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SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS

Number 7 January, 1988

Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese A New Thesis on the Emergence of Chinese and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age

by Tsung-tung

Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org

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______Contents

Recent developments in the field of historical 1 Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3 Tonal accents of 3 Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants an? 4 Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering 5 Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 8 Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 9 Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 12 Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 17 Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yiin -ch ing 26 Old Chinese vocalism 29 Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 30 Initials of Old Chinese 3 1 Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-sterns 31 Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 3 2 Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 33 Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the Middle of the third millennium B.C. 35

Appendix Abbrevations Bibliography Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) Word Index, English Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese. A New Thesis on the mergence of and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age*

Tsung-tung Chang, University of Frankfurt, West Germany

In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative histor- ical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia.

During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc,, but Indo- Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Conrmon Origin ( 187 1 ) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European.

In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of . Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled ~iammataserica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogerma- nisches Etymol ogisches Worterbuch by Pokorny (1 959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons.

* This study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany) . Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese"

Soon thereafter, some Sinoloqists made use .-of the two dictiona- ries by ~arlgrenand Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Ubereinstimmungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of GBteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-Euro- pean roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equiva- lents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field.

The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to dis- card any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or ono- matopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset.

Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-Euro- pean language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988) non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the mono- syllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereo- typical structure is : initial consonant (s) + (s) + final consonant (s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is funda- mentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo- European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differenti- ation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf, Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Yiieh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A - , a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2) . B Shang-sheng k , a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3) . C Ch'ii-sheng , a vanishing, i.. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4) . D Ju-sheng A , an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials) . In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese"

The final stops -p, -tr -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a of Minnan origin, I could n immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was al- so a great help for this study.

In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations:

IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE 1, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); @, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satemu-forms) IE velars = dental and .

Regarding the , there are no regular corres- pondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanent1 change their qualities from wi,?hIn one "age one language to another, and from tune to tlme,a%so, as is well known from the pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo- European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infini- tive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non- flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best. Sitw -Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8)

Indo-European stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone:

Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. ) page stem word examples / / 3 loo bhug belly, nhd. Bauch 1 ~ pjuk : ags.bTic, ahd.bGht mhd .bEch , schwed .buk, 1 dan .bu 1 111* 3 to bask in the buk phu : phu : gr. (P~#'w,aha-bahhan, 7 ags.bacan,b5c,aisl.baka 1 I 3 117 bheidh to insist, to bi,d, : pi: to bide, gr . TI got.bidjan, ahd.mhd. bitten, ags *biddan, "1 as .bidd jan, enql .to bid 3 to clasp (nhd. klammern) klap keap kea ags .clyppan, afries . kleppa, engl-clasp 5% 39 I1 4 371 gnet to knead, nhd .kneten , pet niet nie ahd .knetan, ags .cnedan 23 IV . 4% 3 cheek (nhd. Kiefer) kep kiep kie ags.ceafe, rnengl.chavel/ / 39 IVI 3 393 god cot, hole khu : 1 586 kot an.kot, ags .cot 4 400 glag lau

- -- 3 408 ghobh to give, donation ki: got. giban, ahd. geban, got. giba, ahd. geba, mhd. gabe , nhd.gabe

554 kalb to helpi to cooperate xie2 got. hilpa, as. ags. helpan ahd. helfan, engl. help xie 1 - -- 610 kob hap, happen, 'itable xo: 2 ags. gehoep "suitable" schwed .hapa sig ''it happens" 1 61 6 kost (bone, rib I kot ku: 3 skr. k8stf lat. costa, frz. c6te "rib" labg. kost , poln. koi% i "bone" I - . - -- * Arabic and Roman numbers indicate the Rhyme group and Grade respec- tively (cf. Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese in Appendix, p. 43) A list of abbrivations may be found at the end of the paper (pp.40) Tsung-tung Chang, ''Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

L Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem wokd examples 2 645 kWad what? fiuat fizt XO: xY: .kad, lat-quid, ahd-hwaz, anohvat, 2 as-hwat, ags-hwwt 45 24 RI he 684 lend little, miserable leut luet lue4 lje: 4 as olGtr luttil, ahd ,luzil, mhd .liitzelr 4 ags. lytel st;' 24RIII lie 4 690 lobh leaf lop iap- ie4 - ie got-lauf, ahd-loub, 4 ags .leaf, nhd .Laub 40IV 694 mad mast, to fatten mat moat muo mu0 4 ahd .mhd .mnd .mast, ags .moest % 24RI 4 735 mort to die, death mot mot :. muo 4 atlat.mors, ahd-mord, mhd.mort, ag.sYais 1 .mord 18RI mo 4 4 762 nak to drown - ( ertr inken) nak niek : ni: ai .nassti, av .nas-, lat . 4 nex, "accidental death" . 35 IV ni 2 2 843 pauk : few (diinn, wenig) bzk bak Pau2 pao2 1st-pagcus, ahd-£oh, PO: Pot2 fao, fo, as.fa, ags-fea ' 31 1 bao 837 plod float, nhdl FloD blot fa: 2 buat fa5 ahd .mhd .vloz , ags .flGot 22QIII fa 856 regt right, nhd. richtig, zeak zjak @:' ahd .mhd ,as .rat, A fii2 I ags .riht e 42 I11 shi2 , 1 859 rist to tear, to slit- list liet lie lie4! I ahd-r'izan, mhd .rizen, 4 .9.2.6. slid . nhd .r.e.i.Ben, schleiBen 21 IV lie 3 3 877 sag to seek, nhd.sucheg S& s5k sau SUO got-sdkjan, aisl.s@kja, ahd.~uohh n, ags .sZTecan, e& 3 as.sskian, mnd .&ken 31 I SUO .

+ 1 Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8)

Pokorny meaning and Mch . Nch. Ch. page stem word examples 880 sap sap, nhd .Saf t lat-sapa, aisl-safi, ahd.saf, sapf, ags.saep, I mhd .saf ,saf t I 913 sup soup ,.. nhd .Suppe ,ai .supa- sop i ahd.s~f,souf,sopha,soffa P 921 skid 1 to shit, nhd. schei0en hat siet sie ahd.scxzan, ags-scxtan, + I aisl .skrta 21 IV 1 xie 4 922 skip rudder, ship tsiap tsiap gr. 6kLriul: lat.scxpio, Igot .aisl .ags .skip, I ahd .scif 40 IV 935 skrek inclined, nhd-schrag - tseak Imhd .schraege , nd .schrege I #lJ 931 skop to scoop, nhd.sch6pfen ki: Iahd-scaf, scepfen 963 sleubh to slip into zleup z iup got. slLupan, ahd .sliof an ags .slupanr nhd .schlupfe 38 IV 1013 tog roof, house, nhd .Dach dgk gr. 6~Efi5, dtos , ahd.dah, aisl.$ak, ags.cfoec, engl-thatch %

1017 stig to goup, nhd-steigen, tiak got .steigan, aisl .stxga, ahd .ags .stTgan b!b - 1024 sturd to rush at, nhd-sturzen dut dot ahd .stur Zen, mhd .stiir zen sturzen, mnd .mnl .storten engl-start I 18 RI tsu: tsu: 1032 stouk arrowheaa, nhd .stuck, tsuk -yT bret.stuclhr anord.stykkz, as-stukki, ahd .stucki , mhd .stiicke 1 I 1058 tek to take, nhd .bekommen , tak I tak aisl.@iggia, dSn.tigge, ags .dicg, an as .tiqqian 183 dgg 1 got-tEkan, engl.take Tsung-tung Ch ang . "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese" For further progress in interlingual comparison, it is essential to trace out the lost final consonants of Chinese words with level, rising and vanishing tones. Early at the be- ginning of his phonetical study of Old Chinese, Kwgren (1923, pp. 28) already came to the conclusion that the Middle Chinese words of rising and vanishing tones ending in -i or -u must originally have had a final consonant -g or -d (occasionally also -b), but he did not go so far as to ascribe -g to all words with rising tone. In Grammata (1940) he introduced further -r (p. 25) and -g (pe 34 and 39) for the two groups of words with level tone. Tung T'ung-ho (1948) then reproached Karfgren with methodological incons istancy and restored -g for all Middle Chinese words ending in -0 and -u, leaving only one group of open sflables -a as permissible for Old Chinese. In doing so, Tung unfortunately ruled out a possible definite relation between Middle Chinese tones and Old Chinese final consonants and led the whole study into a deadend (cf. Chang 1986, pp. 53). Meanwhile Pulleyblank (1962 and 1983), among other learned scholars, had long been in- vestigating systematically the early Chinese transcriptions of Indic Buddhist terms and Asiatic local names in order to obtain "independent evidence" for merely theoretically reconstructed old pronunciations. With numerous examples he succeeded in con- firming that Middle Chinese words of vanishing tone had a den- tal final (1962, p. 21 5) , and those of rising tone a velar final ( p. 225) in the early centuries A.C. These correspondences which have been partially attested by the rhyming of Old Chinese poetry, can now also be proved by Indo-European synonymous stems. Thus the following equations may be posited: a. Mch. vanishing tone < Ach. -d, -s = IE -s or dentals " (occasionally) < Ach. -b = .IE labials " (cf.p.16) < Ach. -g = IE velars b. Mch. rising tone < Ach. -g = IE velars < Ach. -g = IE -u, -0 (occasionally) Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

c. Mch. level tone < Ach. -@ = IE -@ < Ach. -@, -i= IE -r, -1 (cf. pp. 24) < Ach. -u = IE velars (cf. pp. 24) < Ach. -g = IE velars < Ach. -u = IE labials (occasionally)

In the following list a number of Indo-European stems are given which correspond to Chinese words of rising tone:

Pokorny meaning and i ~ch. Mch. 1 Nch. Ch. page stem word examples I , I I I, 4* .4 107 bhog book,nhd.Buch; to book bo:g lbou : pu: pu: ahd.buoh, as. afries . 4 aqs-an. bi5k 1% !,2RI / bu4 3 3 141 bhrg castle, nhd. Burg , po :g ! pau pau ~pao 0 gr. TT~QJ~S~ i i latoburgus "tower", 1 I ! I ! got-baurgs "city,tower" a I engloboroughtburrow, ; I 3 local names -bury I 25 I a bao 188 deik topointat/to, ' taig :$Cjaik t~2:~tei.: 3 nhd. zeigen , gr . tfs6kb'ih I lat.dzc6, ahd.zeigGn, I, 3I mhd. zeiqen,aqs.teon 6 I11 I 188 doik toe, nhd .Zehe 3 lat. digitus "finger, , toe", ahd.zGha, aqs. t-Zhe, tZ 213 drk glance (nhd- Blick) L ai. df6- "glance", I gr. d

ahd.trXgi, mhd-traege, I as. trXg , mnd .trach , d mnl . traqhe ,El 13 I 1 dai 4 257 dhrogh way, trail do:g dad [tau4* itao 4,, norw . (dialect) drog "trail of animals, I I valley", I russ. doroga, ! poln. droga "way", 14 (hebr d-r-q) I 1251 i ( dao r . IS * In Early Mandarin,Middle Chinese rising tone changed not into third, but into fourth tone, if the initial was voiced. Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples

522 Pkak be capable of, can hag kh~:~kho: khY: 3 accepta9ler ai-kaknoti "can", aisl-hagr "suitable", 3 mhd .behagen"acceptablem TiJ 27 I ke . Ic 3 597 keuk bright, shining, kag kau -t. k, # # kao3 ai .%cati, sucyati % 25 I 4 4 fiaug hauL xau xaoq @ 25 I keug kieuL kjau 3 $?jap3

, @ 251V 658 log to gather gr.~l'~, lat-legs q. I %@S 659 ' logh camp, nhd. Lager ags-lagu, rnnd-lach, engl-law, ahd.luog &- SRIII

I 667 leig body ,corpse, (nhd.Leiche) lhaig theiL thi: got .leik, aisl .lik, ahd.lih, mhd-lih, engl."lychV in lych-gate f% 13IV ti 3 687 leugh to tempt, nhd-locken, leug jiu iu3 jou 4 ahdolochon, lucchen, I lockon, aisl. lokka I ags .loccian, mnl locken, . 4 ! mhd .liicken 3'5 37 IV 688 louk lea, open field 1o:g ia L ie ie3 ahd.16hrmnd.lbh, ags-leah, lit-laukas, nhd-lokal names: -1oh B 291V ye3 700 mork mag me* : ma: 3 ir .marc, ahd .marah, ags-mearh, aisl-marr Is 29 I1 ma 3 (mongl.morj, -rg>-rj as in Scandinavian languages) 748 merg asea/laker nhd .Meer , 3 ags -merece, aisl .merki, aksl.rnorje 113 I hai 3 ' Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

I Pokorny meaning and Ach. ,Mch. Nch. Ch. page .stem word examples 4 4 799 polg folk, nhd.Volk, bog bod pu: pu: ahd.ags.folc, aisl. ,dan., schwed .folk, 4 poln. polk, (hebr. p-l-g) 12 I bu b 3 3 845 preg impudent, nhd-frech, peag pjai pi: pi: got. (faihu-)friks, "greedy after money" , aisl-frekr, ags-frecc, 3 ahd .freh "greedy" 6 III bi b 898 sikW to see, sight ziag zjai rg:4 got-saihvan,aisl.sjZ :4 as.ahd. sehan, nhd-sehen ahd.mhd.siht, nhd.Sicht #B 6111 shi4 938 kreuk backbone, nhd.Rlickgrat, liog ljo:' leu3 ly: 3 aisl-hryggr, ags-hrycg,- ahd . (h)rukki, 3 engl .ridge a $!$ I1 I11 1ii 965 slzk plum, sloe sliag ljaik : li: 3 ahd.slEha, mhd.slehe, ags.slZh, nhd.Schlehe, poln.'sliwka, russ.sliva 8111 li3 1032 treg dreg(s)l tseag tseaik tt,:3 ts2: 3 gr. reat;, -fo5, 251 dhregh mhd.mnd.drec, ags.&eax, schwed.track, nhd .Dreck (=Bodensatz) @ 8 11 zi3 L A

It is fascinating to see that the velar final stop lost over 1500 years ago in Chinese is in most cases still preserved and pronounced in ~erman,English,etc. even today. Furthermore, we find that in Modern Chinese some European proper names such as Hamburg - and Marx (=Markus) 5 a %f are meaningfully well transcribed . The common word "p1u.m"~among Chinese., German and Slavic lan- guages is very instructive as positive evidence against tne Western Theory prevailing among Indo-Europeanists who would have limited the original homeland of Indo-Europeans to a small zone of Middle Europe with beech and birch trees ("Buche und Birke", cf. Kilian pp.36). Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

The following list will show that the Indo-European stems which semantically and phonetically correspond to Chinese words with vanishing tone have in most cases a dental final and some- times -b or -p. Several words like % (392/405) and a (864/891) refer to stems with a dental, as well as those with a labial final.

> Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem .word examples 4 14 5 bhru-t to boil, nhd .brodeln pud pui* fi: fei aisl.ags .bro&, ahd .prot, bair .brod, engl .broth 4 "Briihe" @ 1OR111 fei 4 155 bhld to split, to burst pod phoa* phuo4 phuo * gr.~fid-7~ mhd .platzen, blatzen, nhd .platZen 169 bhorst to burst, nhd-bersten 4 (hebr. p-r-tz "to tear") $6 28. RI PO 4 171 bhrust breast, nhd.Brust pud phui* fi: fei got .ahd .mhd .brust an.brjost, ags .brEost

837 plut aksl .plugta,apr .plauti 4 aruss.plju6a "lung" 10 RII7 f ei 4 207 drd to defy , nhd .trotzen tod tau tau tou 0 mhd .tratzen, tretzen mnd.trot, mhd.traz 4 nhd.Trotz "defiance" I7 37 I 4 4 23 1 duisk between, nhd .zwischen tuais tseik tsi: Wi: as .twisk, nl .tusschen 4 engl .betwixt B% 15 IV ji 4 4 392 gerbh to carve, nhd-kerben keb kheia khi: tqhi: gr . rfa~u ahd . kerban, ags .ceorfan ked I 405 gred to carve, nhd-kritzeln 4 ahd .krizzdn, Iv mhd .kritzen a 13

4 4 41 2 ghans goose, nhd .Gans, gans 9eanh ean jen ai. hahsd-h , gr . X$V, lat .anser , ahd .gans, 4 ags .gBs, aisl.gas RE 23 I1 . * i Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

r Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch- Ch. page stem word examples

431 ghland glint, to glint, gland lank lan lan4 nhd Glanz glanzen . , 4 ahd -mhd .glanz ,glenzen 'm 23 I lan

ditto sland tshaa tshan4 tshan 4 (Satem-form, cf.p.4) '& 23 I can4 4 436 ghelt price, to be worth kead keak kea fFia4 aisl.g jald,ags .gield, ahd .mhd .gelt , nhd -Geld, 11 4 gelten 4@! 29 j ia 4 4 445 ghorst nasty, nhd-garstig goad huai* xuaj xuaj mir-goirt, mhd.mnd.garst; lit.qras& "nasty person" . I 516 kad to fall, ai.sad-, lat-cad6 627 kuat to turn sour 4 lat .cXseus "cheese" 14RII huai 4 453 ghost stranger , outside goad 905j* uaj uai lat .hostis got .gasts, ahd .as ,gast I 14 ags .qiest, enql .quest 16RI I wai The Chinese character has "moon" as phonetic and shows that a stranger must3=fi stay outside at night.

488 gWhaid air, wtather kaid khjik~khi:~ItEhi: 4' lett .gaiss "air ,weatherv I lit-gaisas "gleam of I4 light in the sky" R 9 I11 I qi 4 526 kanth ridge, shore gand cJan* an an 'mnd -kantCe], nhd .Kante, 4 af rz .cant E+ 23 I an 4 4 579 kerdh herd,, heritage, descent fied ~ei* xi: ~i: ai .dargha-, apers .&ard got .hairda ahd .her ta , % 4 ags .heord, nhd .Herde 13 IV xi 4 666 lod lazy, late, nhd.laB 1 l;j* laj gr .a$ JE~v,lat .lassus as got .lats, .lat, 4 I jags .loet, ahd. laz @ 15 1 I lai 696 inogd maid, (ach.jounger sister) mod moi /mmi4 mei4 got .magabsf ahd .magad, as .magath , nhd .Magd, 4 14~1 / mei Madchen r ags-moeg Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

7 Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples

'

