Is Used to Store Data
By Kumari priyadarshani 22-04-2020 BBM 3rd year Variables in C A variable is a name of the memory location. It is used to store data. Its value can be changed, and it can be reused many times. It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily identified. Let's see the syntax to declare a variable: type variable_list; The example of declaring the variable is given below: int a; float b; char c; Here, a, b, c are variables. The int, float, char are the data types. We can also provide values while declaring the variables as given below: int a=10,b=20;//declaring 2 variable of integer type float f=20.8; char c='A'; Rules for defining variables A variable can have alphabets, digits, and underscore. A variable name can start with the alphabet, and underscore only. It can't start with a digit. No whitespace is allowed within the variable name. A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword, e.g. int, float, etc. Valid variable names: int a; int _ab; int a30; Invalid variable names: int 2; int a b; int long; Types of Variables in C There are many types of variables in c: local variable global variable static variable automatic variable external variable 1)Local Variable A variable that is declared inside the function or block is called a local variable. It must be declared at the start of the block. void function1(){ int x=10;//local variable } You must have to initialize the local variable before it is used. -
An Empirical Study Into COBOL Type Inferencing*
Science of Computer Programming ELSEVIERI Science of Computer Programming 40 (2001) 189-211 www.elsevier.nl/locate/scico An empirical study into COBOL type inferencing* Arie van Deursen 1, Leon Moonen 1 * CWL P. 0. Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands Accepted 2 February 2001 Abstract In a typical COBOL program, the data division consists of 50% of the lines of code. Automatic type inference can help to understand the large collections of variable declarations contained therein, showing how variables are related based on their actual usage. The most problematic aspect of type inference is pollution, the phenomenon that types become too large, and contain variables that intuitively should not belong to the same type. The aim of the paper is to provide empirical evidence for the hypothesis that the use of subtyping is an effective way for dealing with pollution. The main results include a tool set to carry out type inference experiments, a suite of metrics characterizing type inference outcomes, and the experimental observation that only one instance of pollution occurs in the case study conducted. @ 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Software maintenance; Static program analysis; Variable usage; Case study 1. Introduction In this paper, we will be concerned with the variables occurring in a COBOL pro gram. The two main parts of a COBOL program are the data division, containing declarations for all variables used, and the procedure division, which contains the state ments performing the program's functionality. Since it is in the procedure division that the actual computations are made, one would expect this division to be larger than the data division. -
TASKING VX-Toolset for Tricore User Guide
TASKING VX-toolset for TriCore User Guide MA160-800 (v6.1) September 14, 2016 Copyright © 2016 Altium Limited. All rights reserved.You are permitted to print this document provided that (1) the use of such is for personal use only and will not be copied or posted on any network computer or broadcast in any media, and (2) no modifications of the document is made. Unauthorized duplication, in whole or part, of this document by any means, mechanical or electronic, including translation into another language, except for brief excerpts in published reviews, is prohibited without the express written permission of Altium Limited. Unauthorized duplication of this work may also be prohibited by local statute. Violators may be subject to both criminal and civil penalties, including fines and/or imprisonment. Altium®, TASKING®, and their respective logos are registered trademarks of Altium Limited or its subsidiaries. All other registered or unregistered trademarks referenced herein are the property of their respective owners and no trademark rights to the same are claimed. Table of Contents 1. C Language .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Data Types ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Half Precision Floating-Point ....................................................................... 3 1.1.2. Fractional Types ....................................................................................... -
Operating Systems and Applications for Embedded Systems >>> Toolchains
>>> Operating Systems And Applications For Embedded Systems >>> Toolchains Name: Mariusz Naumowicz Date: 31 sierpnia 2018 [~]$ _ [1/19] >>> Plan 1. Toolchain Toolchain Main component of GNU toolchain C library Finding a toolchain 2. crosstool-NG crosstool-NG Installing Anatomy of a toolchain Information about cross-compiler Configruation Most interesting features Sysroot Other tools POSIX functions AP [~]$ _ [2/19] >>> Toolchain A toolchain is the set of tools that compiles source code into executables that can run on your target device, and includes a compiler, a linker, and run-time libraries. [1. Toolchain]$ _ [3/19] >>> Main component of GNU toolchain * Binutils: A set of binary utilities including the assembler, and the linker, ld. It is available at http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/. * GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): These are the compilers for C and other languages which, depending on the version of GCC, include C++, Objective-C, Objective-C++, Java, Fortran, Ada, and Go. They all use a common back-end which produces assembler code which is fed to the GNU assembler. It is available at http://gcc.gnu.org/. * C library: A standardized API based on the POSIX specification which is the principle interface to the operating system kernel from applications. There are several C libraries to consider, see the following section. [1. Toolchain]$ _ [4/19] >>> C library * glibc: Available at http://www.gnu.org/software/libc. It is the standard GNU C library. It is big and, until recently, not very configurable, but it is the most complete implementation of the POSIX API. * eglibc: Available at http://www.eglibc.org/home. -
