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Phonology of Ancient Chinese. (Volumes I and Ii)

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Phonology of Ancient Chinese. (Volumes I and Ii) This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received ® 6 —6 265 HASHIMOTO, Mantaro Joseph, 1932- PHONOLOGY OF ANCIENT CHINESE. (VOLUMES I AND II). The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1965 Laj'guage and Literature, linguistics University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Hantaro Joseph Hashimoto 1966 PHONOLOGY OF ANCIENT CHINESE Volume 1 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mantaro Joseph Hashimoto, B. Litt., M. Litt, ******»% The Ohio State University 1965 Approved by AÂ Adviser Division of Linguistics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my respectful gratitude to Professor William S-Y. Wang for his support and guidance, 1 am also indebted to Professors Charles J. Fillmore and D. Terrence Langendoen of the Division of Linguistics, and Professor Robert M. Estrich of the Department of English for their help in the correction and improvement of this study. Besides the professors of my reading committee, five distinguished scholars in the field. Professors Nicholas C. Bodman, Paul B. Denlinger, Fang-kuei Li, Edwin G, Pul- leyblank and Paul L-M. Serruys, kindly read the whole or a part of the draft of this study. Professor Morris Halle has been kind enough to give prompt and pertinent answer to me whenever 1 raise any question, I deeply profited from the comments and suggestions given by these scholars. My heartfelt thanks are also due to my wife, without whose patient help this study would not have been completed. This work was supported by funds from the Office of Naval Research, Grant No. Nonr 495(27). 11 VITA November 26, 1932 Born - Ota, Gumma-ken, Japan 1955 ............ B, Litt., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 1957 ............ M. Litt., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 1957-1965 ...... D. Litt. Candidate, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 1959-1962 ...... Lecturer in Japanese, Asia University, Tokyo, Japan 1962-1963 ...... Research Associate in Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 1963-1965 ...... Instructor in Chinese linguistics and Japanese, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1963-1965 ...... Research Associate in linguistics. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS In English: "Hakka Phonemics: the phonetics of Moi-yan dialect and its phonemic system," Genao Kenkvuu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), XXXV (1959), 52-85. "A contribution to the study of Chinese phonology," Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan. V (1960). 25-32. "The Bon-shio dialect of Hainan: a historical and compara­ tive study of its phonological structure," Genao Ken­ kvuu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), XXXVIII (I960), 106-35. iii "The phonemic structure of the Bon-shio dialect of Hainan," Gengo Kenkvuu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan;, XXXVIII (1960), 154-57. "Bilabial and alveolar implosives in a south Chinese dia­ lect," Onseino Kenkvuu (Study of Sounds; Proceedings of the First World Congress of Phoneticians), IX (1961), 255-63. Chinese Language Studies in Soviet Russia. (Monographs on Chinese Language Teaching, No. 1) New Haven, Conn.; Institute of Far Eastern Languages, Yale University. Trans, into English by C. I. Chao. In Japanese; "Jun'yango to sono moji (The Dunganese language and its writing system)," Chuugokusogaku (Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan), LVIII (1957), IS­ IS; LXVII (1957), 193-99; LXVIII (1957), 220-32. "Hakkago Kairiku Hoogen; sono onsono bunseki (The Hoi-liuk dialect of Hakka; an analysis of its phonemic system)," ChuugokugQgaku (Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan), LXXXIII (1959), 3-10, 18. "Annan kanjionno ichitokushitsu (A characteristic of the phonological system of Sino-Vietnamese)," Chuugokugo- gaku (Studies Commemorating the 100th Issue of the Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan), C (1960), 21-33. "Kainangono seichootaikei (The tonal system of the Bon- shio dialect of Hainan)," Tokyo Shinagakuhoo (Bulle­ tin of the Tokyo Sinological Society), VII (1961), 35-52. "Etsugono sokumen masatsuon (Voiceless lateral fricatives in a Cantonese dialect)," Chuugokugogaku (Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan), CVII (1961), 10-13. "Shoochuujuno Tanguuto-Kan taion kenkyuuno hoohoo (A method of the reconstruction of the Tangut language)," Chuugokugogaku (Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan), CIX (1961), 13-16. "Shingono shinshi hasatsu-masatsuon (Labiodental affricates and fricatives in the Chin dialect of Chinese)," Toohoogaku (Eastern Studies), XXII (1961), 131-44. iv "Daku saiseishionno tooko: nitoo zembono kasetsu (Position