The Advent of Recursion in Programming, 1950S-1960S
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The Operating System Handbook Or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes
The Operating System Handbook or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes by Bob DuCharme MVS Table of Contents Chapter 22 MVS: An Introduction.................................................................................... 22.1 Batch Jobs..................................................................................................................1 22.2 Interacting with MVS................................................................................................3 22.2.1 TSO.........................................................................................................................3 22.2.2 ISPF........................................................................................................................3 22.2.3 CICS........................................................................................................................4 22.2.4 Other MVS Components.........................................................................................4 22.3 History........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 23 Getting Started with MVS............................................................................... 23.1 Starting Up.................................................................................................................6 23.1.1 VTAM.....................................................................................................................6 23.1.2 Logging On.............................................................................................................6 -
A Politico-Social History of Algolt (With a Chronology in the Form of a Log Book)
A Politico-Social History of Algolt (With a Chronology in the Form of a Log Book) R. w. BEMER Introduction This is an admittedly fragmentary chronicle of events in the develop ment of the algorithmic language ALGOL. Nevertheless, it seems perti nent, while we await the advent of a technical and conceptual history, to outline the matrix of forces which shaped that history in a political and social sense. Perhaps the author's role is only that of recorder of visible events, rather than the complex interplay of ideas which have made ALGOL the force it is in the computational world. It is true, as Professor Ershov stated in his review of a draft of the present work, that "the reading of this history, rich in curious details, nevertheless does not enable the beginner to understand why ALGOL, with a history that would seem more disappointing than triumphant, changed the face of current programming". I can only state that the time scale and my own lesser competence do not allow the tracing of conceptual development in requisite detail. Books are sure to follow in this area, particularly one by Knuth. A further defect in the present work is the relatively lesser availability of European input to the log, although I could claim better access than many in the U.S.A. This is regrettable in view of the relatively stronger support given to ALGOL in Europe. Perhaps this calmer acceptance had the effect of reducing the number of significant entries for a log such as this. Following a brief view of the pattern of events come the entries of the chronology, or log, numbered for reference in the text. -
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science MSc Thesis (Afstudeerscriptie) written by Karel Van Oudheusden –alias Edgar G. Daylight (born October 21st, 1977 in Antwerpen, Belgium) under the supervision of Dr Gerard Alberts, and submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Logic at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Date of the public defense: Members of the Thesis Committee: November 17, 2009 Dr Gerard Alberts Prof Dr Krzysztof Apt Prof Dr Dick de Jongh Prof Dr Benedikt Löwe Dr Elizabeth de Mol Dr Leen Torenvliet 1 “We are reaching the stage of development where each new gener- ation of participants is unaware both of their overall technological ancestry and the history of the development of their speciality, and have no past to build upon.” J.A.N. Lee in 1996 [73, p.54] “To many of our colleagues, history is only the study of an irrele- vant past, with no redeeming modern value –a subject without useful scholarship.” J.A.N. Lee [73, p.55] “[E]ven when we can't know the answers, it is important to see the questions. They too form part of our understanding. If you cannot answer them now, you can alert future historians to them.” M.S. Mahoney [76, p.832] “Only do what only you can do.” E.W. Dijkstra [103, p.9] 2 Abstract The history of computer science can be viewed from a number of disciplinary perspectives, ranging from electrical engineering to linguistics. As stressed by the historian Michael Mahoney, different `communities of computing' had their own views towards what could be accomplished with a programmable comput- ing machine. -
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: the Early Years of IBM Chile
