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Home , Deng (surname), Guo, Mao (surname), Wang (surname), Yuan (surname), Zeng

Self-Study Syllabus on ’s domestic politics

www.mandarinsociety.org PrefaceAbout this syllabus.

syllabus aspires to guide interested non-specialists in Thisthe study of some of the most salient and important aspects of the contemporary Chinese domestic political scene. The recommended readings survey basic features of China’s political system as well as important developments in politics, ideology, and domestic policy under Xi Jinping. Some effort has been made to promote awareness of the broad array of available English scholarship and analysis. Reflecting the authors’ belief that study of official documents remains a critical skill for the study of Chinese politics, an effort has been made as well to include some of these important sources.

This syllabus is organized to build understanding in a step-by-step fashion based on one hour of reading five nights a week for four weeks. We assume at most a passing familiarity with the Chinese political system. The syllabus also provides a glossary of key terms and a list of recommended reading for books and websites for those seeking to engage in deeper study.

American Mandarin Society 1 Week One: Building the Foundation The organization, ideology, and political processes of China’s governance

• “Chinese Politics Has No Rules, But It May Be Good if Xi Jinping Breaks Them” Overview ,Christopher Johnson, Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 9, 2017. Mr. Johnson argues that the institutionalization of This week’s readings review some of the basic and most distinctive features of China’s Chinese politics was less than many foreign political system. It surveys the function and purpose of political ideology and how scholars believed. authorities employ language to direct policy. The readings discuss membership in the • “How Xi Jinping Revived Old Methods by Abandoning Intraparty Democracy”, (CCP) and how the broader public views the party. Xiangwei, South China Morning Post, November 5, 2017. This article examines the process for selecting the new leadership, • “Understanding China’s Political System,” “Principal Contradiction” When Embarking noting abrupt changes from intraparty Susan Lawrence and Michael Martin, On New Journey,” Xinhua, October 20, 2017. democracy. 领航新时代的坚强领导集体——党的新一届 Congressional Research Service Report, This Xinhua article explains the significance • “ 中央领导机构产生纪实 March 20, 2013. This article provides an of the change in the “Principal contradiction” ” Xinhua, October 26, overview and refresher on the most important in the CCP Constitution. 2017. This Xinhua article details the selection and distinctive features of China’s political • “Xi’s Signature Governance Innovation: process for the 19th Partly Congress, system. The Rise of Leading Small Groups”, and discloses the uses of straw polls and • “INFOGRAPHIC: A Post-19th Party Christopher Johnson, Scott Kennedy, Mingda departures from intra-party democracy. Congress Guide to China’s New Leadership,” Qiu, Center for Strategic and International • “The Hidden Power of China’s Communist Wang and James Evans, The Fairbank Studies, October 17, 2017. A comprehensive Party,” Richard McGregor, Wall Street Center For Chinese Studies At Harvard, examination of the leading small groups Journal, May 15, 2010. McGregor describes November 3, 2017. A useful chart of the since the 18th Party Congress. how the Communist Party exercises control new leadership selected at the 19th Party • “China’s Core Executive - Leadership behind the scenes through its cell structure Congress. Styles, Structures and Processes Under Xi and Organization Department. • “Full Text of Resolution on Amendment Jinping”, Edited by Sebastian Heilmann and • “Centralized Leadership – Heterogeneous to CPC Constitution”, Xinhua, October Matthias Stepan, Mercator Institute for China Party Base Changes in the Membership 24, 2017. Official summary of the key Studies, June 1, 2016. An essay collection Structure of the Chinese Communist Party” amendments to the Party Constitution at the on the changes to China’s core executive , Lea Shih and Kerstin Lohse-Friedrich, 19th Party Congress. under Xi Jinping through its analysis of Mercator Institute for China Studies, August • “Xinhua Insight: China Embraces New developments in different policy areas. 16, 2017. This paper describes how the party’s face changed due to a substantial

