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Contents of Lecture 4: Declarations
Contents of Lecture 4: Declarations Implicint int Storage class specifiers Type specifiers Enumeration specifiers Type qualifiers Jonas Skeppstedt ([email protected]) Lecture 4 2014 1 / 39 Now obsolete: implicit int Sometimes you can see code such as: main() // invalid { } or even: #include <stdio.h> count; // invalid float x; In earlier versions of C one could skip the type, which then became int, and is called implicit int. Calling a function before its declaration also set its return type to int. It’s invalid C so don’t use it — but compilers often allow it... Jonas Skeppstedt ([email protected]) Lecture 4 2014 2 / 39 Storage class specifiers Last lecture we discussed the different kinds of storage durations. Now we will see how to specify some of them explicitly. Dynamic (important) and temporary (less important) storage duration are not specified by the programmer using any particular syntax but defined by the standard. The storage class specifiers are: typedef extern static _Thread_local auto register Of these typedef does not refer to any kind of storage duration — instead it introduces another name of a type and not a new type: typedef int num_t; int* p; num_t* q; p = q; // valid since p and q have the same type. Jonas Skeppstedt ([email protected]) Lecture 4 2014 3 / 39 Storage class specifiers: static at file scope static int count; /∗ initialized to zero. ∗/ static void init(void) { /∗ Do some initializations ... ∗/ } Used to make an identifier invisible outside the source file With static at file scope, there is no risk of name conflicts with other files. -
ACCU 2015 “New” Features in C
"New" Features in C ACCU 2015 “New” Features in C Dan Saks Saks & Associates www.dansaks.com 1 Abstract The first international standard for the C programming language was C90. Since then, two newer standards have been published, C99 and C11. C99 introduced a significant number of new features. C11 introduced a few more, some of which have been available in compilers for some time. Curiously, many of these added features don’t seem to have caught on. Many C programmers still program in C90. This session explains many of these “new” features, including declarations in for-statements, typedef redefinitions, inline functions, complex arithmetic, extended integer types, variable- length arrays, flexible array members, compound literals, designated initializers, restricted pointers, type-qualified array parameters, anonymous structures and unions, alignment support, non-returning functions, and static assertions. 2 Copyright © 2015 by Daniel Saks 1 "New" Features in C About Dan Saks Dan Saks is the president of Saks & Associates, which offers training and consulting in C and C++ and their use in developing embedded systems. Dan has written columns for numerous print publications including The C/C++ Users Journal , The C++ Report , Software Development , and Embedded Systems Design . He currently writes the online “Programming Pointers” column for embedded.com . With Thomas Plum, he wrote C++ Programming Guidelines , which won a 1992 Computer Language Magazine Productivity Award . He has also been a Microsoft MVP. Dan has taught thousands of programmers around the world. He has presented at conferences such as Software Development and Embedded Systems , and served on the advisory boards for those conferences. -
XL C/C++: Language Reference About This Document
IBM XL C/C++ for Linux, V16.1.1 IBM Language Reference Version 16.1.1 SC27-8045-01 IBM XL C/C++ for Linux, V16.1.1 IBM Language Reference Version 16.1.1 SC27-8045-01 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 63. First edition This edition applies to IBM XL C/C++ for Linux, V16.1.1 (Program 5765-J13, 5725-C73) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. Make sure you are using the correct edition for the level of the product. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1998, 2018. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About this document ......... v Chapter 4. IBM extension features ... 11 Who should read this document........ v IBM extension features for both C and C++.... 11 How to use this document.......... v General IBM extensions ......... 11 How this document is organized ....... v Extensions for GNU C compatibility ..... 15 Conventions .............. v Extensions for vector processing support ... 47 Related information ........... viii IBM extension features for C only ....... 56 Available help information ........ ix Extensions for GNU C compatibility ..... 56 Standards and specifications ........ x Extensions for vector processing support ... 58 Technical support ............ xi IBM extension features for C++ only ...... 59 How to send your comments ........ xi Extensions for C99 compatibility ...... 59 Extensions for C11 compatibility ...... 59 Chapter 1. Standards and specifications 1 Extensions for GNU C++ compatibility .... 60 Chapter 2. Language levels and Notices .............. 63 language extensions ......... 3 Trademarks ............. -
Qa·C Release Notes
RELEASE NOTES QA·C 9.4.1 February, 2018 Documentation Version 1.3 IMPORTANT NOTICE DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY This document should only be used in conjunction with QA·C 9.4.1. Programming Research Ltd. have taken due care in preparing this document which it has endeavored to ensure is accurate at the time of printing. However, no liability can be accepted for errors or omissions; nor should the document be considered as an expressed or implied warranty of accuracy or completeness, fitness for a particular purpose, or that the products described perform as specified within. COPYRIGHT NOTICE All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of Programming Research Ltd., the copyright owner. If any unauthorized acts are carried out in relation to this copyrighted work, a civil claim for damages may be made and/or a criminal prosecution may result. Copyright ©Programming Research Ltd. 2018 TRADEMARKS PRQA, the PRQA logo, QA·C, QA·C++ and High Integrity C++ (HIC++) are trademarks of Programming Research Ltd. "MISRA", "MISRA C" and "MISRA C++" are registered trademarks of HORIBA MIRA Lim- ited, held on behalf of the MISRA Consortium. "AUTOSAR" is a registered trademark of AUTOSAR GBR, held on behalf of the AU- TOSAR Development Partnership. Yices is a registered trademark of SRI International. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. RELEASE NOTES : QA·C 9.4.1 Page i Programming Research Ltd. -
