History of Computers
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
COM 113 INTRO to COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Theory Book
1 [Type the document title] UNESCO -NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT -PHASE II NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Computer Programming COURSE CODE: COM113 YEAR I - SE MESTER I THEORY Version 1: December 2008 2 [Type the document title] Table of Contents WEEK 1 Concept of programming ................................................................................................................ 6 Features of a good computer program ............................................................................................ 7 System Development Cycle ............................................................................................................ 9 WEEK 2 Concept of Algorithm ................................................................................................................... 11 Features of an Algorithm .............................................................................................................. 11 Methods of Representing Algorithm ............................................................................................ 11 Pseudo code .................................................................................................................................. 12 WEEK 3 English-like form .......................................................................................................................... 15 Flowchart ..................................................................................................................................... -
Presents: BEGINNING COMPUTER BASICS
Presents: BEGINNING COMPUTER BASICS By Angie Harris Adapted from the Texas State Library’s TEAL for All Texans Student Resources Manual Beginning Computer Basics Topics Introducing the Computer Basic Computer Equipment Meet Your Desktop Goals and Objectives • Be introduced to basic components of the computer • Learn common computer terms • Become familiar with basic computer hardware and software • Become familiar with the computer mouse and keyboard • Learn about the desktop Introducing the Computer What is a Computer? An electronic device that accepts input, processes data, provides storage and retrieval and provides output for the user. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, browse the internet, handle spreadsheets, do presentations, play games, and more. Hardware/Software A computer is made up of only two components: hardware and software. Anything you buy for your computer can be classified as either hardware or software. Hardware: is any part of your computer that has a physical structure. If you can touch it, it is hardware. Software: the brains of the computer, is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and helps the user accomplish a certain task Hardware Hardware consists of two components, input and output devices. – Input Device An input device allows us to put information into the computer. Examples include: Mouse, keyboard, microphone, flash drive or scanner – Output Devices An output device displays (or puts out) information from a computer in either a visual or auditory format. Examples include: Monitor, Speakers, headphones or printer Basic Computer Equipment Monitor Speakers Console Printer Keyboard Mouse Console Console: The console, or system unit, is the heart of your computer. -
The Operating System Handbook Or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes
The Operating System Handbook or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes by Bob DuCharme MVS Table of Contents Chapter 22 MVS: An Introduction.................................................................................... 22.1 Batch Jobs..................................................................................................................1 22.2 Interacting with MVS................................................................................................3 22.2.1 TSO.........................................................................................................................3 22.2.2 ISPF........................................................................................................................3 22.2.3 CICS........................................................................................................................4 22.2.4 Other MVS Components.........................................................................................4 22.3 History........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 23 Getting Started with MVS............................................................................... 23.1 Starting Up.................................................................................................................6 23.1.1 VTAM.....................................................................................................................6 23.1.2 Logging On.............................................................................................................6 -