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: The Early Years of IBM Chile Eden Medina Indiana University In examining the history of IBM in Chile, this article asks how IBM came to dominate Chile’s computer market and, to address this question, emphasizes the importance of studying both IBM corporate strategy and Chilean national history. The article also examines how IBM reproduced its corporate culture in Latin America and used it to accommodate the region’s political and economic changes. Thomas J. Watson Jr. was skeptical when he The history of IBM has been documented first heard his father’s plan to create an from a number of perspectives. Former em- international subsidiary. ‘‘We had endless ployees, management experts, journalists, and opportunityandlittleriskintheUS,’’he historians of business, technology, and com- wrote, ‘‘while it was hard to imagine us getting puting have all made important contributions anywhere abroad. Latin America, for example to our understanding of IBM’s past.3 Some seemed like a bottomless pit.’’1 However, the works have explored company operations senior Watson had a different sense of the outside the US in detail.4 However, most of potential for profit within the world market these studies do not address company activi- and believed that one day IBM’s sales abroad ties in regions of the developing world, such as would surpass its growing domestic business. Latin America.5 Chile, a slender South Amer- In 1949, he created the IBM World Trade ican country bordered by the Pacific Ocean on Corporation to coordinate the company’s one side and the Andean cordillera on the activities outside the US and appointed his other, offers a rich site for studying IBM younger son, Arthur K. -
Edsger W. Dijkstra: a Commemoration
Edsger W. Dijkstra: a Commemoration Krzysztof R. Apt1 and Tony Hoare2 (editors) 1 CWI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and MIMUW, University of Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge and Microsoft Research Ltd, Cambridge, UK Abstract This article is a multiauthored portrait of Edsger Wybe Dijkstra that consists of testimo- nials written by several friends, colleagues, and students of his. It provides unique insights into his personality, working style and habits, and his influence on other computer scientists, as a researcher, teacher, and mentor. Contents Preface 3 Tony Hoare 4 Donald Knuth 9 Christian Lengauer 11 K. Mani Chandy 13 Eric C.R. Hehner 15 Mark Scheevel 17 Krzysztof R. Apt 18 arXiv:2104.03392v1 [cs.GL] 7 Apr 2021 Niklaus Wirth 20 Lex Bijlsma 23 Manfred Broy 24 David Gries 26 Ted Herman 28 Alain J. Martin 29 J Strother Moore 31 Vladimir Lifschitz 33 Wim H. Hesselink 34 1 Hamilton Richards 36 Ken Calvert 38 David Naumann 40 David Turner 42 J.R. Rao 44 Jayadev Misra 47 Rajeev Joshi 50 Maarten van Emden 52 Two Tuesday Afternoon Clubs 54 2 Preface Edsger Dijkstra was perhaps the best known, and certainly the most discussed, computer scientist of the seventies and eighties. We both knew Dijkstra |though each of us in different ways| and we both were aware that his influence on computer science was not limited to his pioneering software projects and research articles. He interacted with his colleagues by way of numerous discussions, extensive letter correspondence, and hundreds of so-called EWD reports that he used to send to a select group of researchers. -
IBM Global Services: a Brief History
IBM Global Services: A Brief History IBM Corporate Archives May 2002 2405SH01 2 OVERVIEW Background In 1991 IBM was a $64.8 billion company, of which less than $6 billion was derived from non-maintenance services. Ten short years later, the business of information technology (IT) services alone generated more than 40 percent of IBM’s $86 billion in sales and had become the single largest source of revenue in IBM’s portfolio. How did that happen? It was partly the result of old-fashioned hard work and serious commitment: growing customer by customer; building disciplined management and financial systems; and investing to hire and train experts in everything from IT consulting to systems architecture and Web services. IBM used its financial strength to fund the expensive push into outsourcing, and the company placed informed bets on the future in areas such as IT utility services (“e-business on demand”) and hosted storage. But most important, the success of IBM Global Services came from something very simple: a clear understanding of customers’ needs. IBM saw that technology and business were converging to create something new and challenging for every kind of enterprise. And IBM had the deep experience in both areas to help its customers bring them together most effectively. The following pages offer a brief look at the history and growth of the organization that is today IBM’s top revenue generator. Definitions What are “services?” In the IT world, that broad term has encompassed dozens of offerings and meanings, including consulting, custom programming, systems integration (designing, building and installing complex information systems), systems operations (in which a vendor runs part or all of a company’s information systems), business innovation services (such as supply chain management), strategic outsourcing, application management services, integrated technology services (such as business recovery), networking services, learning services, security services, storage services and wireless services. -
