A Computer Program Is an Example Of
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COM 113 INTRO to COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Theory Book
1 [Type the document title] UNESCO -NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT -PHASE II NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Computer Programming COURSE CODE: COM113 YEAR I - SE MESTER I THEORY Version 1: December 2008 2 [Type the document title] Table of Contents WEEK 1 Concept of programming ................................................................................................................ 6 Features of a good computer program ............................................................................................ 7 System Development Cycle ............................................................................................................ 9 WEEK 2 Concept of Algorithm ................................................................................................................... 11 Features of an Algorithm .............................................................................................................. 11 Methods of Representing Algorithm ............................................................................................ 11 Pseudo code .................................................................................................................................. 12 WEEK 3 English-like form .......................................................................................................................... 15 Flowchart ..................................................................................................................................... -
Compile-Time Safety and Runtime Performance in Programming Frameworks for Distributed Systems
Compile-time Safety and Runtime Performance in Programming Frameworks for Distributed Systems lars kroll Doctoral Thesis in Information and Communication Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden 2020 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology TRITA-EECS-AVL-2020:13 SE-164 40 Kista ISBN: 978-91-7873-445-0 SWEDEN Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan fram- lägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen i informations- och kommunikationsteknik på fredagen den 6 mars 2020 kl. 13:00 i Sal C, Electrum, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Kistagången 16, Kista. © Lars Kroll, February 2020 Printed by Universitetsservice US-AB IV Abstract Distributed Systems, that is systems that must tolerate partial failures while exploiting parallelism, are a fundamental part of the software landscape today. Yet, their development and design still pose many challenges to developers when it comes to reliability and performance, and these challenges often have a negative impact on developer productivity. Distributed programming frameworks and languages attempt to provide solutions to common challenges, so that application developers can focus on business logic. However, the choice of programming model as provided by a such a framework or language will have significant impact both on the runtime performance of applications, as well as their reliability. In this thesis, we argue for programming models that are statically typed, both for reliability and performance reasons, and that provide powerful abstractions, giving developers the tools to implement fast algorithms without being constrained by the choice of the programming model. -
Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases
Michigan Law Review Volume 91 Issue 3 1992 Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases John W.L. Ogilive University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Computer Law Commons, Intellectual Property Law Commons, and the Judges Commons Recommended Citation John W. Ogilive, Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases, 91 MICH. L. REV. 526 (1992). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol91/iss3/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE Defining Computer Program Parts Under Learned Hand's Abstractions Test in Software Copyright Infringement Cases John W.L. Ogilvie INTRODUCTION Although computer programs enjoy copyright protection as pro tectable "literary works" under the federal copyright statute, 1 the case law governing software infringement is confused, inconsistent, and even unintelligible to those who must interpret it.2 A computer pro gram is often viewed as a collection of different parts, just as a book or play is seen as an amalgamation of plot, characters, and other familiar parts. However, different courts recognize vastly different computer program parts for copyright infringement purposes. 3 Much of the dis array in software copyright law stems from mutually incompatible and conclusory program part definitions that bear no relation to how a computer program is actually designed and created. -
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages; Course Lecture Notes
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages, COMP6411 Lecture Notes, Revision 1.9 Joey Paquet Serguei A. Mokhov (Eds.) August 5, 2010 arXiv:1007.2123v6 [cs.PL] 4 Aug 2010 2 Preface Lecture notes for the Comparative Studies of Programming Languages course, COMP6411, taught at the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. These notes include a compiled book of primarily related articles from the Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [24], as well as Comparative Programming Languages book [7] and other resources, including our own. The original notes were compiled by Dr. Paquet [14] 3 4 Contents 1 Brief History and Genealogy of Programming Languages 7 1.1 Introduction . 7 1.1.1 Subreferences . 7 1.2 History . 7 1.2.1 Pre-computer era . 7 1.2.2 Subreferences . 8 1.2.3 Early computer era . 8 1.2.4 Subreferences . 8 1.2.5 Modern/Structured programming languages . 9 1.3 References . 19 2 Programming Paradigms 21 2.1 Introduction . 21 2.2 History . 21 2.2.1 Low-level: binary, assembly . 21 2.2.2 Procedural programming . 22 2.2.3 Object-oriented programming . 23 2.2.4 Declarative programming . 27 3 Program Evaluation 33 3.1 Program analysis and translation phases . 33 3.1.1 Front end . 33 3.1.2 Back end . 34 3.2 Compilation vs. interpretation . 34 3.2.1 Compilation . 34 3.2.2 Interpretation . 36 3.2.3 Subreferences . 37 3.3 Type System . 38 3.3.1 Type checking . 38 3.4 Memory management . -
Language Translators