819 purd . £art, to £art PU~ pfiui&' fi:4 fei4 gr.7ied$, ahd-furz mhd.vurz, nhd.Furz, lORIII 4 furzen, ags-feortan . fei 4 4 819 perd fart,,to fart,lat.pedo pad phai% phi: phi: gr. 7~sedi,-rrceJo~~.r~. ahd-ferzan,aisl.freta 4 pezd ahd .fir=, aisl-frets 6 IV pi 4 4 820 porkt fright, to be fearful of pogd pheak pha: pha: ahd .as .forhta, ags .fyrhtu, nhd.Furcht, got .faurhts, ahd .as. ags .forht, nhd .furchtsam 'm 29 I1 pa4 884 selbh self, nhd.selbst, zaib dzai* t~k:~ts2: 4 selb (er), got. silba, anord.sj&l£r, ags.self, ahd .selb 891 seit since, nhd.seit zaid ahd .sId , mhd .s1 t , 4 ags.si&, aisl.siz , I2 6 IV zi i 892 sidh to rsach one'^ aim tsiad f.Fjai* t~d.:~tek: 4 I ai .sadhati, sidhyati 4 3 6 III zhi 1 1 886 sbd seat, chair, nhd .Sit2 zoad dm&* tsuo4 tsuo4 c f ai-sddas-,gr. ~60~ 4 ais~saetr,lit.s6stas E 28 RI ZUO 4 4 908 sent to send, to present seand tsianhsin f~in got-sandjan, aisl.senda ahdosenten,agsmsendan 4 nhd-senden, dan-send @ 17 IV 4 926 slid slit dziad dzia* tsk:4 tsi.: aisl.slit, ahd-sliz, 4 mhd .sliz, nhd-Schlitz 4 IV zi 4 4 9 50 skoth scathe, nhd .Schade (n) fiod j xa j xa j got. skabis , aisl . skadi ags. scada, ahd. scado - s 4 15 I , hai > # Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8)

Pokorny meaning and Ach . Mch. Nch. Ic~. page stem 1 word examples

656 slab sleep, nhd. Schlaf zuab ahd .mhd .sl'df , as. slap ags .slZep, got .slSps 1048 syap ai .svdpi ti, svepati zuab 1 lat.sGpi6, aisl-sofa ags-swefan I shui4 1047 suendh to dwindle, nhd. schwin- suand ( son* rl den, Schwund ahd .swintan, mhd .swin- den, ags-swindan 1048 suent quick n aisl.svinnr, mhd-swinde, swint, geschwinde, nhd .geschwind 18 RIV strong, sound got.swin~s. aisl.svinnr, afries-sund, ahd-gisunt, as.gisund, ags.gesund, nhd .gesund 18 RIV

------besom, broom, to sweep zuab zuei suai4 suei 1 * 4 ai. svapu, aisl.s6fl 4 isl.s6pa, engl-sweep 16 RIV i

- 1050 suerth sword, (ach. axe of suei2. A sovereign)" ahd .mhd .swer t , as .afries .swerd, ags .sweord, nhd .Schwert 16 RIV

------1112 uald reign, power uaid uai* A aisl.vald, afries .wald, as .giwalt, ags .geweald, ahd-giwalt, nhd.Gewalt, aksl. vlastb Gc 7 RIII 4

want 1 wish, nhd .Wunsch PJ uan3i ahd.wunsc, mhd.mnd. I 4 wunsch,. ags .*sc '. yiian * Its archaic form & in the oracle inscriptions (1300 B.c.) is a drawing of an axe for slaughtering victims (cf. Chang 1970,p.135). Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese"

A great number of words with vanishing tone, however, were derived from Old Chinese words with final -g, as evidenced by Indo-European stems in the following list. It is a well-known fact that in Early Mandarin the words of Mch. rising tone all changed into vanishing tone if their initials were voiced or a vowel (cf. p.9") . In many cases this tonal shift must have been on the way early be£ ore the sixth century, since words like @ , and @ are entered in the chtieh-yiin already with two read- ings in both rising and vanishing tone (cf. Chou Tsu-mo 1983, p. 67 and 71).

Pokorny meaning and IAch. Mc~. Nc~. page stem words examples ch. 4 4 74 aug again a1so;nhd. auch lo:g ju: -k iu j ou gr.&u,-rl got.auk,ahd.ouh, mhd. ouch, as. an1.dk , i aqs.eak, enql-eke x 37111 4 I you 220 dok to con-duct , to lead 1do:g dau 3 tau tao4,3 lat.diic5, (alat.douc~) , I lat-dux, ahd-herizogo, as-heritogo, nhd.Herzog i 3 "leader of army" @ 25 I dao I 240 dhogWh day, nhd. Tag ldog 'tijug t.u4 ttou4 got.dags, aisl.dagr, I ahd-tac, ags.doeg, 4 P1. deqor, as dag ; 37111 276 dhrogh to deceive , deception 'dzog ~~eakItp: 4 tea : ahd-triogan, gitrog I as. bidriogan , gidrog ! engl-betray, trick 3F /,,,I 4 I I 657 leg leak, to leak ,nhd .leck lau* lau lOu4I anord leka ags hlec . , . , ll;; 4 ' innd.lak, mhd.lechen , 37 I I 669 leikW 'to bestow, to grant pig lai& laj4 laj4 got. leihvan ,ahd. lihan , 4 aqs-lion, enql.loan 13 I lai 1076 trk th(o)rough, nhd. durch ,dog 1 thau* ithaul thou4 0 ahd. durch , ags .durh I 4 1371 I tou 14 1117 wog :awake, nhd. wachen bog lat-vegeo, i got-wakan, aisl.vaka, A u:4 I 4 as-wakon, ahd-wahhon IgE !12~1 I I 1 1: Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8)

As to the words of the Middle Chinese level tone the following Indo-European correspondences may be given :

, Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples

3 9 an preposition: on oan uen? ien jen 2 got-ana, as.an, ags.on, 2 ahd.ana, an, nhd-an '% 21 RIV Yan 1 1 1 21 bhol cup 1 bowl, nhd .Belle poi puai pei aisl .bolli, ags .bollat 1 804,4pol mhd.bolle; ai.pZla $5 14 RI be i 2 2 136 bhera bear, nhd. Bar peia pjiaT phi: phi: ai .bhalla-h, ahd .bero, ags.b&ra, rnhd.b$r, 2 mnd.b@rer bare @ 4 111 pi

1 97 dlongh . long dl% qja37 tthaY2 mpers.drang, npers. dirang , lat .longus, got-laggs, an.langr 2 ahd .ags .nhd .lang E 31 I11 chang 214 drou tree, wood tou pjou? tku' tp: I av.dXuru, gr .hTP, alb*dru, got.triu, 1 ags.trEow, as.trio 8k 12 111 z hu 263 dhEn town (-ton in local dun don ? thun2 thun2 names) air. diin "castle" a 18 RI tun 2 aisl.ags.tGn "town" tun tshon tshunl tshunl nhd .Zaun iM- 18 RI~ cun1 1 278 dor door, (Ach. gate of city) to: tou tu: tu: got .dadr , ahd .tor, as.dor,dur, ags-dor 1 gr.f~+&~~, 1at.forum @$ 12RI 355 ger to turn, gr.r~lo~"end"kuei. kui? kusil kueil 639 kWel afries-kEra, as.kErian, kier ian, ahd .keran, mhd .keren, nhd .kehren 1 ORIII gui1 639 kWel to turn, gr-~ixh 6uai hoi xuaiL xueiL gr.c;ahh 1140 we1 ai, vglati, 2 ahd. mhd. wellan, ags. a 14 RI hu i wael "swirl" I Y Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese"

-l Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples . 1 355 gZ to sing, ka: k~:? ko: kY: .gXyati, -ti "sing" - ., ;% thx song, ver sell 530 kar to praise ai-carkati "to praise", 1 khr6 "singer" . 27 I ge 2 361 gleu bal1,clew P ai-glZu-h, npers.gu1GJ.e I ahd-kliuwa, kliwz, ags .cl

447 theu to pour keu kieu? kjaul f~jao1 1 gr %Lq)h & 25 IV jiao

deposit neuCI $jeuT jau2 jao2 older dialect grA)(dfi , 2 XOU; x6w "to deposit" 25 111 449 ghau watershed, nhd. Gau kau kau? kau' kao1 got-gawi, ahd.gawi, 'I mhd.gou,giru,gcu, mnd.gB 25 I gao * $ CI gheu- watershed, district tseu* fFju? t)ul tfou 1 1 *"satem"-Form (cf.p. 4) 37 I11 zhou

485 CJ~OU cow gOU ju? iu njou 2 aieg&uh, arrn.k0v,~r./30?s, la t .b6s ,bovis , ahd .chuo , as.k6, ags.afries.cd, 137 11, lniG2 nhd .Kuh, (Taiwan gu :) I - t Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8)

Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples

T. 520 koil hale, whole hoi khoi khuail xuei 1 gotohails, aisl.heil1, ahd-mhd-heil,ags.h51r nhd .heil @ 14 RI hui 1 1 1 535 kau to hew, nhd .hauen hau kheau? kheau $F jao ahd.hguwan, ags.hEawan, lit .kauti @ 25 11 qiao 1 1 537 kol hollow, nhd-hohl ho: hjo: xeul GY : ahd .mhd .as .ass .hol 1 593 kou 1at.cavus from * couos @ 11 111