Lynn Conway Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Emerita University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110 [email protected]
IBM-ACS: Reminiscences and Lessons Learned From a 1960’s Supercomputer Project * Lynn Conway Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Emerita University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110 [email protected] Abstract. This paper contains reminiscences of my work as a young engineer at IBM- Advanced Computing Systems. I met my colleague Brian Randell during a particularly exciting time there – a time that shaped our later careers in very interesting ways. This paper reflects on those long-ago experiences and the many lessons learned back then. I’m hoping that other ACS veterans will share their memories with us too, and that together we can build ever-clearer images of those heady days. Keywords: IBM, Advanced Computing Systems, supercomputer, computer architecture, system design, project dynamics, design process design, multi-level simulation, superscalar, instruction level parallelism, multiple out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, VLSI design. 1 Introduction I was hired by IBM Research right out of graduate school, and soon joined what would become the IBM Advanced Computing Systems project just as it was forming in 1965. In these reflections, I’d like to share glimpses of that amazing project from my perspective as a young impressionable engineer at the time. It was a golden era in computer research, a time when fundamental breakthroughs were being made across a wide front. The well-distilled and highly codified results of that and subsequent work, as contained in today’s modern textbooks, give no clue as to how they came to be. Lost in those texts is all the excitement, the challenge, the confusion, the camaraderie, the chaos and the fun – the feeling of what it was really like to be there – at that frontier, at that time. -
Key Themes in Histories of IBM
James W. Cortada Change and Continuity at IBM: Key Themes in Histories of IBM IBM has been the subject of considerable study by historians, economists, business management professors, and journalists. This essay surveys the various writings on the company, placing their contributions in a roughly chronological account of the company’s history, from its early days in tabulating through to its dominance of global markets in computing. The essay includes well-known studies of IBM in addition to more obscure accounts. It emphasizes the need to consider the com- pany’s culture along with its technological and managerial changes in order to grasp the reasons for its longevity. Keywords: IBM, Thomas J. Watson Sr., Thomas J. Watson Jr., Arthur K. (Dick) Watson, Herman Hollerith, IBM World Trade Corporation his essay provides a guide to the voluminous writings on IBM by Thistorians and by others whose work is useful to historians, including IBM employees and management and technology experts. This is a global history and looks at sources in English and in other lan- guages. To do so, it also traces briefly the continuities and discontinuities in IBM’s strategy and culture over time, and highlights key events in its history.1 1 For general works on IBM, see Robert Sobel, I.B.M., Colossus in Transition (New York, 1981); Saul Engelbourg, International Business Machines: A Business History (New York, 1976); James W. Cortada, Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865–1956 (Princeton, N.J., 1993); Emerson W. Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology (Cambridge, Mass., 1995). -
User's Manual for the ALCR-ILLINIS-7090 ALGL-60
•::../. ; '-> v.- V. -V.' skss Hi *lSn i'-fh B£H*wffi H HI BBfiffli? •LN. fln WW* WSMmm Ml H II B RAI^Y OF THE UN IVLRSITY Of ILLINOIS SlO.84 XSibus 1964 The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. University of Illinois Library i 1970 LI61— O-10Q6 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/usersmanualforalOOuniv »" DIGITAL COMPUTER LABORATORY GRADUATE COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS User's Manual for the ALCpR-ILLIN0IS-7O9O ALG0L-6O Translator University of Illinois 2nd Edition Manual Written and Revised by R. Bayer E. Murphree, Jr. D. Gries September 28, I96U . : Preface In June, 19^2, by arrangement between the University of Illinois and the ALCOR group in Europe, Dr. Manfred Paul, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat, Mainz, and Dr. Rudiger Wiehle, Munchen Technische Hochschule, Munich, began the design of the ALC0R-ILLIN0IS-7O9O ALGOL-60 Translator, the use of which is described in this Manual. They were joined in July, I962, by David Gries and the writer and later by Michael Rossin, Theresa Wang and Rudolf Bayer, all graduate students at the University of Illinois This manual is an effort to explain the differences which exist between publication ALGOL-60 as it is defined by the Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL-60 (as published in the January I963 issue of Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery) and as it actually has been implemented by the group named above, Relatively few features of ALGOL-60 have not been implemented, so this manual consists mostly of an explanation of the "hardware" representation of true ALGOL rather than deviations from it. -