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growth in membership, which rose by 26 explains how official discourse can both percent from 2005 to 2016. obscure and clarify policy. • “Xi’s Next Step: Demand More Fervor From • “Ideas and Ideologies Competing For China’s Communist Party”, Chun Wang, China’s Political Future: How Online Pluralism Wall Street Journal, October 26, 2017. A Challenges Official Orthodoxy”, Kristin journalistic look at the fruits of Xi Jinping’s Shi-Kupfer, Mareike Ohlberg, Simon Lang efforts to revitalize the Communist Party. and Bertram Lang, Mercator Institute for • “Xi Jinping Unveils China’s New Leaders China Studies, October 2017. An analysis but No Clear Successor”, Christopher of debates in Chinese social media and Buckley, The New York Times, October 24, conducted a survey among predominantly 2017. urban Chinese netizens. • “’s Shadow,” by Joseph Fewsmith, • “Why China’s Middle Classes Support China Leadership Monitor, No. 43, Spring the Communist Party,” David Goodman, 2014. The issue of how the Mao era should Christian Science Monitor, October 22, 2013. be evaluated in comparison to the reform Goodman explains why aspects of the party’s years has been discussed by Xi Jinping and agenda resonate with China’s middle class. others. • “十八届中央纪律检查委员会向中国共产党 • “The Declining Influence of Politburo 第十九次全国代表大会的工作报告”, Central Standing Committee Members and the Commission For Discipline And Inspection, Growing Strength of the Central Party October 29, 2017. The 18th CCDI Work Bureaucracy”, Timothy Heath, Sinocism Report outlines how the party attempts to China Newsletter, January 17, 2015. This maintain the discipline of its members. article explains how Xi’s centralization of power built on trends from the Jintao era. • “Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere (Document No. 9)”, China Copyright and Media, April 22, 2013. This is the infamous Document 9 that appeared at the start of Xi’s tenure. This version includes both Chinese and English. • “Xi Jinping’s ‘Four Comprehensives’ Give Shape to a Crowded Agenda”, Chris Buckley, The New York Times, March 1, 2015. Buckley

American Mandarin Society 3 Week Two: Censorship, propaganda, and political control argue that the fallen Yongkang played a significant role in building up the Overview politics and law system that outlived his leadership. • “Foreign Groups Fear China Oversight The CCP’s longevity has defied predictions of its imminent demise by experts. The Plan”, Andrew Jacobs, The New York party’s ability to control challenges to its authority through censorship, propaganda, Times, June 17, 2015. The law puts and other political controls remains crucial ensuring its hold on power. This week’s foreign nonprofit and nongovernmental readings explore features of the Chinese “security state” and how these features have organizations under the supervision of the evolved. Chinese security apparatus. • “Magic Weapons: China’s Political Influence Activities Under Xi Jinping,” • “China’s Strategic Thinking on Overview view of the plans to use artificial Anne Marie Brady, Wilson Center, Building Power in Cyberspace:A Top intelligence, big data and the social credit September 18, 2017. Top propaganda Party Journal’s Timely Explanation system to enhance control. expert Anne Marie Brady surveys how Translated”,Elsa Kania, Samm Sacks, • “Giving Credit”, Jeremy Daum, China Chinese leaders have directed efforts Paul Triolo and Graham Webster, New Law Translate, January 4, 2017. Good to cultivate political influence in other America, September 25, 2017. An analysis overview of the PRC’s plans and relevant countries. of a key directive by Xi Jinping regarding documents related to the Social Credit • “Political Indoctrination in Chinese cyberspace. System. Colleges’, Zi , Jamestown • “Information Control 2.0: The • “ Harnesses Big Data & AI to Foundation China Brief, April 20, Cyberspace Administration of China Perfect the Police State”, Willy Wo-Lap 2017. A detailed look at the system for Tames the Tnternet”, Nabil Alsabah , Lam, Jamestown Foundation China indoctrinating China’s university students. Mercator Institute for China Studies, Brief, July 21, 2017. Lam reviews how • “Cyber China: Updating Propaganda, September 15, 2016. A look at the agency the security services have expanded Public Opinion Work and Social responsible for administering cyberspace. and improved surveillance capabilities to Management for the 21st Century, Rogier • “Managing the State: Social Credit, increase control. Creemers, Journal of Contemporary Surveillance and the CCP’s Plan for • “The Rise of the Chinese Security China Working Paper, December 2, China”, Samantha Hoffman, Jamestown State,” Yuhua Wang and Carl Minzner, The 2015. A review of the institutional and Foundation China Brief, August 17, 2016. China Quarterly, June 2015,The authors regulatory changes around Internet

