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Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1 (20 September 2014) William H

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Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1 (20 September 2014) William H Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 (20 September 2014) William H. Baxter (⽩⼀平) and Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) order: by Mandarin and Middle Chinese The following table presents data for almost 5,000 items with Old Chinese reconstructions in the Baxter-Sagart system. Our reconstruction system and supporting arguments and evidence are presented in our book Old Chinese: a new reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014). In this list, items are sorted in alphabetical order by pīnyīn romanization, and thereafter by Middle Chinese initial, final, and tone. The columns in the table are as follows: zi character (traditional form) py standard pronunciation in pīnyīn romanization MC ASCII-friendly Middle Chinese (MC) transcription. This is a minor modification of the notation used in Baxter (1992); for details see Baxter & Sagart (2014:9–20). For clarity, after each transcribed syllable we give the MC initial, final, and tone separately (with A, B, C, D for the traditional categories 平 píng, 上 shǎng, 去 qù, and 入 rù respectively): e.g. 處 chǔ, MC tsyhoX (tsyh- + -jo + B) ‘place’. Note that this notation is not intended as a reconstruction; rather it is intended as a convenient representation of the information on pronunciation given in Middle Chinese sources such as the Guǎngyùn 《廣韻》 and the Jīngdiǎn shìwén 《經典釋⽂》. OC Old Chinese reconstruction in the Baxter-Sagart system, sometimes with additional comments. If an element is in parentheses, this indicates that we cannot tell from present evidence whether it was there or not; it does not mean there is any positive evidence for its presence: thus the reconstruction *ŋ(r)aj for 宜 yí means that the Old Chinese form could have been either *ŋaj or *ŋraj; it does not mean we have any particular evidence to reconstruct the *-r-. If an element is in square brackets, it means we are uncertain about its identity: thus the reconstruction *pˤra[t]-s for 敗 bài ‘to defeat’ means that the syllable coda was either *-t or something else (in this case, *-p) which would have had the same Middle Chinese reflex as *-t. (For details see Baxter & Sagart 2014:7–8.) A hyphen “-” indicates a morpheme boundary. (We provisionally treat all cases of final *s as morphological suffixes.) Angle brackets around a prevocalic *r indicate that we consider it an infix, usually on the basis of related words without *r: for example, 塊 *[kʰ]ˤ<r>uj-s > khweajH > kuài ‘clod, lump’, also read 塊 *[kʰ]ˤuj-s > khwojH > kuài (same meaning); see Baxter & Sagart (2014:57–58). But the absence of angle brackets does not exclude the possibility that *r might be an infix. Similarly, a period “.” indicates a syllable boundary, but does not exclude the possibility that the syllable boundary might also have been a morpheme boundary. In an earlier release we also included a ‘user-friendly’ notation for our reconstructions in which parenthesized elements and square brackets were omitted, for a more compact and perhaps less confusing appearance. We have decided to discontinue this notation in favor of the present format, which more clearly indicates areas of uncertainty. Some users may wish to produce their own simplified version of the notation for some purposes, but for serious comparative and philological work the full notation should be used (see Baxter & Sagart 2014:379n7). gloss a simple gloss intended for identification only; for accurate information about meanings and grammatical categories, one of the large standard dictionaries should be consulted. GSR the number (with leading zeroes) and letter of the item in Bernhard Karlgren’s Grammata serica recensa (GSR, 1957). Characters not included in GSR are assigned a number corresponding to their phonetic element, followed by a hyphen (e.g., 賭 dǔ ‘to wager’, 0045-, whose phonetic element is GSR 0045a); characters that cannot be assigned to any of the phonetics in GSR are assigned a code “0000-” (e.g., � biān ‘whip’, 0000-) and placed at the beginning of the list. A character may be absent from GSR for several reasons: (1) Karlgren generally excluded characters that did not occur in pre-Qín texts (as far as he knew), although he included some characters from Shuōwén jiězì 《說⽂解字》. (2) He also excluded characters that did occur in pre-Qín documents but had no descendants in the later standard script. (3) He also seems to have excluded characters used only as place names. HYDZD the position of the character in Hànyǔ dà zìdiǎn 《漢語⼤字典》 (1986). This information comes from the Unihan database (http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html) and has not been independently checked.. rad the number of the radical of the character (based on the 214 radicals of the Kāngxī zìdiǎn 《康熙字典》; also from the Unihan database) str the number of additional strokes in the character, apart from the radical (from the Unihan database) Unicode the hexadecimal code of the character in the UTF-16 encoding Additional notes: 1. All data are in UTF-16 encoding (little-endian). The Times New Roman font is used except for the zi column, which uses SimSun (Founder Extended). Newer versions of Times New Roman include all the necessary phonetic symbols, but free Unicode-based phonetics fonts with all the necessary symbols can also be obtained from www.sil.org (e.g. Doulos IPA). For Chinese characters, the Hanazono fonts should also be adequate (http://fonts.jp/hanazono). 