Student Notes Theory LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS A. HIGH AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES Programming languages Low – Level Languages High-Level Languages Example: Assembly Language Example: Pascal, Basic, Java Characteristics of LOW Level Languages: They are machine oriented : an assembly language program written for one machine will not work on any other type of machine unless they happen to use the same processor chip. Each assembly language statement generally translates into one machine code instruction, therefore the program becomes long and time-consuming to create. Example: 10100101 01110001 LDA &71 01101001 00000001 ADD #&01 10000101 01110001 STA &71 Characteristics of HIGH Level Languages: They are not machine oriented: in theory they are portable , meaning that a program written for one machine will run on any other machine for which the appropriate compiler or interpreter is available. They are problem oriented: most high level languages have structures and facilities appropriate to a particular use or type of problem. For example, FORTRAN was developed for use in solving mathematical problems. Some languages, such as PASCAL were developed as general-purpose languages. Statements in high-level languages usually resemble English sentences or mathematical expressions and these languages tend to be easier to learn and understand than assembly language. Each statement in a high level language will be translated into several machine code instructions. Example: number:= number + 1; 10100101 01110001 01101001 00000001 10000101 01110001 B. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 4th generation 4GLs 3rd generation High Level Languages 2nd generation Low-level Languages 1st generation Machine Code Page 1 of 5 K Aquilina Student Notes Theory 1. MACHINE LANGUAGE – 1ST GENERATION In the early days of computer programming all programs had to be written in machine code. -
Rexx Interview Questions That Can Help You Ace Your Rexx Interview
By OnlineInterviewQuestions.com Rexx is the acronym for Restructured Extended Executor. It is a high-level programming language developed by Mike Cowlishaw to make learning and reading easier. There are multiple applications of Rexx. It is used as scripting and for processing data. It is also as an internal macro language in some software like THE and ZOC. Rexx is a versatile programming language and can be mixed with various commands to different host environments. It is a very useful language for beginners and the demand for experienced computer professionals is growing exponentially. This blog covers important Rexx interview questions that can help you ace your Rexx interview. If you wish to stand out from the crowd, these interview questions are your best friend. Q1. What is Uni-REXX? Uni-REXX is a UNIX implementation of Rexx programming language which offers rich sets of functions that are particularly designed for UNIX environment. Uni-REXX is now available on SUN’s Solaris 7/8/9, H/P’s HP/UX 10/11, IBM’s AIX 4/5, SGI’s IRIX 5/6, NCR UNIX, Linux Intel and S/390. It is used for several purposes such as automating system administration tasks. It also helps in development for end-user applications and rapid-prototyping of complied-language applications. Q2. Enlist the features of Rexx as a programming language. Following are the few features of Rexx- Rexx language has a very simple syntax format. Rexx can support multiple functions, procedures and route commands to several environments. It comes with very few artificial limitations and provides crash protection. -
13. Stored-Program Computers
13. Stored-Program Computers 13.1 Introduction This chapter concentrates on the low-level usage and structure of stored program computers. We focus on a particular hypothetical machine known as the ISC, describing its programming in assembly language. We show how recursion and switch statements are compiled into machine language, and how memory-mapped overlapped I/O is achieved. We also show the logic implement of the ISC, in terms of registers, buses, and finite-state machine controllers. 13.2 Programmer's Abstraction for a Stored-Program Computer By stored-program computer, we mean a machine in which the program, as well as the data, are stored in memory, each word of which can be accessed in uniform time. Most of the high-level language programming the reader has done will likely have used this kind of computer implicitly. However, the program that is stored is not high-level language text. If it were, then it would be necessary to constantly parse this text, which would slow down execution immensely. Instead one of two other forms of storage is used: An abstract syntax representation of the program could be stored. The identifiers in this representation are pre-translated, and the structure is traversed dynamically as needed during execution. This is the approach used by an interpreter for the language. A second approach is to use a compiler for the language. The compiler translates the program into the very low-level language native to the machine, appropriately called machine language. The native machine language acts as a least-common-denominator language for the computer. -
Programming Fundamentals - I Basic Concepts Fall-Semester 2016
Programming Fundamentals - I Basic Concepts Fall-Semester 2016 Prepared By: Rao Muhammad Umer Lecturer, Web: raoumer.github.io Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore. What is computer? The term "computer" was originally given to humans who performed numerical calculations using mechanical calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule. The term was later given to a mechanical device as they began replacing the human computers. Today's computers are electronic devices that accept data such as numbers, text, sound, image, animations, video, etc., (input), process that data (converts data to information) , produce output, and then store (storage) the results. A basic computer consists of 4 components: 1. Input devices 2. Central Processing Unit or CPU 3. Output devices 4. Memory Input Devices are used to provide input to the computer basic input devices include keyboard, mouse, touch screens etc. Central Processing Unit acts like a brain, it processes all instructions and data in the computer, the instructions are computer commands, these commands are given to CPU by input devices, some of the instructions are generated by the computer itself Output devices are used to receive computer output, the output, some basic output devices are hard drive disk (HDD, commonly known as hard disk), printers, computer screens (Monitors and LCDs) The computer memory is a temporary storage area. It holds the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs. Before a program can be run, the program is loaded from some storage device such as into the memory, the CPU loads the program or part of the program from the memory and executes it. -
Introduction to Computer Programming