I-- I-- 1 1 544 kol hill hoi khjuy khiu q~hjou 1 ags -hyll , lat. collis 37111. qiu 544 kolm rock , holm horn porn q. eam2 ien2 gr.ko$o ydy, lat.columen, culmen, as.mnd.engl.holm, 2 nhd .Holm 40 I1 Yen 2 555 kom hame (part of a harness) fiom fieom xeam2 qien mnl .hhe , nnl .haam, westmd-Hamen, nhd-dia- 2 lect Ham, Hamen 40 I1 2 556 kem to hum Lam 3jamF jam2 jin mhd nhd .meng 1 .hummen 2 . Ps- 38111 yin 2 564 kon to strive , industrious gon gjon? khin2 F~hin lat c6nor -Zri . , 2 gr. Elkoufw a 19 I11 1 1 565 knk hunger, nhd .Hunger hoS3 hos3y xuang xua9 anord.hungr,ags.hungor, ahd .hungar ; 1 it .kanka "pain" a 32 RI huang 1 2 2 582 kor to mix, to blend fioa fioa? xuo xy : av-sar-, gr. k~eiw an. hr@ra, ags .hrEran, 2 ahd . (h)ruoren a 28 RI he 2 583 kor hair, rough 60: fiau? hau xao2 ahd.as .aisl.hgr,ags.haEr,

nhd.Haar, an.sk~r I lett .sari @ s125 I hao 2 1 Tsung-tung Chang ,"Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese "

i Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples 2 2 644 kwa who? what? hua : xo: xy : ai.k&,ka, av.kUrkZ "who?", got.hva "what", apr .ka, mengl .aengl .hws , 2

engl .who m 27 I + he - - 2 1 644 kWei where? whither? why? fie fiei? xi: ~i: - Z gr .att .Fl, ion-kf), 1 dor . TE~ 131, xi 2 who? which? zuai z juai? J,ai 2 euei lat.quis"who?", qui (Satem- "which?" ahd. (h)wer, form) . mhd swer as .huZ . , 2 'ir-cia,nhd.wer 7 RIII shui 1 1 647 kWu where? whither? hu: ?OUT u: u: ai .kc, av .kE, lat .qub, ahd.(h)war,wS, mhd-wb, 1 nhd.w6, ags-bar % 12 RI

m 2 2 648 kWu how? why? Fiu: FiouF xu: xu: ags .hu, afries .hut mnd.wti, engl.how; 2 lat .qu6 "why" &El 12 RI hu 716 mol to grindr mill moa moz? mu0 muo 2 lat.mol5, -erer mola got .ahd .malan, mhd .maln 2 aisl .mala, nhd .mahlen E 28 RI mo 731 mang fraud, vagabond rnSy rneaff rnuag2 ma9:/ lat.mang5, 1it.manga; i ma9 apr .manga CE 35 I1 mang I 2 736 mbra witch mo: nbjouT WU:~ u: aisl.ahd.mara, ags.mare, 2 nhd .Mahr , skr .-ks 1 .mora a 12 I11 wu 734 mor to defame mo: mbjou wu: 2 u: 2 2 russ .mar4ju, lit .m&ginu' % 12 111 wu 755 nZu ship.(ach.also "rudder") ndau 9qjeu7qjau 2 iaO2 ai .nau-, arm. nav gr-VdcS,rgds, lat- navis,nau-, air-ndu, 2 aisl .nGr 25 I11 a rao - 1 i 2 772 o preposition: on, at, to, o: ?jop eu Y= I E 1 11 I11 YU* I Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

Pokorny meaning -and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples 788 . flag, cloth, rag pan phuan?' fan1 1 gr.~Fvo5,lat-pannus, got.fana, ahd.as.fano, i afries-fona, ags-fana, i 1 nhd. Fahne - 22RIII fan 1 801 pol to fly poi puif If i: 8 17 por gr. ~&l)rJ "to swing" Ifei russ.-ksl.perq,pbrati, pariti "to fly" %! 10~111 1 feil 1 2 803 pela fell, skin beia bjia? phi:2 iphi:. gr. flt A~S,lat. pellis, ahd.fe1, ags-fell, 2 mhd-vell, aisl.fjal1 E's 4 111 pi 803 plo membrane plo pjou? fu: fu: 1 kr. E~l-TinoIJ305 lit.pl&vg, sloven.pl~va aisl.t~l,C fqlva ' $ 12111 ful 835 pleu to float biau bju? fu: fu: 2 gr. ~26V)L: 2 aksl .plu jp IF 37111 fu 837 plou boat, float biou bjou? fu: fu: 2 ai-plava, russ.plov + 12111 fu 2 844 prHi tonurse, tocultivate bai boif phuai2 phei2 ai. priyayatsI 2 aksl .prg j~ $3 14 RI pei 2 884 so SO, as, if zo: oaeu ~u:2 lat.si from so got .swa , swE , ahd.as.rnhd.sS, nl.20, engl.norw.so fm 11111 2 907 songWh , nhd. 5i3 Fja~Tliagl @a9' gr. Auv7/ (*songyha) got. saggws, ahd.as,ags.dan.sang, 1 anord.songr, engl-song 35111 sheng I Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chineset'

rn I Pokorny meaning and Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples 1 907 sen old, (before, in front scan sienr sienl ~ien of), former 1 ai .sada- , av. hana- , 23 IV xian gr.%~~s, latosenex, zeen dzient tshienz*hienz air-sen "old" I - 1 WU 23 IV qian 1 913 sfin son, (achegrandsonand 'suan son? sun sun heir) ai.sZnn, av.hunu-s,4 nhd.Sohn, got.sunus, aisl.sunr,ahd.ags.sunn, a 1 mhd.su(o)n, sEn 18 RI sun . 1 915 siti to sew together, to re- siu siu? siu " sjou pair, ai-sivyati,lat.su6.-ere, got.siujan,aisl.syja, 1 ahd. siuwan,ags.si (o)wian @ 37 IV xiu 2 2 927 skal shall, nhd. sollen Zga: I)jiaS i: i: got-skulan,ahd-sculan, 2 scolan.,aengl .sceal 4 I11 927 s~ol guilt, nhd.Schuld ko: kou? ku: ku: 1 ags.scyld, ahd.a$sl. skuld, slit-skola 12RI gu l 1 951 sk'o shoe, nhd.Schuh hoa hu;? xuel ?Ye: got. sk*~, aisl .sk5r mhd.schuoch, as.skbh, ags. scab, dZn. Schwed. sko 28RIII 1 . . 1003 sreu to flow, river sleu ljuy ' ljou 2 I c / (330 erei) ai,.sravati, gr. e Lw : boos, &eTs , aksl.struja, lett. strZve, lat rivus, . 2 afz.riu, span-rio 37 I11 1iu 1009 steu to steer, nhd.steuern tsau tshauq tshau tshao 1 ahd.stiurren, aisl.styra, 1 as. stxeran, ags. styran % 25 I strenk string, nhd.Strang zea~) 1036 ?jat)? j'jq2 ta32 gr. 6~e~~1'ciaq, mir sreng , ahd mhd. . . 2 stranc, ags-streng 42 I11 sheng Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8)

- - Pokorny meaning and Mch . page stem word Examples 1037 stronk strong and severe tss3 ahd. strengi ,mhd. strenge, as. fries. strang , ags. zhuan strong, anord.strangr, 1- tsa9 1039 sour Isalted, sour Iso: aisl.siirr,ahd.mhd.mnd. ags.norw.dan.schwed. sur 1 lit. siiras , nhd. sauer ju 34 1 sun 1 to be, real, true 1 san tJ'inl tean 1 ahd.mhd.sin, nhd-Sein, ai. san,got. sunja "truth" I @ 1 1 067 tongh to bend a bow av .Jang

1 1067 tenk court (of justice) tea3 thie9'f' nhd., also as local names, aisl .Ping, ags. ding, as. thing, ahd. ding, dan.ting, aengl-thing "assembly" dzeu 1 10 72 treu I sorrow I dreary ahd .draa, aisl .prs ags.brea, Etrawu E 11 147 1 contented with ,to reside Iuan

1171 waris lwas, stem form of ua: i to be,dan.var "was", F voere "is", got.wisan, ahd.wesan, nhd.war,wSnre I. I. 5 RIII I - wanak 1 king (cf.Heubeck, gr-Linear B inscription p.26,65) -na-ka = wanaks, * &i vdE , att.2 vd< "king" 1wang Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

A group of words with Middle Chinese level tone was supposed origrnally to have had a velar final as suggested by the sound com- ponent % of the characters. The hitherto merely theoretical reconstruction of -g for these words by Karlgren (1940, 1957) and Tung T'ung-ho (1944) can now be confirmed by Indo-European stems given in the following list:

r J Pokorny meaning and 7 AC~. MC~. Nch. ~h. I page stem word examples I 100 bok pack, pouch, to pack poug peau? pau I an.poki, got,puggs, ags .pohha, mnd ,packe, 1 pak, engl .pack,nhd .Pack . 25 11 bao 113 bhEg to bake, to roast, boug beau? phau2 @ao2 1 !to fg. I gr .ewf~, aisl-baka, I 1I fries .bzk, ags .bacan, bsc , i ahd-bahhan, backan, 2 t mhd .nhd .backen 25 I1 Pa0 i i

798 pOkW to cook, cook boug beau+ phauL phao 2 , ai .p&cati, avOpac*iti, [ gr .&&I, serb .p6e 1, , lat.coqu6 (>ahd.kochCn, , j nhd .kochen) h 25 I1 Pa02' 1 523 kakha 1 flexed stick in the form - ka: k: kho:' khy:' ' 1 of plow (nhd. Knie- stiel), bough ! ai.saha, rnir.ge'c,, I nir*g&ag, got-hsha,

lit-&aka, slav.socha 27 I ke1 I I 589 keug to squat, nhd-hocken :kio(g) kjo? keu WY:' I aisl .~Gka,mhd .hGchen, , serb.cu&ati 'EEL 11111; jul r 4 589 kzk high,nhd.hoch !lco:(g) kau? kaul kao1. I got-hauhs, aisl0h6r,hZr, ags-hsah, ahd.as,hoh, schwed-hog,d&n.hdi, I engl. high is 25 I 1 1 gao 589 keuk hill .hi0(g khjoq xeu ~y :' ahd.houg, mhd-houc, anord-haugr, engl.(local I names with -how) @ +& 11 111 XU 1 Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

meaning and Pokorny Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch. page stem word examples 1 537 k5g hook, nhd. haken koug kauy kaul kou ahd.hako, haggo, mhd. hagge, hake, ags. hoc 6% 37 I qou 1 2 669 likW to remain, liu lju? liu liou gr. ~OLITOS, lat-reli- cuos "left over", : 1it.likti "to remain"