2. Not all characters or words included are actually attested in pre-Qín texts. We have explicitly indicated this in many cases, but probably not all. (Often they may be identified by their lack of a regular GSR number.) We have included them for historical interest, often because they occur as early Chinese loans into other languages, or are informative about the history of the Mǐn 閩 dialects. In such cases our reconstructions represent what we believe the Old Chinese pronunciation would have been if they existed in the Old Chinese period. 3. Mandarin pronunciations are based on modern dictionaries and often differ from what we would predict on the basis of Middle Chinese; the modern pronunciations are in many cases artificial, based on anachronistic interpretations of fǎnqiè 反切 spellings, reading characters according to their phonetic element, or other irregular processes. We have not marked such irregularities explicitly. BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20 zi py MC OC gloss GSR HYDZD rad str Unicode 埃 āi 'oj ('- + -oj A) *qˤə dust 0938b 10447.15 32 7 U+57C3 哀 āi 'oj ('- + -oj A) *ʔˤəj to pity; sad 0550h 10620.10 30 6 U+54C0 藹 ǎi 'ajH ('- + -aj C) *qˤa[t]-s ample, numerous 0313a' 53328.03 140 16 U+85F9 阸 ài 'eaH ('- + -ea C) *qˤ<r>[i]k-s a narrow pass 0844g 64124.01 170 5 U+9638 隘 ài 'eaH ('- + -ea C) *qˤ<r>[i]k-s a narrow pass 0849h 64152.15 170 10 U+9698 愛 ài 'ojH ('- + -oj C) *[q]ˤə[p]-s to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close 0508a 42323.01 61 9 U+611B to oneself’?) 僾 ài 'ojH ('- + -oj C) *qˤəp-s to pant, lose the breath 0508d 10226.08 9 13 U+50FE 艾 ài ngajH (ng- + -aj C) *C.ŋˤa[t]-s Artemisia; moxa 0347c 53172.09 140 2 U+827E 鞌 ān 'an ('- + -an A) *[ʔ]ˤa[n] [place name] 0146- 74335.09 177 6 U+978C 鞍 ān 'an ('- + -an A) *[ʔ]ˤa[n] [place name] 0146- 74335.08 177 6 U+978D 安 ān 'an ('- + -an A) *[ʔ]ˤa[n] peace(ful) 0146a 20913.09 40 3 U+5B89 安 ān 'an ('- + -an A) *[ʔ]ˤa[n] how 0146a 20913.09 40 3 U+5B89 安 ān 'an ('- + -an A) *[ʔ]ˤa[n] 安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the 0146a 20913.09 40 3 U+5B89 western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty) 晻 ǎn 'omX ('- + -om B) *qˤ[o]mʔ dark 0614e 21517.13 72 8 U+667B 按 àn 'anH ('- + -an C) *ʔˤa[n]-s repress 0146d 31876.01 64 6 U+6309 案 àn 'anH ('- + -an C) *ʔˤa[n]-s stool; tray 0146e 21207.08 75 6 U+6848 晻 àn 'omH ('- + -om C) *qˤ[o]m(ʔ)-s dark 0614e 21517.13 72 8 U+667B 暗 àn 'omH ('- + -om C) *qˤum-s dark 0653h 21526.06 72 9 U+6697 黬 àn keam (k- + -eam A) *[k]ˤr[ə]m black blot 0671k 74752.11 203 9 U+9EEC 岸 àn nganH (ng- + -an C) *[ŋ]ˤa[r]-s bank of a river 0139e' 10766.04 46 5 U+5CB8 豻 àn nganH (ng- + -an C) *m-[ɢ]ˤa[r]-s wild dog 0139d' 63908.03 153 3 U+8C7B 卬 áng ngang (ng- + -ang A) *[k.ŋ]ˤaŋ high; lift high 0699a 10310.12 26 2 U+536C 卬 áng ngang (ng- + -ang A) *ŋˤaŋ I, me 0699a 10310.12 26 2 U+536C 㼜 àng 'angH ('- + -ang C) *ʔˤaŋ-s basin; (tublike:) swollen 0718j 21423.10 98 5 U+3F1C 敖 áo ngaw (ng- + -aw A) *[ŋ]ˤaw tall 1130a 21456.13 66 7 U+6556 囂 áo ngaw (ng- + -aw A) *[ŋ]ˤaw clamor, many voices; arrogant 1140a 10706.05 30 18 U+56C2 敖 áo ngaw (ng- + -aw A) *ŋˤaw saunter about 1130a 21456.13 66 7 U+6556 嗸 áo ngaw (ng- + -aw A) *ŋˤaw distressed cry 1130f 10664.05 30 11 U+55F8 Page 1 of 161 BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20 熬 áo ngaw (ng- + -aw A) *ŋˤaw fry, roast (v.) 1130h 32226.04 86 11 U+71AC 媼 ǎo 'awX ('- + -aw B) *ʔˤuʔ old woman 1244e 21071.21 38 10 U+5ABC 奧 ào 'awH ('- + -aw C) *ʔˤuk-s southwest corner of a house 1045a 10547.03 37 10 U+5967 澳 ào 'awH ('- + -aw C) *ʔˤuk-s bay, cove 1045b 31744.08 85 13 U+6FB3 巴 bā pae (p- + -ae A) *pˤra snake 0039a 20985.01 49 1 U+5DF4 巴 bā pae (p- + -ae A) *pˤra [place name] 0039a 20985.01 49 1 U+5DF4 豝 bā pae (p- + -ae A) *pˤra sow, pig 0039d 63612.05 152 4 U+8C5D 八 bā peat (p- + -eat D) *pˤret eight 0281a 10241.03 12 0 U+516B 軷 bá bat (b- + -at D) *[b]ˤ[a]t sacrifice to the gods of the road 0276e 53520.06 159 5 U+8EF7 茇 bá bat (b- + -at D) *m-pˤ[a]t halt in the open 0276g 53189.02 140 5 U+8307 拔 bá beat (b- + -eat D) *bˤ<r>ot uproot 0276h 31850.03 64 5 U+62D4 茇 bá pat (p- + -at D) *pˤ[a]t halt in the open 0276g 53189.02 140 5 U+8307 胈 bá pat (p- + -at D) *pˤot small hairs on body; roots of grass 0276f 32057.07 130 5 U+80C8
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