American Mandarin Society 4 governance in the first three years of the Xi Administration. • “China’s Internet: A Giant Cage”, The Economist, April 4, 2013. A comprehensive special report by Gady Epstein on the state of the Chinese Internet. • 网络空间的自由与秩序 [Liberty and Order in Cyberspace], Xinhua, September 9, 2013. ’s keynote speech at the Fifth China-UK Internet Roundtable lays out China’s view of Internet governance. • “Cyber-Leninism: History, Political Culture and the Internet in China”, Rogier Creemers, University of Oxford - Programme for Comparative Media Law and Policy, March 1, 2015. This essay explores how the cultural elements of Chinese politics, deeply influenced by both Confucian and Leninist tenets, have interacted with information technology. • “In China, Communist Party Takes a Significant Step: It Is Listening,” Simon Denyer, The Washington Post, August 2, 2013. The CCP continues to refine and improve its monitoring of public sentiment and perceived needs, as Denyer shows.

American Mandarin Society 5 Week Three: Xi Jinping, elite politics, and the anti-corruption drive

Overview

This week’s readings focus on the politics of Xi Jinping, starting with a brief look at the leader’s personal background. The selections also discuss broad trends in the structure of political power, the anti-corruption drive, vested interests, factions, and elite politics.

• “Born Red”, Evan Osnos, The New Yorker, and the implications for elite politics. April 6, 2015. Osnos provides one of the • “Xi Jinping: The Game Changer of Elite few available English language reports on Politics?,” Wang Zhengxu and Jinghan, the upbringing and personal background Contemporary Politics, April 28, 2016, pp. of Xi Jinping, a topic about which so little is 469-486. known. • “The Political Price of Xi Jinping’s Anti- • “China Expels Party Official Once Seen as Corruption Campaign”, Jamil Anderlini, The Potential Successor to Xi Jinping,” Chun Han Financial Times, January 4, 2017. This article Wang, The Wall Street Journal, September offers a skeptical progress about progress 29, 2017. Link: https://www.wsj.com/articles/ claimed in the anti-corruption campaign. china-expels-party-official-once-on-track-to- • 学习习近平总书记系列重要讲话 [Study succeed-xi-jinping-1506692840. Xi Jinping’s General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important expulsion of a rising star illustrates how Xi Speeches] An Android/iOS app produced by has undercut potential rivals. the Central Party School to study Xi Jinping’s • “China Reins in Communist Youth League, “important speeches” and comments. Slickly and Its Alumni’s Prospects,” New York produced, lots of short videos explaining Times, August 3, 2016. Link: https://www. various concepts and slogans. nytimes.com/2016/08/04/world/asia/china- communist-youth-league.html?_r=0. The New York Times reviews Xi Jinping’s moves to reorganize the Communist Youth League