Truffle/C Interpreter
JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITAT¨ LINZ JKU Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Truffle/C Interpreter Master’s Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the academic degree Diplom-Ingenieur in the Master’s Program Computer Science Submitted by Manuel Rigger, BSc. At the Institut f¨urSystemsoftware Advisor o.Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.Dr.h.c. Hanspeter M¨ossenb¨ock Co-advisor Dipl.-Ing. Lukas Stadler Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Thomas W¨urthinger Xiamen, April 2014 Contents I Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Motivation . .3 1.2 Goals and Scope . .4 1.3 From C to Java . .4 1.4 Structure of the Thesis . .6 2 State of the Art 9 2.1 Graal . .9 2.2 Truffle . 10 2.2.1 Rewriting and Specialization . 10 2.2.2 Truffle DSL . 11 2.2.3 Control Flow . 12 2.2.4 Profiling and Inlining . 12 2.2.5 Partial Evaluation and Compilation . 12 2.3 Clang . 13 3 Architecture 14 3.1 From Clang to Java . 15 3.2 Node Construction . 16 3.3 Runtime . 16 4 The Truffle/C File 17 4.1 Truffle/C File Format Goals . 17 4.2 Truffle/C File Format 1 . 19 4.2.1 Constant Pool . 19 4.2.2 Function Table . 20 4.2.3 Functions and Attributes . 20 4.3 Truffle/C File Considerations and Comparison . 21 4.3.1 Java Class File and Truffle/C File . 21 4.3.2 ELF and Truffle/C File . 22 4.4 Clang Modification Truffle/C File . 23 Contents II 5 Truffle/C Data Types 25 5.1 Data Type Hierarchy: Boxing, Upcasts and Downcasts . -
Contents of Lecture 4: Declarations
Contents of Lecture 4: Declarations Implicint int Storage class specifiers Type specifiers Enumeration specifiers Type qualifiers Jonas Skeppstedt ([email protected]) Lecture 4 2014 1 / 39 Now obsolete: implicit int Sometimes you can see code such as: main() // invalid { } or even: #include <stdio.h> count; // invalid float x; In earlier versions of C one could skip the type, which then became int, and is called implicit int. Calling a function before its declaration also set its return type to int. It’s invalid C so don’t use it — but compilers often allow it... Jonas Skeppstedt ([email protected]) Lecture 4 2014 2 / 39 Storage class specifiers Last lecture we discussed the different kinds of storage durations. Now we will see how to specify some of them explicitly. Dynamic (important) and temporary (less important) storage duration are not specified by the programmer using any particular syntax but defined by the standard. The storage class specifiers are: typedef extern static _Thread_local auto register Of these typedef does not refer to any kind of storage duration — instead it introduces another name of a type and not a new type: typedef int num_t; int* p; num_t* q; p = q; // valid since p and q have the same type. Jonas Skeppstedt ([email protected]) Lecture 4 2014 3 / 39 Storage class specifiers: static at file scope static int count; /∗ initialized to zero. ∗/ static void init(void) { /∗ Do some initializations ... ∗/ } Used to make an identifier invisible outside the source file With static at file scope, there is no risk of name conflicts with other files. -
ACCU 2015 “New” Features in C
"New" Features in C ACCU 2015 “New” Features in C Dan Saks Saks & Associates www.dansaks.com 1 Abstract The first international standard for the C programming language was C90. Since then, two newer standards have been published, C99 and C11. C99 introduced a significant number of new features. C11 introduced a few more, some of which have been available in compilers for some time. Curiously, many of these added features don’t seem to have caught on. Many C programmers still program in C90. This session explains many of these “new” features, including declarations in for-statements, typedef redefinitions, inline functions, complex arithmetic, extended integer types, variable- length arrays, flexible array members, compound literals, designated initializers, restricted pointers, type-qualified array parameters, anonymous structures and unions, alignment support, non-returning functions, and static assertions. 2 Copyright © 2015 by Daniel Saks 1 "New" Features in C About Dan Saks Dan Saks is the president of Saks & Associates, which offers training and consulting in C and C++ and their use in developing embedded systems. Dan has written columns for numerous print publications including The C/C++ Users Journal , The C++ Report , Software Development , and Embedded Systems Design . He currently writes the online “Programming Pointers” column for embedded.com . With Thomas Plum, he wrote C++ Programming Guidelines , which won a 1992 Computer Language Magazine Productivity Award . He has also been a Microsoft MVP. Dan has taught thousands of programmers around the world. He has presented at conferences such as Software Development and Embedded Systems , and served on the advisory boards for those conferences. -
Qa·C Release Notes
RELEASE NOTES QA·C 9.4.1 February, 2018 Documentation Version 1.3 IMPORTANT NOTICE DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY This document should only be used in conjunction with QA·C 9.4.1. Programming Research Ltd. have taken due care in preparing this document which it has endeavored to ensure is accurate at the time of printing. However, no liability can be accepted for errors or omissions; nor should the document be considered as an expressed or implied warranty of accuracy or completeness, fitness for a particular purpose, or that the products described perform as specified within. COPYRIGHT NOTICE All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of Programming Research Ltd., the copyright owner. If any unauthorized acts are carried out in relation to this copyrighted work, a civil claim for damages may be made and/or a criminal prosecution may result. Copyright ©Programming Research Ltd. 2018 TRADEMARKS PRQA, the PRQA logo, QA·C, QA·C++ and High Integrity C++ (HIC++) are trademarks of Programming Research Ltd. "MISRA", "MISRA C" and "MISRA C++" are registered trademarks of HORIBA MIRA Lim- ited, held on behalf of the MISRA Consortium. "AUTOSAR" is a registered trademark of AUTOSAR GBR, held on behalf of the AU- TOSAR Development Partnership. Yices is a registered trademark of SRI International. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. RELEASE NOTES : QA·C 9.4.1 Page i Programming Research Ltd. -