It is obvious that the words cited above and some others had lost their velar final in any case before the general shift from Old Chinese to the Middle Chinese tone language during the fourth and fifth centuries. The exact dating of the loss, however, must be done for each word individually on the basis of its rhyming in the poetic literature of different times. Words like and @ rhyme in the shih-ching exclusively with those of Middle Chinese level tone. Hence they were without doubt open already at the beginning of the first millennium B.C. Words like L , and 4~ , rhyming in the shih-ching and chlu-tzk s@ with the words of later rising as well as level tone, were just about to lose their velar final in the first millennium B.C., whereas , , , and $4 , lost it surely as late as during the shift to Middle Chinese. Adhering to the thesis of the closed syllabic system of Old Chinese, Pulleyblank (1962, pp. 211) proposed to restore generally a voiced laryngal [fi] as the lost final consonant of the level tone which should also account for the relationship of some level tone words to velar final. But this is unnecessary in my opinion, since the most Indo-European stems and Germanic words correspond- ing to Chinese level tone words have either open syllable, or end in a resonant (-r, -1, -m, -n, -ng), as already shown in the list above (pp. 17-23). 26 Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese"

It should be noted that the phonetic reconstructions in this paper differ from those of Karlgren and other scholars mainly in regard to vocalism (cf. Rhyme Tables in Appendix). As to Middle Cninese, my reconstructions are based upon the Yiin-ching %@ , in which rhymes and headwords of homophone groupsp% are taken from the rhyme dictionary Kuang- yiin %. (1007) and arranged system- atically in 43 tables. As the ~uang-yiinis merely an enlarged ver- sion of the chiieh-yiin (compiled in 60l),the Yun-chin9 may be considered to be a phonetic framework which reflects the standard pronunciation of Early Middle Chinese (600), regardless of the un- certain date and unknown origin of this book (its oldest available copy is an edition of 1161).

Each rhyme table in the Ycn-ching is divided into the four tone categories and,within each tone, the headwords of homophone groups are entered in four separate rows, obviously to show some differ- entations within the same rhyme group. The Chinese term for these rows is s, called "Division" by Karlgren and "Grade" by Pulleyblank (cf . 1986, -p. 73) . In addition, each table is characterized as "unrounded" , & "rounded" or &a - "a combination of rounded and unrounded". Karlgren (1954, p.250) inferred the Grades correctly as a gradual rising of vowels and restored medium j- for Grade 111, i- for Grade IV, ju- for Grade R I11 and iu- for Grade R IV-But he found no medials for Grade 11, Grade R I and Grade R 11. In order to adhere to the full pattern of distinctions in the system of four Grades, he re- sorted to the variation of the quality of principal vowels Grade by Grade and posited thus altogether 14 vowels for Middle Chinese. It is hardly credible that such slight vocalic nuances were practi- cable in daily communication, the less so since languages with more than nine basic vowels are quite uncommon in the world (cf. Crothers, p.119). No wonder that his vocal reconstructions scarcely fit the actual rhyme pattern of poetry in Middle and Old Chinese. In a monograph of 1982, I attempted to analyse the rhyming in the texts of philosopher Chuang-tzu 8 % ((about 300 B. C. ) by using the dictionary of Chou Fa-kao (1974) , in which the reconstructions of Karlgren, Tung T'ung-ho and Chou are collocated. The disappointing result thereby has given me reason for personal engagement in the field of historical and phonetics. Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

Thus Karlgren's scheme of Middle Chinese rhymes, though followed by almost all scholars, needs to be substantially improved. I pro- pose the following reconstructions: a. Grade I1 a is composed of rhyme simplex (=Grade I) and medial e-, which gives rise to palatalization of initial dentals and sibilants, but not velars. Medial e- was, as evidenced by transcriptions in hP1ags-pa script, still extant in Early Mandarin (cf. Appendix, p.50) and was used in distinction from i-, especially after velar initials;

ea 2(<29 11) # je (>29 111, IV) eaj & (43, 1511) # i: (

had a rounded medial vowel which is lower than u- of Grades R 11, R 111, and R IV. In Early Mandarin, or probably already at Late T'ang, the medial o- was raised and merged with u-. But in Sino-Vietnamese readings o- is amply preserved as Grade R I (and occasionally also as Grade 11, but this is not in accordance with the rule). For example:

28 R I /oa/ : fl khoa (but 3 qua) , ngoa, a hda ,?& dba 14 R I /oi/: khbi rtx khhi, h8i, s'lbi, @ b6i 16 R I /oaj/: 5 ngoai, a t81, @ h6i 18 R I /on/ : 3 h6n, @ thhdn /ot/: met, $: t$t, .i4 c6t 24 R I /oan/ : .fB hoh, @ toan (but qua) /oat/: doat, hoot (but mat) 32 R I /o;g/: hdang, hoang (but quang, ubng) /o;k/: khodch (but $# quich) 43 R I /oa~/:a hosng (but & quhg) /oak/: hoec (but q~6~c)

The Middle Chinese pronunciations on/ot of Grade 18R I are preserved also in Sino-Japanese readings. e. Grade R I1 is composed of medial u- plus rhyme simplex. After sibilants and dentals it has medial cluster eu- which gives rise to palatalization of initials. f. Grade R I11 also has medial u-, and only after sibilants and dentals the medial cluster ju- as proposed by Karlgren. In my opinion, the medial u- was a sufficient cause to give rise to dentilabialization of bilabials during the Late T'ang. The main vowels of Grade R 111 are identical with those of Grade 111. g. Grade R IV has medial u-, but not iu- as proposed by Karlgren. It is composed of medial u- plus Grade IV. In groups 5R, 26R, 36R, 18R, 22R, and 24R, medial u- replaces medial i- of Grade IV. The non-palatalization'of dentals and sibilants in Grade R IV can be accounted for with medial u-. Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988) 29

According to my reconstruction Early Middle Chinese has the following seven vowels: i u eao a 5 All vowels except are not autonomous but must occur in corn- bination with other vowels or finals, as is reflected in the ab- sence of the simplex in the rhyme groups 29, 9, and 11, whereas simple u must be supported by a in Grade 37 I. Short i, used as medial or final, is written j in this paper. /A/ = [a], is a hybrid phoneme between /a/ and /o/, as extant in Swe- dish, Norwegian, Danish etc.. The reconstruction of /b/ is necessary for rhyme group 27 (# 29), 3 and 31 (# 1, 2, 33, 35). As shown in the Appendix (p. 49), Middle Chinese has immense numbers of - and triphthongs with medial e-, j-, i- and with finals -i, -j, -u which have emerged partially as compensation for lost fi- nal stops. Similar developments of vowel clusters are reflected in written monuments of Old Saxon, , Danish, Old French etc. several centuries later, but may have occured synchroni- cally.to Chinese during the period of great migration of northern tribes.

Old Chinese has the same seven basic vowels. /s/ is also in- dispensable for the rhyme group (= mch. 31) which in Old - nese poetry mostly rhymes inside the group, but occasionally contacts the group a9 (= mch. 33, 35) as well as the group 03 (= rnch. 1, 2). The corresponding vowelin Indo-European also vat- illates, and is written /o/ in some dialects, but /a/ in others (cf . the word "long", p. 17, Nr. 197) . /a/ is the neutral vowel which can interchange with all other vowels. The high vowels i, e, u occur frequently in company with a. The autonomous /a/ in Old Chinese became mostly /ai/, /i3/, /ei/ etc. in Middle Chinese, and later /i/, /A/ in Early Mandarin. This affinity of /a/ and /i/ has its parallel in Old Indic where, the Proto-Indo-European /a/ changed to /i/ (cf. Lehmann 1955, p. 97).

On the basis of the word examples given in this paper, we may posit the following vocalic correspondences between Indo-European and Old Chinese: 30 Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

0 IE a = 3, a, if oa, o IE ai = air a: IE au = au, au, a, 0: IE e = e, a, ea IE ei = ai, ei IE eu = eu , au, io IE o = of oaf oaf i,ou IE oi = oi, ai, ou IE ou = ou, 0: IE i = ia, i IE iu = iu, io

The initials of Early Middle Chinese are well documented by the 30 characters1' chosen by the late T'ang monk Shou-wen'? ?a (cf. Chou Tsu-mo p. 796, 957). They are: labials : P 3? ph b Mm 4

dentals :

palatals : B t*d, Brp+ 4

velars :

postdentals: ts tsh @ ddz i s 8 z 5

palatals : Re! *% %h %Fm F 4 laryngeals: % B% h I!S fi @% 9 4 / total 30 It is noteworthy that the existence of phonemic laryngeals, which has been rejected for Proto-Indo-European for more than fifty years (cf. Lehmann 1955, p. 22, note 1; Szemerknyi p. 116), is well evidenced for Middle Chinese with four initials. Beside the consonants given above, Karlgren (1940, Po 16)~Li-Fang-kui (1982, p. 7) anu Pulleyblank (1984, p. 191,232) would restore series of supradental initials for Grade I1 and thus expand the number of Middle Chinese initials to 36, 37, and 42 respectively. But this is wrong and unnecessary, since the distinctive feature of Grade I1 is accounted for with medial e- (cf. p. 27 above). In my opinion, the retroflex initials have emerged not in Middle Chinese, nor in Early Mandarin, but as late as in Early Ch'ing, in consideration of the fact that all dialects except Modern Mandarin are at pre- sent still lacking retroflexes. In this respect the Szechwan dia- lect is most instructive, as it has typical Early Mandarin finals, but no.retroflex initials. All initials of Middle Chinese are monophonematic, The absence of consonant clusters is since then typical of Chinese.