American Mandarin Society 6 Week Four: “China Dream” and the domestic policy agenda how the CCP views the idea of rule of law as a means of bolstering its political power. • “依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本 Overview 方略” [Ruling According to Law is the Party Leadership’s Basic Strategy for Governing 求是 Xi’s policy agenda may be summarized by the often-invoked phrase, the “China the Nation] by , [Seeking Truth], August 18, 2017. An expert at the Chinese dream.” This week’s selections analyze the focus on systemic and structural reform Academy of Science explains the CCP’s that has defined the government’s policy agenda in the Xi era. The readings also unique approach to rule through law and why sample some of the challenges impeding the realization of the Chinese dream, the idea is central to the party’s approach to including rule of law issues, unemployment, social welfare, environmental pollution, governance. and other issues.. • “Turn Off, Drop Out: Why Young Chinese Are Abandoning Ambition,” Zeng Yuli, The Sixth Tone, June 27, 2017. As the economy • Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Report at the 19th Overhaul and its Global Implications,” Daniel slows and job prospects dim, growing Party Congress, Xinhua, October 27, 2017. Rosen, Asia Society website, 2014. Daniel numbers of Chinese youth are losing hope. An official English translation of the full text Rosen reviews the state of China’s economic • “Capital Accumulation, Private Property, of the 19th Party Congress report, which reforms and future prospects. and Inequality in China 1978-2015,” Thomas outlines the party’s national level strategic • “China Dream: What Can the China Dream Picketty and Li Yang, and Gabriel Zucman, and policy guidance for the next five years. “Do” in the PRC? “, William A. Callahan, The VOX website, July 20, 2017. Picketty, a • “How to Read Xi Jinping’s 19th Party Asan Forum, December 08, 2014. Callahan well-known expert on inequality reports his Congress Political Report,” Alice Miller, China surveys the political context and meaning of findings regarding China’s widening income Leadership Monitor, May 25, 2017. Alice the “China dream” idea and its reception in gap. Miller provides a helpful primer to interpreting China and elsewhere. • “Rising Inequality and its Discontents in the CCP’s most important and authoritative • “China Dream: What Can the China Dream China,” New Labor Forum, December 8, policy document. “Do” in the PRC? ”, William A. Callahan, The 2016. This article provides an overview of the 新华网 • “The Chinese Dream,” [Xinhua Asan Forum, December 08, 2014. Callahan state of labor and social welfare protections online], updated as of November 2017. An surveys the political context and meaning of in China. extensive English language page provided by the “China dream” idea and its reception in • “Beijing Collectives Test China’s Latest Chinaish language page Decision, a key doc China and elsewhere. Land Reform,” Caixin Global, March 8, articles, graphics, and statistics on the “the • “What Does China Mean by the Rule 2017. Caixin surveys recent pilot programs cles, gra of Law?” by Carl Minzer, Foreign Policy, regarding land ownership. • “Avoiding the Blind Alley: China’s Economic October 20, 2014. Minzer’s article explains • “Outdated ‘Urban Passports’ Still Rule

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the Lives of China’s Rural Citizens,” The A major World Bank report outlines the state Independent, January 13, 2017. China’s of China’s health care system. hukou passport system remains an important • 中国环境状况公报 [China’s Report of its fact of life for the country’s rural citizens, as Ecological Situation], 中华人民共和国环境保 this article discusses. 护不网站 [China’s Environmental Protection • “Judicial Reform in China,” Rebecca , Department website], June 5, 2014. PRC Foreign Affairs, February 2, 2017. Chinese authorities outline the grim condition of the leaders have emphasized the importance nation’s air, water, and soil. of judicial reform. This article explores the • “Why Has This Environmental Documentary challenges inherent in efforts to overhaul a Gone Viral on China’s Internet?,” ChinaFile party-controlled legal system. Conversation, March 3, 2015. This article • “Advancements and Controversies in reviews developments related to a now China’s Recent Sentencing Reforms,” Zhiqiu famous video on Beijing’s air pollution, Lin, Research Note: China Information, “Beneath the Dome”, viewable on Youtube. Vol. 30, 2016. This article surveys key • “The CCP Returns to Chinese Cultural developments in China’s efforts to improve Roots,” Yingjie , Forum, judicial processes. October 3, 2016. The CCP has made a • “Introduction to China’s Legal System,” revival of traditional Chinese culture a policy Harvard Law School Library website, October imperative, as this article shows. 2017. An excellent resource provides numerous references and reports regarding China’s system of laws and regulations. • “Nine Hour Tests and Lots of Pressure: Welcome to the Chinese School System,” Jonathan Kaiman, The Guardian, February 22, 2014.The article describes the high- pressure world of China’s school system. • “China’s Social Security System,” China Labor Bulletin, updated 2015. This website provides an overview of the various elements of China’s social security network. • “Report Recommends Deeper Health Care Reform in China,” World Bank, July 22, 2016.

