Computer system • Hardware -- physical components of Computers and History computer that you see or touch • Software -- computer programs that instruct hardware to perform specific tasks • A computer program is a set of instructions written in a programming language. CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 4 Computer Tecnology Outline Basic Computer Components • Computer and information • Central Processing Unit • History of computer technology • Storage -- memory • Input devices • Output devices CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 2 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 5 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology What is a computer? Categories of Computers A computer is an information-processing • Personal computer (PC) machine that performs simple tasks • Minicomputers according to specific instructions. This • Mainframe computers means it can store, retrieve, output and process data. • Supercomputers Data is a collection of unorganized facts or information, which includes words, numbers, images, and sound. CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 3 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 6 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology 1 Personal Computers Supercomputers • Desktop computers A supercomputer is the fastest, most • Network of computers and Web appliances powerful, and most expensive. It is -- WebTV designed specifically for applications • Laptop or notebook computers requiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations -- weather • Handheld computers -- small personal forecasting, medical image processing, computers petroleum exploration,... CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 7 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 10 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology Minicomputers Software A minicomputer is designed for a small group • System software of organizations with a more powerful – Operating system computing capabilities. The computing – System utilities process of a minicomputer can be accessed • Application software by several users via terminal that connected to it. CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 8 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 11 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology Mainframe Computers Operating System A mainframe computer is a large, expensive, An operating system is a primarily resource and powerful computing process that allows manager that manages computer hardware hundred and thousand users access its in the form of processor, storage, I/O computing capabilities. devices, communication devices, and data. CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 9 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 12 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology 2 History of Computer Technology • The first computer • The first generation (1950s) • The second generation (1960s) • The third generation (1965 to 1975) • The fourth generation (1975 to 1991) • The fifth generation (1991) CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 13 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 16 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology The First Computer Stored-Program Computer The first machine ABC (Atanasoff Berry In 1946, John Von Neumann proposed the Computer) to employ electronics (vacuum concept of stored program computer. tubes) was developed in 1939 by a physicist • encode both program and data as binary number, • store the program along with the data electronically John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at in a set of switches (computer memory), Iowa State University. This was used to • provide a central processing unit that not only solve simultaneous linear equations. perform calculations but also fetch, decode and execute the instructions contained in the program. CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 14 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 17 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology ENIAC The First Generation In 1946, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly In 1951, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at Moore School of Engineering, University built the first general-purpose commercial of Pennsylvania developed the first large– computer, the UNIVAC. This is the first scale computer called ENIAC (Electronic generation of commercial computers. The Numerical Integrator and Computer). It instructions were written machine language. used 17,480 vacuum tubes. This Machine UNIVAC used less number of vacuum uses the program to control calculations. tubes then ENIAC. CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 15 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 18 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology 3 The Third Generation • Timsharing • Batch processing • Development of integrated circuits (ICs) • Small-scale integration and medium-scale integration • Wide area networks • Internet CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 19 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 22 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology The Second Generation The Fourth Generation • Vacuum tubes were replace by transistors. • Very-large-scale integration • Computers are faster and smaller. • Microprocessor • It has punched cards for input, tape storage, • MS-DOS and disk storage. • Command line interface • Development of high-level programming • Graphical interface languages: COBOL (Common Business- Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator). CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 20 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 23 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology The Second Generation The Fifth Generation • ASCII (American Standard Code for • Artificial intelligence (AI) Information Interchange) was developed in • World Wide Web 1963. • Local area networks • In 1964 IBM announced a new line of • Wireless technology computers called System/360. • E-commerce • http://www.scsite.com/dc2001/ CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 21 CS 1305 Intro to Computers and History 24 Computer Tecnology Computer Tecnology 4.