1) In Late T'ang and Early Sung (9th century to 1125) the inven- tory of initials was enlarged to 36 with labiodentals f 3k, fh &, v s,labiofricative /& , an6 palatals I+ $& , , as tabu- lated in the foreword oz Yun-ching. Sirw-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

For Old Chinese we may restore the following simple initial consonants:

Probably voiceless aspirates ph, th, kh, tsh were still absent in Old Chinese to be developed later from p, lh, h, ts. The final -9 was an allophone of n, followed by a . Ini- tial 9- may have emerged only in Middle Chinese from g or fi in an environment of i, 5, or nasal fina1s:Li Fang-kui (p. 21) suggests the restoration of initials /hm/, /hl/, /hngj, /hngwj for Old Chinese as voicless counterparts of /mi, /l/, /ng/, /ngw/. But in rny opinion there were present only /mh/ and /lh/, which are evidenced by Indo-European stems corresponding to the Chinese words hai3 & and ti3 (cf. p. 10, Nr. 748 and 667). Characteristic of Old Chinese consonantism is the absence of r- initial which changes mostly to 1-, z-, d-, h-, whereas the laryngeals h- and 6- suggest an ininmte relationship to Germanic initial h-.

The existence of initial consonant clusters in 016 Chinese is suggested by the fact that series of words whose sound is repre- sented by the same graphic component occasionally have initials which differ from each other in points of articulation. In many cases, Indo-European words can throw light upon this enigma, since they preserved consonant clusters much better than Chinese. In this paper I confine myself to two examples: The character for the word liu2 a mriver, to flow" has the 1 sound grapheme *b , as in the word & "comb, to comb". The purely theoretical reconstuction of /sl-/ for this grapheme can now be evidenced by the corresponding Indo- European stem sreu = "river, to flow" (cf. above p. 22, Pokorny 1003). Secondly, the Indo-~uropean stem smTk, Proto-German smZh (Pokorny p. 966, Kluge p. 66a "schmach") with the meaning "small, little" can account for the alternative initials of s- and m- for a series of Chinese words with the graphemes I]\ and + which also have the same basic meaning "small, little": 3 s- : I]\ , 9 shao3 t4 3 4 3 3 m- : $I> miao , j$ miao , [V!, miao , $.$ miao 32 Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese" Furthermore, the bisyllabic Chinese word ! f miao3-xiao 3 "tiny" can now be interpreted as a ofkhe stem smZh, whereby the consonant cluster sm- is divided into simple initials m- and s- to be attached to each syllable. In this way many Chi- nese bisyllabic words can be etymologically explained by Indo- European stems with initial consonant clusters.

Our knowledge of regular phonetic correspondences between Old Chinese and Indo-European opens immense possibilities for lexical comparison. In the last four years I have traced out about 1500 cognate words which would constitute roughly two thirds of the basic vocabulary in Old Chinese. The common words are to be found in all spheres of life including kinship, ani- mals, plants, hydrography, landscape, parts of the body, actions, emotional expressions, politics and religion, and even function words such as pronouns and prepositions, as partly shown in the lists of this paper. Among Indo-European dialects, Germanic languages seems to have been mostly akin to Old Chinese in consideration of the following points: a. Among Indo-European dialects, Germanic preserved the largest number of cognate words also to be found in Chinese. b. Germanic and Chinese belong to the group of so-called centum languages, in which all Proto-Indo-European velars remain ve- lar~(with only a few exceptional variants in Chinese, cf. p. 18, 449; p. 18, 449; p. 20, 644). c. The initial /h/ in Germanic corresponds mostly to /h/ and /h/ been in Old Chinese. Though Germanic /h/ has hithert~~lnterpreted as a shift from Indo-European /k/, it must have existed al- ready in Proto-Indo-European, since interrogatives both in Germanic and Chinese have laryngeal initials (cf . p. 6, 645; p. 20, 644, 647, 648) . d. In comparison with Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, Chinese and northern Germanic languages are poor in grammatical categories

such as case, gender, number, tense, mood etc. I would sur- C mise generally that the daily speech of Germanic Peoples might have had a much simpler grammar than that suggested by the earliest Germanic literature which consists without exceptions of biblical translations from Greek or Latin. German proverbs and idioms are formulated without indications of case, gender and number, like Sino-PlafonicPapers, 7 (January, 198 8)

"mit Kind und Kegel", "schwarz auf weiB", "alt und jung". Moreover, when the Franks settled in France as conquerors, the complex declination system of Vulgar Latin collapsed and Old French emerged without case and number. This histo- rical fact may suggest that the Germans originally spoke a language without declinations.

With Old Chinese as evidence, we may conclude that the Germanic group of Indo-European was conservative in its phonetical and grammatical developments because of its peripheral northern loca- tion, far from the early high civilizations in the Near East where Hamitic and Semitic were spoken. On the other hand, the complicated conjugation system in Greek, Latin and Southern Germanic might have emerged later under the influence of a rich modal and temporal sys- tem of Altaic tribes, with whom Indo-Europeans had coexisted for thousands of years in Central Asia and in whose company they emi- grated into Europe. Chinese is grammatically quite different from its neighbouring languages of agglutinative type, such as Mongolian, Manchu, Turkish, Korean and Japanese, and has almost no basic words in common with them, whereas numerous borrowings from Chinese in these languages are well identifiable. As to the relationship of Chinese to Tibetan, this is a dead-end branch of comparative linguistics where some "Sino-Tibetanists" have devoted their whole life in vain attempts to prove the prevailing hypothesis of a Sino-Tibetan . Recently, Colbin (1986) published a list in which he has collocated 489 Sino-Tibetan roots mainly suggested by Paul K. Benedict, Nicho- las C. Bodman, Axel Schiissler and others (see Introduction p. 8). Unfortunately, "Sino-Tibetanists" allow themselves too great freedom when doing phonetic and semantic comparison. Moreover, a large number of words are claimed to be common Sino-Tibetan, though they are not to be found in Tibetan vocabulary at all (for instance the word cow, cf. Coblin p. 52, cattle/). Thus only about a third of the words listed by Coblin may be accepted as common Sino-Tibetan. It is unlikely that there had ever existed a "Sino-Tibetan" as a common mother language of Chinese and Tibetan, since: a. Tibetan is syntactically an agglutinative language like Mongolian . and Japanese. It uses case suffixes and has neither prepositions nor conjunctions at the head of sentences as is the case in Chinese and in Indo-European. 34 Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabuliny in Old Chinese" b. Though Tibetan word stems are mostly monosyllabic as in Chinese and Indo-European, they are rich in initial consonant clusters like Polish and poor in vowel clusters as opposite to those of Middle Chinese and Germanic. Among the words common for Chinese and Tibetan, there are many Indo-European stems. In comparison with Old Chinese, however, the Tibetan words are lacking final stops and therefore rather akin to those of Tocharian. As Tibet is located in the neighbourhood of Southern Sinkiang, it .is ra- ther possible that these words originated from there. c. It is not deniable that there is a small stock of Sino-Tibetan common vocabulary which is absent in Indo-European. But we must investigate whether such Tibetan words are borrowings from Bur- mese or from Old Chinese. d. In the T'ang period, when China and Tibet established the first diplomatic relatio~~nobodyever noticed any common vocabulary or gramrner of the two languages. In the final analysis, I would surmise that Tibetan may have emer- ged as a mixed language with an aboriginal and Proto-Indo-European substratum and an Altaic superstratum.

The adjacent languages in the south, such as Thai, Vietnamese, Miao and so on, have similar phonetical features and an equally simple grammer like Chinese. However, direct oral communication with these tribes seems to never have been possible from the very beginning of Chinese history, certainly because of great differen- ces in daily vocabulary as existing at the present time. Ms. Mano- maivibool (1975), by well-founded phonetic comparisons, identified 621 Thai words as related to Chinese. But this Sino-Thai common vo- cabulary, too, bristles with Indo-European stems-. In my opinion these southern tribes were once the abor4gines of Northern China, and immigrated to the south because they were not willing to be- come subjects of the Chinese Empire established by Indo-European conquerors. Nevertheless, they could not escape since then the in- fluence of Chinese languages and civilization. Thus, in many cases it will be difficult to ascertain whether a Thai word is of Sino-Thai common origin, or a late borrowing from Chinese. Sim-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988) 35

Considering all these linguistic facts, the thesis presents itself that Old Chinese emerged as a mixed language, though spoken with Proto-Chinese native tongue, using mainly the Proto-Indo- European idiom which seems to have stretched from Mongolia to

Europe during the third millennium B.C. in the northern part of . the temperate zone. Historically the emergence of Old Chinese should be connected with the founding of the Chinese Empire by Huang-ti ,,'the , with whom the Chinese still identify themselves today. According to Chinese historiography, he was the founder of the first state of China as well as its high civilization. The Shih-chi (Records of the Grand Historian) informs us in its first chapter that towards the end of the rule of the clan of Shen-nung $$I (Divine Farmer) , Northern China was ravaged by war. Huang-ti defeated Yen-ti & fi (God of Flame Clearing) and Ch ' ih-yu ft (Great Fool), thus becoming . It is noteworthy that the decisive battle took place in Chuo- (Deer Ford), on the thoroughfare between the present Peking and Inner Mongolia. Huang-ti's name was Hsiian-yiian @f which means "wagon shaft". After his enthronement, he ordered roads to be built, and was perpetually on the move with treks of carriages. At night he slept in a barricade of wagons. He had no interest in walled towns, so only one city was built at the bow of Chuo-lu. All of this in- dicates his origin from a stock-breeding tribe in Inner Mongolia. With introduction of horse- or oxen-pulled wagons, transport and traffic in Northern China was revolutionized. Only on this new tech- nical basis did the founding of a state with central government be- come feasible and functional. This emperor must have had an ap- pearance of northern white people, as the epithet "Huang-ti" can etymologically be interpreted as "blond heavenly god" (cf. Word list p. 37) . Huang-ti is mentioned also as the founder of Chinese language in the ~i-chimg ((). In the Chapter 23 chi-fa $$$% (Rules of Sacrifices), which gives the reasons for worship of ancient sovereigns and heroes, we read: "Huang-ti gave hundreds of things their right names, in order to illumine the people about the common goods. And Chuan-hsii was able to carry on his work." ~~if&?g@,~~~#~.~~~fi~1&~- Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