American Mandarin Society 8 Week 5: , Tibet, , , and Human Rights • “The Taiwanese See Themselves as Taiwanese, not as Chinese,” The Washington Overview Post, January 2, 2017. Polls have indicated a growing shift in identity on Taiwan, posing a major obstacle to China’s hopes for peaceful This week’s readings examine contentious issues, featuring regions that dispute unification. Chinese control to varying degrees, as well as issues of human rights that draw • “Cross-Strait Relations: Skepticism Abounds,” Alan Romberg, China Leadership Western concern and criticism. Populations in , Tibet, and Xinjiang contest Monitor, September 11, 2017. One of the features of Chinese control, while Taiwan rejects Beijing’s authority altogether, despite nation’s top experts on Taiwan summarizes the claims of PRC authorities that the island exists as a “province” of the PRC. the state of cross-strait ties. • “China: Human Rights Report,” Human Rights Watch, 2017. A prominent human • “All You Need to Know About Xi Jinping’s Chinese occupation and treatment of Tibetans. rights organization discusses the human Remarks on Hong Kong in His Report to the • “Wary Of Unrest Among Uighur Minority, rights situation in China.Mark Burles and Party Congress,” South China Morning Post, China Locks Down Xinjiang Region,” NPR, Abram Shulsky, Patterns in China’s Use of October 20, 2017. This article explains the September 26, 2017. This NPR report provides Force: Evidence from History and Doctrinal policy guidance regarding Hong Kong in the an on the scene description of the situation in Writings (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000). 19th Party Congress report. Xinjiang. • “China Flexes Military Muscle in Hong Kong • “(Re)Embracing Islam in Neidi: the ‘Xinjiang During Xi Jinping Visit,” The Guardian, June Class’ and the dynamics of Uyghur ethno- 30, 2017. At his first visit to Hong Kong, Xi national identity,” Timothy Grose, Journal of reiterated a firm stance on Beijing’s authority. Contemporary China, June 24, 2014. This This article covers the visit and related study examines why efforts to train Uyghur atmospherics. cadres in CCP ideals may be ineffective. • “China’s Hong Kong Mistake,” Evan Osnos, • 学习习近平近平总书记关于对台工作的重 The New Yorker, September 2, 2014. Osnos 要论述[Studying the Important Words of provides helpful context to the state of General Secretary Xi Jinping Regarding Work relations between the city and mainland. Related to Taiwan], 求是 [Seeking Truth], • “The Disneyification of Tibet,” Pearl September 16, 2014. Then-director of the Sydenstricker, Washington Monthly, January Taiwan Affairs Office explains PRC policy 2014. A reporter recounts his observations of towards Taiwan under Xi Jinping.

American Mandarin Society 9 Appendix: Key Terms and Phrases

Chinese Dream [中国梦]: Four Comprehensives (四个全面): Governing party (执政党):