IBM のパソコン事業参入に関するケース・スタディ (1) パソコン市場への参入に遅れた IBM が 1980 年代初頭にパソコン開発に関して下した技術的決断に関 わる組織外的要因と組織内的要因 A
技術戦略論 2011 講義メモ> CASE STUDY>IBM の PC 市場参入 IBM のパソコン事業参入に関するケース・スタディ (1) パソコン市場への参入に遅れた IBM が 1980 年代初頭にパソコン開発に関して下した技術的決断に関 わる組織外的要因と組織内的要因 a. 組織外的要因 --- 1970 年代後半期におけるパソコン市場 メインフレームやミニ・コンピュータといった製品から構成されていたコンピュータ産業に、1970 年代中 頃にパーソナル・コンピュータという製品が付け加わることになった。メインフレーム、ミニ・コンピュータ、 パーソナル・コンピュータではそれぞれターゲットとする顧客層が異なった。 産業構造 メインフレーム、ミニ・コンピュータの製造に関わるほとんどの企業は、垂直統合型構造を志向したが、 パーソナル・コンピュータに関わったほとんどの企業は、応用ソフト、OS、CPU、記憶装置など主要構成 要素に関して分業型構造を志向した。 組 織 PC 市場は 1975 年頃から急激な成長を開始し、1981 年の米国パソコン市場は推定出荷台数 70 万 市場 外 台、推定売上 10 億ドルという規模にまでなっていた。 的 要 競合企業 Apple 社、Commodore 社、Tandy=RadioShack 社 因 先行製品 AppleII(1977.4)、PET 2001(1977.4)、TRS-80(1977.8)などの 8 ビットパソコン 先行製品の 8080 系マイクロプロセッサー(インテルの 8080 と互換性を持つマイクロプロセッサー)>シェア大 採用CPU 6800 系マイクロプロセッサー(モトローラの 6800 と互換性を持つマイクロプロセッサー)>シェア小 ユーザー 主要なユーザー層が、イノベーター(Innovators)からアーリー・アダプター(Early Adopters)へと移行中 b. 組織外的要因 --- 1970 年代後半期におけるパソコン市場 製品の差別化を可能とする要素技術の自社保有の有無およびそうした技 術を開発する能力 自社の 「技術開発」力 パソコンでいえば、CPU の開発力、OS の開発力、アプリケーション・ソフトの開発 力、プログラミング言語の開発力などがこうした「技術開発」力になる 様々な要素技術や部品・ソフトウェアを組み合わせて「魅力」的な製品を 企画・開発・設計する能力 パソコンでいえば、「どのような CPU を採用するのか?」、「プレ・インストール用 製品に関わる OS としてどんな OS を採用するのか?」、「どのようなアプリケーション・ソフトをプ 技術力 レ・インストールしておくのか?」、「周辺機器接続のための拡張カードを利用する (Product Innovation ために、どのような拡張バス(ISA バスなのか、PCI バスなのか、AGP バスなのか、 組 に関わる技術力) 自社の PCI-EXPRESS バスなのか)を採用するのか、あるいは、拡張バスをどれだけの数 織 「製品開発」力 内 だけ設けるのか(あるいは拡張バスを設けないのか)?」、「外部周辺機器を簡単 的 「製品デザイン」 に接続してすぐに使うためにどのような接続ポート(ex.RS232C 接続ポート、ジョイ 要 力 スティック接続ポート、USB 接続ポート、IEEE1394 接続ポート、外部ディスプレイ 因 接続ポート)を採用するのか?」「どのようなマザーボードを採用するのか?」などと いった異なる複数の技術的方式の選択に関わる技術的判断を必要とする事柄に 関する能力 ----なお、 「どのような容量の HDD を採用するのか?」「FDD -
GBCC-CIS-1 Page 1 Micro-Soft’S Macro-Impact
CIS111 GBCC Renee Dodge CIS111 Mid-Term – Fall 2010 For your mid-term, I would like you to conduct some research on the history of computers. Select a milestone or event that you feel had a significant impact on the overall development of computers and how we use computers today. Be sure you not only provide your opinion as to why you feel this milestone is significant, but also provide historical proof - actual facts as to how this event shaped the development and use of computers. For this assignment, please complete the following: 1. Choose a topic 2. Research your topic and locate at least 5 different sources of information, overall. o At least 3 sources should be Internet websites. o Remember: Wikipedia is NOT an acceptable research source. 3. In addition to the Internet, you should also utilize the library online resources (EBSCO database, e-Books, etc). o At least 2 different sources of information should be online library resources. o If you have never used the library online resources before, you may ask me for a brief overview of how to use them or see Becky Clerkin in the library for help. 4. Include your research findings in a 5-page paper and be sure to properly cite where you found your information. If you are not sure how to cite references check out the following link: How to Cite Books, Magazines, and Web Sites in a Research Paper: http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/works_cited.htm 5. Upload your research paper to the Digital Drop BoX no later than Wednesday, October 27th at 11:59pm. -
Evaluating the Effect of Four Different Pointing Device Designs on Upper Extremity Posture and Muscle Activity During Mousing Tasks
Applied Ergonomics 47 (2015) 259e264 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Ergonomics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apergo Evaluating the effect of four different pointing device designs on upper extremity posture and muscle activity during mousing tasks * Michael Y.C. Lin a, Justin G. Young b, Jack T. Dennerlein a, c, a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA b Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Avenue, Flint, MI 48504, USA c Department of Physical Therapy, Movements, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA article info abstract Article history: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of computer pointing devices and Received 10 January 2014 placements on posture and muscle activity of the hand and arm. A repeated measures laboratory study Accepted 3 October 2014 with 12 adults (6 females, 6 males) was conducted. Participants completed