DATA and C a Sample Program
03 0672326965 CH03 10/19/04 1:53 PM Page 49 CHAPTER 3 DATA AND C You will learn about the following in this chapter: • Keywords: • The distinctions between integer int, short, long, unsigned, char, types and floating-point types float, double, _Bool, _Complex, • Writing constants and declaring _Imaginary variables of those types • Operator: • How to use the printf() and sizeof scanf() functions to read and • Function: write values of different types scanf() • The basic data types that C uses rograms work with data. You feed numbers, letters, and words to the computer, and you expect it to do something with the data. For example, you might want the com- puter to calculate an interest payment or display a sorted list of vintners. In this chap- ter,P you do more than just read about data; you practice manipulating data, which is much more fun. This chapter explores the two great families of data types: integer and floating point. C offers several varieties of these types. This chapter tells you what the types are, how to declare them, and how and when to use them. Also, you discover the differences between constants and variables, and as a bonus, your first interactive program is coming up shortly. A Sample Program Once again, you begin with a sample program. As before, you’ll find some unfamiliar wrinkles that we’ll soon iron out for you. The program’s general intent should be clear, so try compiling and running the source code shown in Listing 3.1. To save time, you can omit typing the com- ments. -
C Programming Tutorial
C Programming Tutorial C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER NOTICE All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] ii Table of Contents C Language Overview .............................................................. 1 Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1 Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2 C Programs .................................................................................................. 2 C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3 Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3 The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3 Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................ -
C-STAT® Static Analysis Guide
C-STAT® Static Analysis Guide CSTAT-14 COPYRIGHT NOTICE © 2015–2021 IAR Systems AB and Synopsys, Inc. No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior written consent of IAR Systems AB. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such a license. This publication incorporates portions of the Technical Report, “SEI CERT C Coding Standard Rules for Developing Safe, Reliable, and Secure Systems 2016 Edition,” by CERT. © 2016 Carnegie Mellon University, with special permission from its Software Engineering Institute. DISCLAIMERS The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on any part of IAR Systems. While the information contained herein is assumed to be accurate, IAR Systems assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. In no event shall IAR Systems, its employees, its contractors, or the authors of this document be liable for special, direct, indirect, or consequential damage, losses, costs, charges, claims, demands, claim for lost profits, fees, or expenses of any nature or kind. Any material of Carnegie Mellon University and/or its software engineering institute contained herein is furnished on an “as-is” basis. Carnegie Mellon University makes no warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to any matter including, but not limited to, warranty of fitness for purpose or merchantability, exclusivity, or results obtained from use of the material. Carnegie Mellon University does not make any warranty of any kind with respect to freedom from patent, trademark, or copyright infringement. -
Chapter 11: Data Types in the Kernel
,ch11.3440 Page 288 Thursday, January 20, 2005 9:25 AM CHAPTER 11 Chapter 11 Data Types in the Kernel Before we go on to more advanced topics, we need to stop for a quick note on porta- bility issues. Modern versions of the Linuxkernel are highly portable, running on numerous different architectures. Given the multiplatform nature of Linux, drivers intended for serious use should be portable as well. But a core issue with kernel code is being able both to access data items of known length (for example, filesystem data structures or registers on device boards) and to exploit the capabilities of different processors (32-bit and 64-bit architectures, and possibly 16 bit as well). Several of the problems encountered by kernel developers while porting x86 code to new architectures have been related to incorrect data typing. Adherence to strict data typing and compiling with the -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes flags can prevent most bugs. Data types used by kernel data are divided into three main classes: standard C types such as int, explicitly sized types such as u32, and types used for specific kernel objects, such as pid_t. We are going to see when and how each of the three typing classes should be used. The final sections of the chapter talk about some other typi- cal problems you might run into when porting driver code from the x86 to other platforms, and introduce the generalized support for linked lists exported by recent kernel headers. If you follow the guidelines we provide, your driver should compile and run even on platforms on which you are unable to test it. -
A Formal C Memory Model for Separation Logic