A term introduced by Xi Jinping during a In 2015, Xi Jinping began to highlight This is the idea that the CCP’s legitimacy 2012 visit to a Chinese history museum, the major strategic concept of the “four rests in its ability to provide sound this is a restatement of the idea of the comprehensives” in describing the purpose governance for the people and oversee rejuvenation of the Chinese people in a and general approach to enacting systemic the nation’s revitalization as a great power. more popular, accessible form. The China and structural reform. Widely anticipated to It includes the idea that the CCP should: dream seeks the country’s revitalization as a serve as Xi’s legacy theoretical contribution, strengthen its ability to provide goods and prosperous and powerful state and envisions the “four comprehensives” refers to services to address the diverse economic a comprehensive elevation in the living “comprehensively” building a moderately and non-economic demands of the people; standard for the Chinese people. The China prosperous society, deepening reform, expand the base of its membership and Dream also carries a vision in which the world governing the country according to rule by popular support; constantly run state affairs benefits from a revitalized China’s prosperity law, and enforcing strict party discipline. The in a scientific, democratic, and legal way; and advocacy of international peace and Four Comprehensives will likely become Xi and strengthen the party through reform and harmony. Jinping’s contribution to the ideological canon. innovation. Since the 16th Party Congress, the “governing party” has been the official Core interests (核心利益): Govern by law (依法执政): archetype, or conceptual framework, for the CCP’s role in the Chinese polity. Prior These are the collective spiritual and material This is the idea that the CCP can to 2002, the CCP regarded itself as a demands of the Chinese people, the realization best exercise its authority through the “revolutionary party.” of which is viewed by the CCP as necessary administration of state laws. In theory, the to achieve national rejuvenation. Core interests CCP takes the lead in drafting the content Guiding ideology (指导思想): are often defined in three broad categories of laws based on the guiding ideology of “sovereignty, security, and developmental and central directives. The state in turn Also referred to as the party’s “guide to interests.” The 2011 Peaceful Development implements and enforces the law. The action,” this is the authoritative set of ideas, White Paper has provided the most complete 15th Party Congress first outlined a basic principles, and worldview which embodies authoritative list: “national security, sovereignty requirement to “govern by law” in 1997, an the CCP’s goals and objectives. The guiding and territory, national unification, China’s imperative underscored most recently at the ideology also serves as the authoritative political system, and the interests of economic Fourth Plenum of the 18th Party Congress in guide to all of the party’s activities. It is and social development.” 2014. defined by the party’s theory system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, but

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also includes the party’s guiding principles, development. The moderately prosperous This phrase is often shortened to “national principles, policies, and viewpoints. society provides the main content of the rejuvenation” in translation. The Chinese Incorporation of a new concept or theory Chinese dream. Dream is a modified version of this idea. into the guiding ideology through adoption at a Party Congress is a major political event, Period of strategic opportunity (重要战略机遇期): Socialist core value system (社会主义核心价值体系): as this act requires the party to reinterpret and update the meaning of its principles, At the 16th Party Congress in 2002, the CCP The CCP identifies the socialist core value policies, and directives. This in turn requires identified a “period of strategic opportunity” system as the moral and ethical companion the state’s laws and policies to be updated as that it foresaw as lasting through at least the to its efforts to build a harmonious society. needed. The guiding ideology has only had first two decades of the twenty-first century. Adopted at the 17th Party Congress, this is four major updates: Thought The period of strategic opportunity informs an attempt by the CCP to articulate a set of achieved this status in 1945; Xiaoping the CCP’s development of the strategic and national values to encourage social cohesion, Theory in 1997; Important Thinking of the policy objectives inherent in its visio of a unity, social stability, enhance CCP legitimacy, Three Represents in 2002; and the Scientific “moderately prosperous society” and the and increase China’s international political Development Concept in 2012. Chinese dream. In 2010, party leaders judged influence. The system of socialist core values that the period of strategic opportunity would consists of the following: 1) the guiding Moderately prosperous society (小康社会): continue, but that the CCP would require a ideology of Marxism; 2) the common ideal more activist set of policies to ensure the of socialism with Chinese characteristics; 3) A term first proposed by Deng in 1985 to refer nation’s sustained development. national spirit with patriotism at the core; 4) the to a vision of a major increase in the standard spirit of the times with reform and innovation of living for the people of China. The original Rejuvenation of the Chinese People (中华民族复兴): at the core; and 5) the socialist concept of goal focused on quadrupling the per capita honor and disgrace. income of 1980 by 2000. Achieved ahead of A phrase attributed by party leaders to schedule, the 16th Party Congress refined the Yatsen in 1911, this concept generally Socialist harmonious society (社会主义和谐社会): content of this vision to mean the quadrupling concerns the revitalization of China as a of the per capita GDP of 2000 by 2020. The wealthy and powerful country. The CCP This major strategic concept calls for building 16th Party Congress and subsequent Party has adopted this concept as a functional a society characterized by rule by law and Congresses have also expanded relevant equivalent of a desired end state, to be socialist democracy, in which qualities of policy objectives for 2020 to include political, achieved by the centennial of the founding fairness, justice, honesty, and kindness cultural, social, military, and environmental of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. prevail and which people of diverse ethnic