two mouse-intensive tasks Available online while using a conventional mouse, a trackball, a stand-alone touchpad, and a rollermouse. A motion analysis system and an electromyography system monitored right upper extremity postures and muscle Keywords: activity, respectively. The rollermouse condition was associated with a more neutral hand posture (lower Pointing device inter-fingertip spread and greater finger flexion) along with significantly lower forearm extensor muscle Computer tasks fi Musculoskeletal disorders activity. The touchpad and rollermouse, which were centrally located, were associated with signi cantly more neutral shoulder postures, reduced ulnar deviation, and lower forearm extensor muscle activities than other types of pointing devices. -
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: the Early Years of IBM Chile
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: The Early Years of IBM Chile Eden Medina Indiana University In examining the history of IBM in Chile, this article asks how IBM came to dominate Chile’s computer market and, to address this question, emphasizes the importance of studying both IBM corporate strategy and Chilean national history. The article also examines how IBM reproduced its corporate culture in Latin America and used it to accommodate the region’s political and economic changes. Thomas J. Watson Jr. was skeptical when he The history of IBM has been documented first heard his father’s plan to create an from a number of perspectives. Former em- international subsidiary. ‘‘We had endless ployees, management experts, journalists, and opportunityandlittleriskintheUS,’’he historians of business, technology, and com- wrote, ‘‘while it was hard to imagine us getting puting have all made important contributions anywhere abroad. Latin America, for example to our understanding of IBM’s past.3 Some seemed like a bottomless pit.’’1 However, the works have explored company operations senior Watson had a different sense of the outside the US in detail.4 However, most of potential for profit within the world market these studies do not address company activi- and believed that one day IBM’s sales abroad ties in regions of the developing world, such as would surpass its growing domestic business. Latin America.5 Chile, a slender South Amer- In 1949, he created the IBM World Trade ican country bordered by the Pacific Ocean on Corporation to coordinate the company’s one side and the Andean cordillera on the activities outside the US and appointed his other, offers a rich site for studying IBM younger son, Arthur K. -
Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases
Michigan Law Review Volume 91 Issue 3 1992 Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases John W.L. Ogilive University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Computer Law Commons, Intellectual Property Law Commons, and the Judges Commons Recommended Citation John W. Ogilive, Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases, 91 MICH. L. REV. 526 (1992). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol91/iss3/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases John W.L. Ogilvie INTRODUCTION Although computer programs enjoy copyright protection as pro tectable "literary works" under the federal copyright statute, 1 the case law governing software infringement is confused, inconsistent, and even unintelligible to those who must interpret it.2 A computer pro gram is often viewed as a collection of different parts, just as a book or play is seen as an amalgamation of plot, characters, and other familiar parts. However, different courts recognize vastly different computer program parts for copyright infringement purposes. 3 Much of the dis array in software copyright law stems from mutually incompatible and conclusory program part definitions that bear no relation to how a computer program is actually designed and created. -
The History of Computers: Part II
The History Of Computers: Part II You will learn about the computers of the 20th century and the people behind those machines. Some of the clipart images come from the sites: •http://www.clipartheaven.com/ •http://www.horton-szar.net/ •http://www.shootpetoet.be •www.dpw.wau.nl/pv/temp/ clipart/screenbeans.htm James Tam Categories Of 20th Century Computers •The mechanical monsters of the twenty first century - The machines of Konrad Zuse - The Bell telephone models - Howard Aiken and the Harvard computers •The computers of the electronic revolution -The ABC -The ENIAC - The Colossus machines of Bletchley Park •The first modern (stored program/memory) computers - The Manchester machine -The EDSAC - The EDVAC James Tam Computer History: Part II 1 The Mechanical Monsters •Performed