Journal of Automated Reasoning manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) A Formal C Memory Model for Separation Logic Robbert Krebbers Received: n/a Abstract The core of a formal semantics of an imperative programming language is a memory model that describes the behavior of operations on the memory. Defining a memory model that matches the description of C in the C11 standard is challenging because C allows both high-level (by means of typed expressions) and low-level (by means of bit manipulation) memory accesses. The C11 standard has restricted the interaction between these two levels to make more effective compiler optimizations possible, at the expense of making the memory model complicated. We describe a formal memory model of the (non-concurrent part of the) C11 stan- dard that incorporates these restrictions, and at the same time describes low-level memory operations. This formal memory model includes a rich permission model to make it usable in separation logic and supports reasoning about program transfor- mations. The memory model and essential properties of it have been fully formalized using the Coq proof assistant. Keywords ISO C11 Standard · C Verification · Memory Models · Separation Logic · Interactive Theorem Proving · Coq 1 Introduction A memory model is the core of a semantics of an imperative programming language. It models the memory states and describes the behavior of memory operations. The main operations described by a C memory model are: – Reading a value at a given address. – Storing a value at a given address. – Allocating a new object to hold a local variable or storage obtained via malloc. -
Codewarrior Development Studio for Starcore 3900FP Dsps Application Binary Interface (ABI) Reference Manual
CodeWarrior Development Studio for StarCore 3900FP DSPs Application Binary Interface (ABI) Reference Manual Document Number: CWSCABIREF Rev. 10.9.0, 06/2015 CodeWarrior Development Studio for StarCore 3900FP DSPs Application Binary Interface (ABI) Reference Manual, Rev. 10.9.0, 06/2015 2 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Contents Section number Title Page Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Standards Covered............................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Accompanying Documentation........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Conventions...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Numbering Systems............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Typographic Notation.......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Special Terms.......................................................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2 Low-level Binary Interface 2.1 StarCore Architectures......................................................................................................................................................11 -
Vbcc Compiler System
vbcc compiler system Volker Barthelmann i Table of Contents 1 General :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Legal :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.3 Installation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.3.1 Installing for Unix::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.3.2 Installing for DOS/Windows::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.3.3 Installing for AmigaOS :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.4 Tutorial :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2 The Frontend ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.1 Usage :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.2 Configuration :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 3 The Compiler :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 3.1 General Compiler Options::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 3.2 Errors and Warnings :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 3.3 Data Types ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 3.4 Optimizations::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 3.4.1 Register Allocation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 3.4.2 Flow Optimizations :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 3.4.3 Common Subexpression Elimination :::::::::::::::::::::: 19 3.4.4 Copy Propagation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 3.4.5 Constant Propagation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 3.4.6 Dead Code Elimination::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 3.4.7 Loop-Invariant Code Motion -
Coverity Support for SEI CERT C, C++, and Java Coding Standards
Coverity Support for SEI CERT C, C++, and Java Coding Standards Ensure the safety, The SEI CERT C, C++, and Oracle Java Coding Standards are lists of rules and reliability, and security recommendations for writing secure code in the C, C++, and Java programming languages They represent an important milestone in introducing best practices for of software written in C, ensuring the safety, reliability, security, and integrity of software written in C/C++ and C++, and Java Java Notably, the standards are designed to be enforceable by software code analyzers using static analysis techniques This greatly reduces the cost of compliance by way of automation Adhering to coding standards is a crucial step in establishing best coding practices Standards adherence is particularly important in safety-critical, high-impact industries, such as automotive, medical, and networking Software defects in products coming from these industries manifest themselves physically and tangibly—often with life- threatening consequences Synopsys provides a comprehensive solution for the SEI CERT C/C++ Coding Standards rules, along with high-impact SEI CERT Oracle Java Coding Standards (online version) rules and SEI CERT C Coding Standard recommendations (online version) Coverity static analysis implements the Rules category within the CERT C/ C++ standards, high-impact CERT Java L1 rules, and methods for managing violations and reporting on them Coverity also supports some of the best practices from the Recommendations category for the CERT C standard Acknowledgement