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Home , Computer program

system

• Hardware -- physical components of and computer that you see or touch • -- computer programs that instruct hardware to perform specific tasks • A computer is a set of instructions written in a .

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Outline Basic Computer Components

• Computer and information • • History of computer technology • Storage -- memory • Input devices • Output devices

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What is a computer? Categories of Computers

A computer is an information-processing • (PC) machine that performs simple tasks • Minicomputers according to specific instructions. This • Mainframe computers means it can store, retrieve, output and . • Supercomputers Data is a collection of unorganized facts or information, which includes words, numbers, images, and sound.

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1 Personal Computers Supercomputers

• Desktop computers A supercomputer is the fastest, most • Network of computers and Web appliances powerful, and most expensive. It is -- WebTV designed specifically for applications • Laptop or notebook computers requiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations -- weather • Handheld computers -- small personal forecasting, medical image processing, computers petroleum exploration,...

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Minicomputers Software

A minicomputer is designed for a small group • of organizations with a more powerful – computing capabilities. The computing – System utilities process of a minicomputer can be accessed • by several users via terminal that connected to it.

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Mainframe Computers Operating System

A mainframe computer is a large, expensive, An operating system is a primarily resource and powerful computing process that allows manager that manages hundred and thousand users access its in the form of processor, storage, I/O computing capabilities. devices, communication devices, and data.

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2 History of Computer Technology

• The first computer • The first generation (1950s) • The second generation (1960s) • The third generation (1965 to 1975) • The fourth generation (1975 to 1991) • The fifth generation (1991)

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The First Computer Stored-Program Computer

The first machine ABC (Atanasoff Berry In 1946, proposed the Computer) to employ electronics (vacuum concept of stored program computer. tubes) was developed in 1939 by a physicist • encode both program and data as , • store the program along with the data electronically John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at in a set of switches (computer memory), Iowa University. This was used to • provide a central processing unit that not only solve simultaneous linear equations. perform calculations but also fetch, decode and execute the instructions contained in the program.

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ENIAC The First Generation

In 1946, J. Presper Eckert and In 1951, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at Moore School of , University built the first general-purpose commercial of Pennsylvania developed the first large– computer, the UNIVAC. This is the first scale computer called ENIAC (Electronic generation of commercial computers. The Numerical Integrator and Computer). It instructions were written machine language. used 17,480 vacuum tubes. This Machine UNIVAC used number of vacuum uses the program to control calculations. tubes then ENIAC.

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3 The Third Generation

• Timsharing • • Development of integrated circuits (ICs) • Small-scale integration and medium-scale integration • Wide area networks • Internet

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The Second Generation The Fourth Generation

• Vacuum tubes were replace by . • Very-large-scale integration • Computers are faster and smaller. • Microprocessor • It has punched cards for input, tape storage, • MS-DOS and disk storage. • Command line • Development of high-level programming • Graphical interface languages: COBOL (Common Business- Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula ). CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 20 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 23 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology

The Second Generation The Fifth Generation

• ASCII (American Standard Code for • (AI) Information Interchange) was developed in • 1963. • Local area networks • In 1964 IBM announced a new line of • Wireless technology computers called System/360. • E-commerce • http://www.scsite.com/dc2001/

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