This points out the merit of Huang-ti for the standardization of Chinese language, which took a long time and was continued by his grandson and succesor Chuan-nsu. The aboriginal people had thus to learn new foreign words from the emperors. Probably there- by the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary became dominant in Old Chinese. The rule of Huang-ti is traditionally dated back to the 27th century B.C. Sub.tracting 200 or 300 years as hyperbolic predating, we may assume that the founding of the first Chinese empire took place at the latest at about 2400 B.C. This would coincide with the archaeological data of the beginning classical Lung-shan culture (2400-2000 B.C.) in the eastern valleys of Northern China, which is characterized by a great leap in stock-breeding, Not only pigs, poultry and dogs as in the preceding neolithic cultures, but also sheep, cattle and horses were domesticated. Above all, cattle and horses were important for their usage in transport service and warfare, and for improved protein supply for the warriors. The mixture of agriculture and stock-breeding thus laid a sound economic basis, on which a great empire could function and be maintained. The concentrated use of new economic resources through the state impelled in turn the further development of Chinese culture to become one of the leading civilizations in the ancient world. My thesis takes for granted that the culture in the northern steppe was once superior to that of Northern China. It is con- ceivable that at the beginning of the third millennium BmC-, Inner. Mongolia (40-42°N) was warmer and damper than in later times and thus more fertile than Northern China (34-40° N) because of more sunshine in summer. The favourable climaticcon- ditions there must have resulted in a richer economy and higher civilization than in the contemporaneous Northern China. This differential may be attested by recent archaeological findings. For instance, the lower culture of Hsia-chia-tien gzj#jm@%+fL in Ch'ih- j$ , dated 2410: 140 B.C., already had a high chalcolithic culture with domesticated sheep and cattle, as well as small-size bronze castings. Besides, its pottery had forms and decor, which seem to be the prototypes of Shang pottery and bronze (cf. Liu Kuan- pp. 339 and colour plate IX), Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

Word List: Buang-ti and Names of Animals

rl t -3 i Pokorny meaning and page stem word examples Ach. Mch. Nch. Ch . 2 564 konak golden ( > honey, because hoig fiosq? ma9* xua3 of color) I germ. ai.kZ%cana- ,gr. k~3~03, huna (n)ga aisl.hunang,ags.hunig, (Kluge 315 ahd.honag,hoang, engl. 2 Honig ) honey, nhd.Honig 1 "f 32RI ( huang 185 de-:O god. of Heaven deag tei* ti: ti: 4 ai .dgvg-h "god", devi "goddess", lat .deus , divus, ags.Tig "Mars", ahd, Zio Ti?. 13 IV di4 3 700 mork horse mag mea 'ma: ma: ir .marc, cymr .etc ,march ahd-marah, ags-mearh, . aisl.marr,nhd.Wihre ,e 29 I1 ' ma3 1 1 448 gheul horse (ch-horseof keu kjouq lkeu ~GY: 2 years) mhd-gul, nhd.Gau1 ndl .guil I@ 12 111 jul - per(e)d (Ch.horse for riding, bait bait pi:2 pi: 4 perhaps a mule) (cf .Kluge nhd.Pferd "horse", p. 543, lat.verEdus, ahd-pfarit, Wadler mhd.phart,aqs.perid ,%* p.363) ' hebr .pered "mule" ,, I, bi4 2 2 482 gWou cow, nhd.Kuh, cf.p.18 gOU u iu n jou ai.gduh, gr.att.@oGs, lat.bSs, ahd-chuo, 9 37 I11 niu 2 3 632 kuk dog kug kauk kau kou n~pers.salc, npers .sag, tach. AB ku ,I@ 37 I g0u3 3 632 kun-k dog, nhd.Hund , hound huan (g) khuenk khuen tFhyan3 gr.kd~v,k~ds, f 3 lat.canis , toch.A.0bl.kon . fi; 24 RIV quan 1 841 pork pig, (pork) Peg pea? pa:' pa: lat.porcus, ahd. far (a)h, 1 ags .fearh %Q 2911 ba' 1 1 1038 SU(O) I sow, nhd. SLU (, to(g) jo t[eul ttu: ! av.hii, gr.ds, uos, ! lat.sus, suis, ahd. ags .sii, aisl.s~r,toch.B suwo : I 1092 trog I lat.troia, air-torc, 1

: acorn. torch, bret. tourch ' 1 1 I11 z hu I '& 4 c. Tsung -tung Chang , "Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chineset'

t Pokorny meaning and Ach . Mch . Nch . Ch . page stem word examples

1038 suwin swine, nhd.Schwein duan don? thun thun2 got. swein,ags .ahd .swin 18 RI tun 2 1038 suk swine, sow, nhd. Sau sag ?jiaL p:3 I 5iz3 ags-sugu, as.suga, 3- nhd.schwabisch: suge I B 4111 j 859 roik roe louk luk lu: 4 lu: 4 ahd-re'h, ags.rZha,rSege nhd .Reh , Ricke Efz 1 I lu 4 409 ghaid , nhd.Geil3 ka:t kjat kie3 2 got-gaits, ahd.geiz, ags.gZt, as.gEt 21 111 1i tFiljie , #& I 3 I 3 517 kog goat ko g kouk ku: ku:

abg.koza "she-goat"; a ags-hecen, mnd.h8ken, mndl.hoekijn "kid" 12 RI i 9u3 384 grZ crow, nhd .Krahe ho: ?ea? ea I 1 jal ahd-kraja, krEiwa,Krghe i and.krX; ags-crZwa, 28 1 , crZwe, cr3 29 I1 Ya I 1 - 2 38 3 granug crane, nhd .Xranig fiauk fisk xau2 / xau 2 ahd-kranuh, ags.cranoc, xo: rnnd .kranek @ 31 I he'4 412 ghans goose, cf.p.12 s@ pan ean4 jen4

991 sparg sparrow, nhd-sperling s& tsiik tshjau3 F~hjao3 ahd-sperk, sperch,spirch gr.persona1 name = S siag3/ - I ~~o~yln~~llsperlingll 1 31 IV que 2 2 416 gh&u fish, to fish glo/gio 3joT eu Y: gr. ix~g~4q, lit.~uvis, ghiu lett. zuvs zivs % 11 I11 yii2 A 4 531 kark crayfish, crab fiog e j xea j pje4 ai-karka-h, latecancer, norw.roeke,aksl.rak~ ; g 15 I1 xie 4 2 752 mun ,;m:,u;squito, muon lmuonT wun 2 wun2 @ i20 RIII wen 608 sknid ;louse 5nhd.Laus)- 1 sit seat J~Z~: Igr-~oucq,mire sned e4C 1 : ags .hnitu, ahd. (h)niz , I : nhd .Nisse 1711 shi ,I !11 136 bhera bear,nhd. BHr,cf.p.l7 peia,R€*pjiaF9' lphi: iphi: 2 > 4 Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988) 39

The too bears strong characteristic features of stock-breeding nobility (cf. Chang 1970, pp.79 and p.266 footnote). Since the language reflected in its oracular inscriptions did not differ from that of classical literature of the first millennium B.C., we may state that the dominance of Indo-European vocabulary in Chinese was already consolidated in the second half of the second millennium B.C. Probably since the middle of the third millennium B.C., unfa- vorable climatic changes took place in Northern Eurasia and caused perpetual waves of southword emigration of stock-farmers. Parallel to the emergence of the Chinese Empire and the Chinese language in East Asia, there were also invasions of Indo-European warriors to the Agean and Adriatic area, to Syro-Palestina and even to Egypt around 2500-2200 B.C. (cf. Gimbutas 1970, pp. 191).

I am writing an extensive work in German on the history of Chinese language and its relationship to Proto-Indo-European, and am also compiling a Sino-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary with more than 1500 entries. But this will take two or three more years for completion. So I accepted with great pleasure the kind invitation of Professor Victor H. Mair to publish this paper in English as a preliminary report for Sinological and linguistic colleagues. I should like to thank him for all of his editorial efforts and also for stylistic revisions, which are indispensable, since I am not a native speaker of English. Needless to say, I alone am responsible for the errors that may yet remain. Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

Abbreviations (1) These are in common use among German Indo-Europeanists and taken from the Indogermanisches Etymol ogisches Wiirterbuch by Pokorny and the Etymologisches Worterbuch der Deutschen Sprache by Kluge Abbreviations for Chinese languages are of my own creation.