The ALCOR-Illinois-7090 Post-Mortem Dump: Description And
J] if fmy. J-- ,1 ;-fL-v:. 3 i 1 q<tttwtiKHmiuti«i»ni»!HH!?tHwn"'tffffT*"*'"'*— I'M ,1 L I B R.AR.Y OF THL U N IVERSiTY or ILLINOIS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation and underlining of books ore reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 197t AUG 1 2 AUG ' '^Rfc'o t^iti ^/^:n'Pttt^i 4DING 4 m2 L161— O-1096 "^Report No. I98 vO-^ THE ALCOR-ILLINOIS-7090 POST-MORTEM DUMP DESCRIPTION AND IMBEDDING INSTRUCTIONS by Rudolf Bayer Jerome Cohen Robert Penka J0i 2 8 ms February 10, I966 </.'-. .^.>- Report No. I98 THE ALCOR -ILLINOIS -7090 POST-MORTEM DUMP ',';;•' '^'X DESCRIPTION AND IMBEDDING INSTRUCTIONS "' '•'•'•X by Rudolf Bayer Jerome Cohen Robert Penka February 10, 1966 Department of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois PREFACE PrograTnming languages and compilers like ALG0L and the ALC^^R- ILLIN0IS-7O9O ALG0L-6O Translator are designed to make programining as convenient and as machine independent as possible. The purpose of an Algol program is simply to define an algorithm. From this point of view^ it is completely uninteresting whether this algorithm is executed by a human or an electronic computer^ how the representation of the algorithm in the internal language of a machine looks, or how the operating system of a specific computer is designed and organized. It is desirable to apply this philosophy not only to programming, but to the debugging of programs as well since the conventional dumps of machine conditions, storage areas and the object code are either entirely useless or provide mainly superfluous and irrelevant information which makes debugging a tedious task. -
MTS on Wikipedia Snapshot Taken 9 January 2011
MTS on Wikipedia Snapshot taken 9 January 2011 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sun, 09 Jan 2011 13:08:01 UTC Contents Articles Michigan Terminal System 1 MTS system architecture 17 IBM System/360 Model 67 40 MAD programming language 46 UBC PLUS 55 Micro DBMS 57 Bruce Arden 58 Bernard Galler 59 TSS/360 60 References Article Sources and Contributors 64 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 65 Article Licenses License 66 Michigan Terminal System 1 Michigan Terminal System The MTS welcome screen as seen through a 3270 terminal emulator. Company / developer University of Michigan and 7 other universities in the U.S., Canada, and the UK Programmed in various languages, mostly 360/370 Assembler Working state Historic Initial release 1967 Latest stable release 6.0 / 1988 (final) Available language(s) English Available programming Assembler, FORTRAN, PL/I, PLUS, ALGOL W, Pascal, C, LISP, SNOBOL4, COBOL, PL360, languages(s) MAD/I, GOM (Good Old Mad), APL, and many more Supported platforms IBM S/360-67, IBM S/370 and successors History of IBM mainframe operating systems On early mainframe computers: • GM OS & GM-NAA I/O 1955 • BESYS 1957 • UMES 1958 • SOS 1959 • IBSYS 1960 • CTSS 1961 On S/360 and successors: • BOS/360 1965 • TOS/360 1965 • TSS/360 1967 • MTS 1967 • ORVYL 1967 • MUSIC 1972 • MUSIC/SP 1985 • DOS/360 and successors 1966 • DOS/VS 1972 • DOS/VSE 1980s • VSE/SP late 1980s • VSE/ESA 1991 • z/VSE 2005 Michigan Terminal System 2 • OS/360 and successors -
Die Gruncllehren Cler Mathematischen Wissenschaften
Die Gruncllehren cler mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Anwendungsgebiete Band 135 Herausgegeben von J. L. Doob . E. Heinz· F. Hirzebruch . E. Hopf . H. Hopf W. Maak . S. Mac Lane • W. Magnus. D. Mumford M. M. Postnikov . F. K. Schmidt· D. S. Scott· K. Stein Geschiiftsfiihrende Herausgeber B. Eckmann und B. L. van der Waerden Handbook for Automatic Computation Edited by F. L. Bauer· A. S. Householder· F. W. J. Olver H. Rutishauser . K. Samelson· E. Stiefel Volume I . Part a Heinz Rutishauser Description of ALGOL 60 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1967 Prof. Dr. H. Rutishauser Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Geschaftsfuhrende Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. B. Eckmann Eidgenossische Tecbnische Hocbscbule Zurich Prof. Dr. B. L. van der Waerden Matbematisches Institut der Universitat ZUrich Aile Rechte, insbesondere das der Obersetzung in fremde Spracben, vorbebalten Ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photomechaniscbem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) oder auf andere Art zu vervielfaltigen ISBN-13: 978-3-642-86936-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-86934-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-86934-1 © by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1967 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1%7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-13537 Titel-Nr. 5l1B Preface Automatic computing has undergone drastic changes since the pioneering days of the early Fifties, one of the most obvious being that today the majority of computer programs are no longer written in machine code but in some programming language like FORTRAN or ALGOL. However, as desirable as the time-saving achieved in this way may be, still a high proportion of the preparatory work must be attributed to activities such as error estimates, stability investigations and the like, and for these no programming aid whatsoever can be of help.