calculations using moving mechanical parts rather than using electronics Images from the History of Computing Technology by Michael R. Williams James Tam The Mechanical Monsters •Many were used to solve equations that were either impossible or very time consuming to solve analytically. •Often conducting experiments were also impractical. James Tam Computer History: Part II 2 The Mechanical Monsters •Konrad Zuse -Z1 –Z4 •George Stibitz - Bell relay based computers Model I - VI •Howard Aiken - Harvard Mark I - IV James Tam The First Set Of Mechanical Monsters Were Created By Konrad Zuse •Developed a series of mechanical calculating machines (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4). •Motivated by the need to perform complex calculations because current approaches were unsatisfactory. James Tam Computer History: Part II 3 The Z1 •It was entirely mechanical From the History of Computing Technology by Michael R. -
Microprocessors in the 1970'S
Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338]. -
1977: the Year of the Appliance Computer
1977: The year of the appliance computer Vintage Computer Festival East Sunday, April 2, 2017 Bill Degnan The MITS Mobile Computer Carivan traveled across the USA to demonstrate and teach customers about the MITS Altair, and to help customers with their kit project work. There has to be an easier way! Cover, Byte December 1977 Computer Lib / Dream Machines by Theodor Nelson 1977 a Nexus? • Customer demand for user-friendly computers. • Larger Manufacturers with finished systems entering the market • Mass production • Finished Systems well below $2000 • Multiple PC magazines • Special Interest Groups/Clubs/Conventions Enter The “Appliance Computer” • Phrase coined by Carl Helmers, Byte editor in January 1977 • Finished product desktop general-purpose computer complete with software (BASIC) • Reasonably Priced, purchased at a retail store or computer shop • Turnkey Computer – Works right out of the box • User does not need to know electronics or techniques of tuning of hardware • User does not need to build custom bootstrap program to initiate system • User manual uses pictures and examples to teach use, designed for simplicity. • The point of ownership is not to build the computer and maintain it Appliance computers for small business? You Bet! • A single computer is used in a very small business to take the place of several people either by saving the cost of salaries and benefits or freeing people for other tasks. • Eliminates manual processing of clerical work – inventory, book keeping, spreadsheets, production control, automated process monitoring and measuring, elimination of other paper shuffling. • New capabilities like presentations, mailing lists and other customer sorting, telephone files, library catalogs other databases. -
Copyrighted Material
1 The Function of Computation As in music theory, we cannot discuss the microprocessor without positioning it in the context of the history of the computer, since this component is the integrated version of the central unit. Its internal mechanisms are the same as those of supercomputers, mainframe computers and minicomputers. Thanks to advances in microelectronics, additional functionality has been integrated with each generation in order to speed up internal operations. A computer1 is a hardware and software system responsible for the automatic processing of information, managed by a stored program. To accomplish this task, the computer’s essential function is the transformation of data using computation, but two other functions are also essential. Namely, these are storing and transferring information (i.e. communication). In some industrial fields, control is a fourth function. This chapter focuses on the requirements that led to the invention of tools and calculating machines to arrive at the modern version of the computer that we know today. The technological aspect is then addressed. Some chronological references are given. Then several classification criteria are proposed. The analog computer, which is then described, was an alternative to the digital version. Finally, the relationship between hardware and software and the evolution of integration and its limits are addressed. NOTE.– This chapter does not attempt to replace a historical study. It gives only a few key dates and technical benchmarks to understand the technological evolution of the field. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 The French word ordinateur (computer) was suggested by Jacques Perret, professor at the Faculté des Lettres de Paris, in his letter dated April 16, 1955, in response to a question from IBM to name these machines; the English name was the Electronic Data Processing Machine.