Section “Common Predefined Macros” in the C Preprocessor
The C Preprocessor For gcc version 12.0.0 (pre-release) (GCC) Richard M. Stallman, Zachary Weinberg Copyright c 1987-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". This manual contains no Invariant Sections. The Front-Cover Texts are (a) (see below), and the Back-Cover Texts are (b) (see below). (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. i Table of Contents 1 Overview :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Character sets:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Initial processing ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.3 Tokenization ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 1.4 The preprocessing language :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 2 Header Files::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.1 Include Syntax ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.2 Include Operation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.3 Search Path :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.4 Once-Only Headers::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.5 Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
Cheat Sheets of the C Standard Library
Cheat Sheets of the C standard library Version 1.06 Last updated: 2012-11-28 About This document is a set of quick reference sheets (or ‘cheat sheets’) of the ANSI C standard library. It contains function and macro declarations in every header of the library, as well as notes about their usage. This document covers C++, but does not cover the C99 or C11 standard. A few non-ANSI-standard functions, if they are interesting enough, are also included. Style used in this document Function names, prototypes and their parameters are in monospace. Remarks of functions and parameters are marked italic and enclosed in ‘/*’ and ‘*/’ like C comments. Data types, whether they are built-in types or provided by the C standard library, are also marked in monospace. Types of parameters and return types are in bold. Type modifiers, like ‘const’ and ‘unsigned’, have smaller font sizes in order to save space. Macro constants are marked using proportional typeface, uppercase, and no italics, LIKE_THIS_ONE. One exception is L_tmpnum, which is the constant that uses lowercase letters. Example: int system ( const char * command ); /* system: The value returned depends on the running environment. Usually 0 when executing successfully. If command == NULL, system returns whether the command processor exists (0 if not). */ License Copyright © 2011 Kang-Che “Explorer” Sung (宋岡哲 <explorer09 @ gmail.com>) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ . When copying and distributing this document, I advise you to keep this notice and the references section below with your copies, as a way to acknowledging all the sources I referenced. -
Language Reference
Enterprise PL/I for z/OS Version 5 Release 3 Language Reference IBM SC27-8940-02 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under “Notices” on page 613. Third Edition (September 2019) This edition applies to Enterprise PL/I for z/OS Version 5 Release 3 (5655-PL5), and IBM Developer for z/OS PL/I for Windows (former Rational Developer for System z PL/I for Windows), Version 9.1, and to any subsequent releases of any of these products until otherwise indicated in new editions or technical newsletters. Make sure you are using the correct edition for the level of the product. Order publications through your IBM® representative or the IBM branch office serving your locality. Publications are not stocked at the address below. A form for readers' comments is provided at the back of this publication. If the form has been removed, address your comments to: IBM Corporation, Department H150/090 555 Bailey Ave. San Jose, CA, 95141-1099 United States of America When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a nonexclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. Because IBM Enterprise PL/I for z/OS supports the continuous delivery (CD) model and publications are updated to document the features delivered under the CD model, it is a good idea to check for updates once every three months. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1999, 2019. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. -
Nesc 1.2 Language Reference Manual
nesC 1.2 Language Reference Manual David Gay, Philip Levis, David Culler, Eric Brewer August 2005 1 Introduction nesC is an extension to C [3] designed to embody the structuring concepts and execution model of TinyOS [2]. TinyOS is an event-driven operating system designed for sensor network nodes that have very limited resources (e.g., 8K bytes of program memory, 512 bytes of RAM). TinyOS has been reimplemented in nesC. This manual describes v1.2 of nesC, changes from v1.0 and v1.1 are summarised in Section 2. The basic concepts behind nesC are: • Separation of construction and composition: programs are built out of components, which are assembled (“wired”) to form whole programs. Components define two scopes, one for their specification (containing the names of their interfaces) and one for their implementation. Components have internal concurrency in the form of tasks. Threads of control may pass into a component through its interfaces. These threads are rooted either in a task or a hardware interrupt. • Specification of component behaviour in terms of set of interfaces. Interfaces may be provided or used by the component. The provided interfaces are intended to represent the functionality that the component provides to its user, the used interfaces represent the functionality the component needs to perform its job. • Interfaces are bidirectional: they specify a set of functions to be implemented by the inter- face’s provider (commands) and a set to be implemented by the interface’s user (events). This allows a single interface to represent a complex interaction between components (e.g., registration of interest in some event, followed by a callback when that event happens).