of voiced palatal fricative initial in rime tables: a hypothesis of the voiced retroflex fricative initial in Ancient Chinese)," Chuugokugogaku (Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan), CXIV (1961), IS­ IS. "Harukanaru ai (A love far-off by Ru Yu)," Kuraishi Haku- shi Kanreki Kinen Chuugokuno Meicho (Studies Presented to Dr, Takeshiroo Kuraishi on His Sixtieth Birthday) (Tokyo: Keisoo Shoboo, 1961; 4th ed,, 1962), 352-58, "Chuugokugono sokumen masatsuon (Voiceless lateral frica­ tive in Chinese)," Onseino Kenkvuu (Study of Sounds: Special Issue Congratulating the Eightieth Birthday of Dr, Daniel Jones), X (1962), 319-36, "Jun'yango kenkyuushomoku kaidai (A bibliographical study of the Zhunyanese language)," Gengo Kenkvuu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), XLI (1962), 66- 81, "Tanguutogono inno soshikini tsuite (On the rime system of the Tangut language: Tangut phonology I)," Toohoogaku (Eastern Studies), XXV (1962), 83-105, "Seika kokusho jiten Doo'onno dookyoin (On the co-occur- ring rimes of Wen-hai in T'ung-yin: Tangut phonology II)," Gengo Kenkvuu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), XLIII (1963), 34-49, "Bunkaino inno on'insoshikini tsuite (On the phonological system of the Tangut language: Tangut phonology III)," Toohoogaku (Eastern Studies), XXX (1965), 117-58, FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics Studies in General Phonetics and Descriptive Linguistics, Professor Shiroo Hattori Studies in Generative Grammar, Professor Robert B, Lees Studies in Chinese Linguistics, Professor William S-Y, Wang Studies in Historical and Anthropological Linguistics, Professors Shiroo Hattori and Terrence S, Kaufman Studies in Psycholinguistics. Professor Charles J. FilLmore Studies in Mathematical Linguistics. Professor D. Terrence Langendoen Studies in Classical Chinese Philology. Professor Takeshiroo Kuraishi Studies in Modern Chinese Philology. Professor Akiyasu Toodoo V i CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................... il VITA, PUBLICATIONS AND FIELDS OF STUDY ............ iii LIST OF TABLES ...................................... xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................... xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 1.1 Studies of pre-modern periods ................. 2 1.2 Studies of the modern period ................. 4 1.3 Three criticisms ...... ........................ 5 1.4 The task of present-day Chinese historical phonology ....................................... 7 1.5 Aim and range of the present s t u d y ........... 12 1.6 Terminology regarding the major periods of Chinese historical phonology....... ........ .. 15 1.7 Phonetic-phonological notations and abbrevia­ tions .... ................ 19 CHAPTER II DISTINCTIONS OF SOUND CLASSES WITHIN ANCIENT CHINESE ......................... 22 2.1 Initial consonant classes -- Ancient system and d ia-sy s t e m...................................... 24 2.2 Rimes and final classes ...... ». 29 2.3 Five types of finals and the sixteen (or four­ teen) rime groups (shè's) ...................... 37 2.4 The syllabary of Ancient Chinese .............. 44 2.4.1 and 68 vii 2.4.2 # and 'j ................................. 71 2.4.3 ^ 1 , ^(l\ and \k- ............................ 74 2.4.4 ^ and ................... .............. 75 2.4.5 ■ and .................................. 76 2.4.6 and .................................. 77 2.4.7 The relationship between the Yân ) rime and the Fân ( ) rime ............ ‘......... 78 CHAPTER III THREE TRANSCRIPTIONS OF OLD CHINESE IN FOREIGN ALPHABETS ...................... 83 3.1 Tibetan transcription........ ................. 90 3.2 hP'ags-pa transcription ................ ....... 94 3.2.1 A critical survey of the study of the hP'ags-pa script ........................... 95 3.2.2 Initial consonants .................... 106 3.2.2.1 Voiceless unaspirated initials ........ 109 3.2.2.2 Voiceless aspirated labial stop ....... 128 3.2.2.3 Labiodentals ........................... 129 3.2.2.4 Palatal nasal •T'. ;..................... 135 3.2.2.5 Dental fricatives ..................... 136 3.2.2.6 Palatal fricative ..................... 136 3.2.2.7 Glottal stop ........................... 138 3.2.2.8 Guttural fricatives.............. 139 3.2.2.9 Zero initial ....... 141 3.2.2.10 Epilogue ............................ 142 3.2.3 Finals ...................................... 143 3.2.3.1 The Dong rime .......................... 150 3.2.3.2 The Gëng rim e .......................... 150 viii 3.2.3.3 The Y^ng rime ........................ 155 3.2.3.4 The Zhi rime ......................... 157 3.2.3.5 The Yu rime .......................... 160 3.2.3.6 The Jia rime ......................... 160 3.2.3.7 The Zhen rime ........... 162 3.2.3.8 The H^n rime ............ »............ 162 3.2.3.9 The Xian rime ........................ 165 3.2.3.10 The Xiao
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