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groups live peacefully together. It also calls of the CCP in 1921. The second goal is for creating a sustainable, healthy relationship to achieve “national rejuvenation” by the between man and nature. centennial of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Theory system of socialism with Chinese characteristics (有中国特色的理论体系):

Regarded as the “only correct theory” by the CCP, this is the systematic articulation of the party’s Marxist theory as refined by generations of Chinese leaders. Mao’s contributions are part of the system, but most of his theoretical insights are viewed as valid for historical conditions that no longer obtain. The theory system is primarily defined by Theory, the Important Thinking of Three Represents, the Scientific Development Concept, and related concepts in a systematic, mutually reinforcing manner. The 17th Party Congress amended the CCP Constitution in 2007 to incorporate the theory system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Two centennial goals (两个百年目标):

This term refers to the two centennial goals set by the CCP. The first goal is to complete the building of a “moderately prosperous society” by the centennial of the founding

American Mandarin Society 12 Online Sources for China’s politics and political system

Caixin English http://english.caixin.com. reporting, commentary, and photographs. Caixin’s coverage of economics, finance, and Chinasmack http://www.chinasmack.com politics is regarded as setting a benchmark This site stands out from others in presenting for other non-official Chinese news outlets. the cultural, political, and other topics that Chinese Internet users like to discuss. Chinafile. http://www.chinafile.com. A website managed by the Asia Society, Chinafile People’s Daily English http://english. aggregates stories, photos, and video on peopledaily.com.cn/. The CCP’s English various aspects of contemporary China. language page provides links to basic information about the party, including key China Law Translate http://chinalawtranslate. speeches and documents. com/?lang=en. An outstanding resource features English translations of Chinese laws , Sinica broadcast. http://popupchinese.com/ policy documents, and regulations. lessons/sinica. One of the top podcasts on contemporary China, past discussions topics China Leadership Monitor http://www.hoover. have included culture and current events. org/publications/china-leadership-monitor A quarterly journal featuring analysis from some The Sinocism China Newsletter https:// of the top foreign scholars on China. sinocism.com. This free newsletter provides links to essential readings on topics spanning China Media Project at the Journalism & economics, politics, culture, and security. Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong http://cmp.hku.hk/ Excellent Sixth Tone http://www.sixthtone.com. A coverage or propaganda, media and ideology fascinating website that presents cutting issues. edge analysis and reporting, centered primarily on China’s young people. China Policy Institute https://cpianalysis.org. An online journal hosted by the University of Xinhua English http://www.xinhuanet.com/ Nottingham provides concise analysis of a english/china/index.htm. The official news broad range of China-related topics. outlet provides a steady stream of news

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中文 拼音 英文 暴力恐怖势力 bào lì kǒng bù shì lì forces of violent terrorism 被告 bèi gào defendant 产权保护制度 chǎn quán bǎo hù zhì dù property right protection system 党委书记 dǎng wěi shū jì general secretary of party committee 邓小平理论 dèng xiǎo píng lǐ lùn Deng Xiaoping Theory 改革开放 gǎi gé kāi fàng reform and opening up 港陆矛盾 gǎng lù máo dùn Hong Kong-Mainland adversary 共产党宣言 gòng chǎn dǎng xuān yán the Communist Manifesto 工商联 gōng shāng lián Federation of Industry and Commerce 公益事业 gōng yì shì yè public interest sector 公用事业 gōng yòng shì yè public utility 公有制 gōng yǒu zhì public ownership 官僚主义 guān liáo zhǔ yì bureaucratism 国有企业 guó yǒu qǐ yè state-owned enterprise 国有资本 guó yǒu zī běn state-owned capital 行政裁决制度 háng zhèng cái jué zhì dù administrative arbitration system 行政体制改革 háng zhèng tǐ zhì gǎi gé public administration reform 合法性审查 hé fǎ xìng shěn chá legitimacy review 喉舌 hóu shé mouthpiece 户籍登记制度 hù jí dēng jì zhì dù household registration system 极端宗教势力 jí duān zōng jiāo shì lì forces religious extremism 计划生育 jì huá shēng yù family planning 集体资本 jí tǐ zī běn collectively owned capital 继续教育 jì xù jiāo yù continuing education 阶级斗争 jiē jí dòu zhēng class struggle 科学发展观 kē xué fā zhǎn guān outlook on scientific development 劳动教养制度 láo dòng jiāo yǎng zhì dù labor re-education system 立法起草 lì fǎ qǐ cǎo legislation drafting 立法体制 lì fǎ tǐ zhì legislative system 马克思列宁主义 mǎ kè sī liè níng zhǔ yì Marxism and Leninism 毛泽东思想 máo zé dōng sī xiǎng Mao Zedong Thought