Introduction to Computer Programming CISC1600/1610 Computer Science I/Lab Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 1 Outline This Course Computer Programming Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 2 1 This is a course In Programming For beginners who want to become professionals or who would like to know something about programming who are assumed to be bright Though not (necessarily) geniuses who are willing to work hard Though do need sleep occasionally, and take a normal course load Using the C++ programming language Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 3 Learning Goals Learn Fundamental programming concepts Key useful techniques Basic Standard C++ facilities After the course, you’ll be able to Write small sound C++ programs Read much larger programs Learn the basics of many other languages by yourself Proceed with an “advanced” C++ programming course After the course, you will not (yet) be An expert programmer A C++ language expert An expert user of advanced libraries Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 4 2 The Means Lectures Attend every one Outside of lectures Read a chapter ahead, and read the chapter again after each lecture Read actively: with questions in mind, try to reorganize/rephrase the key points in your mind Review questions/Terms in chapters Drills Always do the drills, before the exercises Exercises Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 5 The Means (Cont.) Lab projects That’s where the most fun and the best learning takes place Don’t wait until lab section to start the project Start to think about the project early Finish up & get help during labs Exams Midterms Final Spring 2016 CISC1600 Yanjun Li 6 3 How to be Successful? Don’t study alone when you don’t have to Form study groups Do help each other (without plagiarizing) If in doubt if a collaboration is legitimate: ask! Don’t claim to have written code that you copied from others Don’t give anyone else your code (to hand in for a grade) When you rely on the work of others, explicitly list all of your sources – i.e. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to Java®
Lecture 1: Introduction to Java MIT-AITI Kenya 2005 1 Lecture Outline • What a computer program is • How to write a computer program • The disadvantages and advantages of using Java • How a program that you write in Java is changed into a form that your computer can understand • Sample Java code and comments MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 2 Computer Program vs. Food Recipe Food Recipe Computer Program A chef writes a set of A programmer writes a set of instructions called a recipe instructions called a program The recipe requires specific The program requires specific ingredients inputs The cook follows the The computer follows the instructions step-by-step instructions step-by-step The food will vary depending on The output will vary depending the amount of ingredients and on the values of the inputs and the cook the computer MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 3 Recipe and Program Examples Student’s Student’s Ingredient # 1 Ingredient # 2 Name Grade Recipe Program Dinner “Bilha got an A on the exam!” MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 4 What is a computer program? • For a computer to be able to perform specific tasks (i.e. print what grade a student got on an exam), it must be given instructions to do the task • The set of instructions that tells the computer to perform specific tasks is known as a computer program MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative ©2005 5 Writing Computer Programs • We write computer programs (i.e. a set of instructions) in programming languages such as C, Pascal, and -
What Is a Computer Program? 1 High-Level Vs Low-Level Languages
What Is A Computer Program? Scientific Computing Fall, 2019 Paul Gribble 1 High-level vs low-level languages1 2 Interpreted vs compiled languages3 What is a computer program? What is code? What is a computer language? A computer program is simply a series of instructions that the computer executes, one after the other. An instruction is a single command. A program is a series of instructions. Code is another way of referring to a single instruction or a series of instructions (a program). 1 High-level vs low-level languages The CPU (central processing unit) chip(s) that sit on the motherboard of your computer is the piece of hardware that actually executes instructions. A CPU only understands a relatively low-level language called machine code. Often machine code is generated automatically by translating code written in assembly language, which is a low-level programming language that has a relatively direcy relationship to machine code (but is more readable by a human). A utility program called an assembler is what translates assembly language code into machine code. In this course we will be learning how to program in MATLAB, which is a high-level programming language. The “high-level” refers to the fact that the language has a strong abstraction from the details of the computer (the details of the machine code). A “strong abstraction” means that one can operate using high-level instructions without having to worry about the low-level details of carrying out those instructions. An analogy is motor skill learning. A high-level language for human action might be drive your car to the grocery store and buy apples. -
Specialising Dynamic Techniques for Implementing the Ruby Programming Language
SPECIALISING DYNAMIC TECHNIQUES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE RUBY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2015 By Chris Seaton School of Computer Science This published copy of the thesis contains a couple of minor typographical corrections from the version deposited in the University of Manchester Library. [email protected] chrisseaton.com/phd 2 Contents List of Listings7 List of Tables9 List of Figures 11 Abstract 15 Declaration 17 Copyright 19 Acknowledgements 21 1 Introduction 23 1.1 Dynamic Programming Languages.................. 23 1.2 Idiomatic Ruby............................ 25 1.3 Research Questions.......................... 27 1.4 Implementation Work......................... 27 1.5 Contributions............................. 28 1.6 Publications.............................. 29 1.7 Thesis Structure............................ 31 2 Characteristics of Dynamic Languages 35 2.1 Ruby.................................. 35 2.2 Ruby on Rails............................. 36 2.3 Case Study: Idiomatic Ruby..................... 37 2.4 Summary............................... 49 3 3 Implementation of Dynamic Languages 51 3.1 Foundational Techniques....................... 51 3.2 Applied Techniques.......................... 59 3.3 Implementations of Ruby....................... 65 3.4 Parallelism and Concurrency..................... 72 3.5 Summary............................... 73 4 Evaluation Methodology 75 4.1 Evaluation Philosophy