Abbr . German Enqlish a- alt- old abg . altbulgarisch Old Bulgarian (9-12th century) ach . altchinesisch Old Chinese (1300 B.C.-316) ae(ng1.). altenglisch Old English (700-1100) afries. altfriesisch Old Friesian (till 1500) afrz. altfranzosisch Old French (9913th c.) ags . anglosachsisch Anglo-Saxon (= Old English) ahd . althochdeutsch Old High German (740-1100) ai. altindisch Old Indic (Vedic and Sanskrit) air. altirisch Old Irish aisl. altisl2indisch Old Icelandic (9-16th c.) aksl. altkirchenslavisch Old Church Slavic (9-12th c.) an. / anord. altnordisch Old Nordian (700-1530) apr . altpreuSisch Old Prussian (till 16th c.) aruss . altrussisch Old Russian (11th c.) as. altsachsisch Old Saxon (9912th c.) av . avestisch Avestan bret . bretonisch Celtic of Basse Bretagne, France ch. chinesisch Modern Mandarin (Peking 1913) corn. cornisch Celtic of Cornwall cymr . kymrisch Celtic of d-. danisch Danish engl . englisch English (since -1500) frz. franzosisch French Sim-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

~bbreviations(2)

got. gotisch Gothic (4th c. ) gr* griechisch Greek att. attisch Attic ion, ionisch Ionic

hebr . hebraisch Hebrew hitt. hettitisch Hittite (2nd Millennium B.C.)

idg., IE indogermanisch Indo-European ir. irisch Irish

ksl. kirchenslavisch Church Slavic

lat. lateinisch Latin lett. lettisch Latvian (since 16th c .) lit. litauisch Lithuanian (since 16th c. )

m- mittel- middle mch . mittelchinesisch Middle Chinese (589-1126) mengl . mittelenglisch (1100-1500) mhd . mittelhochdeutsch Middle High German (1100-1350) mir . mittelirisch Middle Irish mnd . mittelniederdeutsch Middle (1346th c.) mongl . mongolisch Mongolian mpers . mittelpersisch Middle Persian ( 3rd c .B .C . )

n- neu- new nch . neuchinesisch Early Mandarin (1 3th c .) nd niederdeutsch Low 'German nhd . neuhochdeutsch New High German (1350- ) nir. neuirisch New Irish nl . niederlandisch Dutch Tsung-tug Chang , "Indo-EuropeanVdcabulary in Old Chinese"

Abbreviations (3)

P1. plural plural poln. polnisch Polish Prat . Prateritum preterite (past tense)

russ. russisch Russian

schwed . schwedisch Swedish sem. semitisch Semitic serb. serbisch Serbian skr . sanskr it Sanskrit (4th c. B.C. ) slav. slavisch Slavic span. spanisch Spain Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

Biblioqraphy (1)

Chang , Tsung-tung % @. % 1970 Der Kult der Shang-Dynastie irn Spiegel der Orakel- inschriften. Eine paldographische Studie zur Religion im archaisch en China, Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz 1972 "Die Bildungsregeln und Strukturen der altchinesischen Schriftzeichen" in: Miinchener Studien zur Sprachwissen- schaft Heft 30, Muchen: R. Kitzinger

1982 Metaph ysik, Erkenntnis und Praktische Phil osophie im Chuang-Tzu. Zur Neu-Interpretation und systematischen Darstellung der klassischen chinesischen Philosophie, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann

1986 "Zur Herkunft der mittelchinesischen Tonkategorie. Eine Untersuchung aufgrund der Reimung im Shih-ching und des Indogermanischen Wortschatzes im archaischen Chinesisch" in: Ganz allmahl ich, Festschrift fur Gunther Debon, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Verlagsanstalt

Chou, Fa-kao a & 1974 A Pronouncing Dictionary of Chinese Characters in Archaic and Ancient Chinese, Mandarin and , Hongkong: The Chinese University Press Chou, Tsu-mo a 1983 @fhRm#Ws [~emnantsof the Rhyme Lexicons from the T'ang and the Five Dynasties], Peking : Chung-hua shu-chii fSi3

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Rhymes of Early Mandarin (Nch. 1300) reconstructed according to the chung-yuan-yin-yun (1324) and the phonetical transcription in the ~eng-ku-tzu-yiin (1308)

P Rhyme group with medial to- Simplex Nr. Name e- i-, j- u- tal

I 0: 0:&&%147 - j0&6~g-149~03jifijd 150 3

13 a: j# j# a:&&a153 ua&# is9 3 & ea k~ 151I - I 14 e: - - $& 1 je$$-%l61 ue~~~i64-3- 2 ' 1 3 it: t:jiggiQs8I - - - 1 4 i: - - - 'S$&j&92 1 i: (I g& I II " - - ai if, 99 1 uai&/iQ 100 1 z - 6%aj aj%$&i131eajqa 11s uaj +$d 118 1 3 11 au eau~~~140jau,#$@ uau: 137 4 I I =. -=. au%$$ 1361 - - I 16 li;f~au au~~~f$i7zl i~ fijg 174 2 h *- - , u: u: $#g&103( eu ,z~llo? - 3! open syllabic 9 4 4 6 23 W - - 2 1 U3 u3!#34gq?77 eu9&&& 80 - 2,i~@j a9 ja9$+9$~82 eeag;s@j 84 ua3j$+xas 3 w 15 - 3 a I J&% 3, iat,e&.$ 166 ia~$iii~7~a~#~~170 " - " e3 7 1 ie) X, 171 ueghq 171 2 y. - 7 4 an !an6% 120 1 in '$.~121;- 2 'I I un ~un+hx123 eunig~1241 - I - 2 X 1 4 B an lans~~126 3 #+& eanfoj$fi 1281- juan$j&lI 129 I on ;on%@-&130 - - i - 1 +~?g:, !

10%~en !- - [ienkz132 uen%$ 134 j 2 - 17 (%$ am am&+ 178 im (94179 - (l 2 39? - I 18 E@am am $q 181 eam &(@ 183 I- 2 ! 19 em - - iem$m&~85k - J %&@ I with nasal I i final :9 5 16 25 + I I I Italic numerals refer to Nai-szu 1981 Sin0 -Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

Index of Word Examples The first number refers to the page in this paper, the second to that in Pokorny. English Index air, wqher cot, hole also, again, and arrowhead court (of justice) 23,1067 COW 18,482 awake crane 38,383 backbone, ridge crayfish, crab 38,531 to bake crow 38,384 to bask in the sun to be, real, true day bear to defy belly to defame to bend a bow deposit betwixt, between to die, death to boast dog, hound body, corpse door to boil dreary, sorrow bone, rib dregs book, to book bowl, cup to drown to dwindle breast end bright, shining to fall to burst fart to call, cry fell, skin few camp fish can flag, cloth to carve to float castle float cheek to flow, river to clasp to fly clew, ball to conduct, lead folk contented with to cook 52 Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

fraud, vagabund 20,731 idle 9,227 fright 14,820 impudent 11,845 inclined 7,935 to gather 10,658 industrious, to strive 19,564 to give, donation 5,408 to insist 5,117 glance, to glance 9,213 glimt , to glimt 13,431 king to go up 7,1017 to knead 5,3.7 1 goat 38,409 517 lazy, late god of heaven lea, open field 10,688 golden leaf 6,690 leak 16,657 gnat, mosquito little 6,657 goose 31,966 guilt to loan, bestow, grant 16,669 hair long 17,197 hale, whole louse 38,608 hames hap, happen mast, to fatten help, to help membrane herd, heritage milk, curd to hew mill, to grind high to mix, to blend hill nasty hollow to hurse, cultivate holm, rock old, former hook on horse outside

pack, to pack to hum pig, pork plow, flexed stick hunger plum, how? why? sloe to point to pour 18,447 Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

to praise son preposition (at, to) sorrow price, to be work sour, salted quick sound a to reach SOW reign sparrow @ to remain to split to reside to squat ridge, shore to stear right string roe strong to rush at,start to sweep, broom 15,1049

sap, SOUP swine 38,1038 sword 15,1050 scathe to scoop to take sea, lake search, to seek thatch, roof, house 7,1013 seat to tempt 10,687 self toe 9,188 P to send town (-ton) 17,263 severe trail, way 9,257 1 to sew, repair tree, wood 17,214 shall tricky, tobetray 16,276 ship, rudder through 16,1076 to turn shit, to shit to turn sour 13,627 shoe sight, to see voice, song 21,907 since want, wish 15,1147 to sing, song watershed, district.l8,449 sleep what?

slit where? to slit who? 20,644 to slip into witch 20,736 sister of husband was (having been) 23,117 1 SO, as, if 54 Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

Pinyin Index an1 5F an4 bal 56 gao 1 bao fg & bao2 @ bao3 beil fi bi3 gei3 % bi4 a. goul $$!I bi4 ,!&- 9ou3 44 bu4 a gul s bu4 % gul #ti can4 @ gu3 e 3 fi caol gu Sx % 1 ce4 fl1 chang 2 4 hai3 RE thou hai4 1 B %!5 tun jpj haoZ is lai4M dai4 - lai B 4 lan4m dao g hao2 4 lao42iif dao hao4 9 lei3#! R he2 lei3 & he2 a li3 + he2 @!J lie4% he2 lie4 he4 hu2 8 4 huai B!

huangl 2 fei4 tB huang 4 huil 8jt fei ma 3 86 hui 2 mang2 @ mei 8 hui4 2zt rniao 3 ji2 ZR WW& miao4 &9 mo2 Sino-Platonic Papers, 7 (January, 1988)

2 shui shui4 ni #it nie4 trla 2 yaoL #j niu + ye3 93 ye4 3% yiZS yin2 6 you4 you4 X y*2 fi yii2 R yiian 4

' E zha4 % wei2 B zhai2 % wei4 @ zhangl @ 2 wen #& zhenl wul z zhi1 ti- wu2 w2 B zhi3 IE 4 A zhi3 wu jg *lE zhi % zhi4 qiu E zhoul qiu St$' xi' 3 quan 2 xian1 # xian2 85 xiao 3 /J\ 31,966 zhuangl xie2 5,554 zhuang 4 a xie4 @ 38,531 zi @ xie4 7,921 xiu" 22,915 4 zi4 B Tsung-tung Chang, "Indo-EuropeanVocabulary in Old Chinese"

Editor's Note: Tsung-tung Chang holds doctorate degrees in economics and in ~inology; He 1s the author of Der Kult der Shang-Dynastie im Spiegel der Orakelinschriften: Eine pallographische Studie zur Religion im archaischen China (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasso- wltz, 19/0) and Metaphysik, Erkenntnis und Praktische Philosophie im Chuang-Tzu: 2ur Neu-Interpretation und systematischen Darstelllung der klassischen chinesischen Philoso~hie(Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio ~lostermann,1982). Since June 2006, all new issues of Sino-Platonic Papers have been published electronically on the Web and are accessible to readers at no charge. Back issues are also being released periodically in e-editions, also free. For a complete catalog of Sino-Platonic Papers, with links to free issues, visit the SPP Web site.

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