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中文 拼音 英文 面子工程 miàn zǐ gōng chéng “face” project 民主党派 mín zhǔ dǎng pài democratic party 民主集中制 mín zhǔ jí zhōng zhì democratic centralism 民族分裂势力 mín zú fèn liè shì lì forces of ethnic separatism 民族复兴 mín zú fù xìng national rejuvenation 民族区域自治制度 mín zú qū yù zì zhì zhì dù ethnic regional autonomy system 全国人大常委会 quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress 全面深化改革领导小组 quán miàn shēn huà gǎi gé lǐng dǎo xiǎo zǔ Comprehensively Deepening Reform Leading Group 群众路线 qún zhòng lù xiàn mass line 人民币汇率市场化 rén mín bì huì lǜ shì chǎng huà marketization of the RMB exchange rate mechanism 人民检察院 rén mín jiǎn chá yuàn People’s Procuratorate 人民陪审员 rén mín péi shěn yuán people’s juror 软实力 ruǎn lì soft power 三个代表 sān gè dài biǎo Three Represents 社会主义核心价值观 shè huì zhǔ yì hé xīn jià zhí guān socialist core value system 社会主义市场经济 shè huì zhǔ yì shì chǎng jīng jì socialist market economy 市场化 shì chǎng huà marketization 失业保险制度 shī yè bǎo xiǎn zhì dù unemployment insurance system 受贿 shòu huì accepting a bribe 收入分配制度 shōu rù fèn pèi zhì dù income distribution mechanism 司法听证 sī fǎ tīng zhèng judicial hearing 特殊教育 tè shū jiāo yù special education 统一战线 tǒng yī zhàn xiàn united front 土地革命时期 tǔ dì gé mìng shí qī land revolution period 唯物辩证法 wéi wù biàn zhèng fǎ materialistic dialetics 问责制 wèn zé zhì accountibility system 无党派人士 wú dǎng pài rén shì nonparty member 享乐主义 xiǎng lè zhǔ yì hedonism 小康社会 xiǎo kāng shè huì moderately prosperous society 形式主义 xíng shì zhǔ yì foralmism 鸦片战争 yā piàn zhàn zhēng opium war

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中文 拼音 英文

依法治国 yī fǎ zhì guó govern the country by law 义务教育 yì wù jiāo yù compulsory education 原告 yuán gào plaintiff 占领中环 zhàn lǐng zhōng huán occupy Central 正能量 zhèng néng liàng positive energy 证人 zhèng rén witness 政协 zhèng xié Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 政治协商制度 zhèng zhì xié shāng zhì dù political consultation system 智库 zhì kù think tank 殖民地 zhí mín dì colony 执政党 zhí zhèng dǎng ruling party 中国梦 zhōng guó mèng China Dream 中国特色社会主义 zhōng guó tè sè shè huì zhǔ yì socialism with Chinese characteristics 中级人民法院 zhōng jí rén mín fǎ yuàn Intermediate People’s Court 中央党校 zhōng yāng dǎng xiào Central Party School 中央纪委 zhōng yāng jì wěi Central Disciplinary Committee 中央政治局 zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú Politburo 转移支付 zhuǎn yí zhī fù transfer payment 自然垄断 zì rán lǒng duàn natural monopoly 自由贸易区 zì yóu mào yì qū free-trade zone

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