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Pacific Science (1973), Vol. 27, No.2, p. 136-153 Printed in Great Britain

Palauan Names I

GENE S. HELFMAN2 AND]OHN E. RANDALLJ

ABSTRACT: Palauans have names for most of importance to them. Three hundred thirty-sixvernacular fish names and their 312 scientific equivalents arelisted. Palauan names show little similarity to Yapese and Guamanian names. Different native names exist for different life stages and sexes of many fishes, and some varia­ tion in names occurs between northern and southern . Earlier publications of Palauan fish names are discussed.

PALAU is a compact archipelago in the Western or photographs by the junior author were used Caroline approximately 800 km north of when whole specimens of fish we knew to and 800 km east ofMindanao (Fig. occur in Palau or surrounding areas were un­ 1). It is made up of numerous islands, which available. Our best informants were generally vary in size from volcanic Babeldaub (45 x the older fishermen. When arguments ensued 15 km) to small limestone islets. Except for two among the informants about the name of a atolls in the north and Angaur in the south, particular fish, they were solved by a majority, a the islands are largely enclosed within a barrier militant minority, or through deference to the . oldest man or member of the highest ranking The Micronesian people who inhabit these clan present. Many of the Palauan names in this islands rely on the as their principal source paper would not appear in a similar study con­ of protein. They are fortunate in having ex­ ducted 10 to 15 in the future. As Western tensive areas of reefs, turtle grass flats, civilization continues to make its intrusions on and other marine and freshwater which Palauan culture, it is less common for young support a rich diversity of aquatic life. This men to fish and hence to learn the many names diversity is due not only to the variety of of their fishes. Consequently, names and prac­ habitats but also to the proximity of the Palau tical knowledge of the natural history of many group to the Indo-Malayan region, which has fishes-and other and plants-will be the greatest number of of marine lost with the older generation in Palau. organisms. We were unable to obtain specimens or As would be expected of a people with a illustrations of fishes for some Palauan names dependence on fishes for food, the Palauans and have identified them only at the generic or have distinct names for the many fish species of level. A few others for which we have importance to them. Fishes of little value as specimens appear to be undescribed. For many food either have no native name or only a more, our scientific names are provisional. general name for an entire family. We have not Most families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes are listed those species for which there are no in great need of systematic revision. There is Palauan names. little doubt that some of the scientific names We obtained most ofthe names in the present used here will have to be altered when such study from informants who viewed fresh or revisions are completed. preserved specimens. Illustrations from books This study was conducted over a 3- period from October1967 to August 1970 while the senior author was a United States Peace I Manuscript received 7 July 1972. Corps Volunteer in Palau. The junior author 2 Department of , University of , has made three visits to the islands. Fishes col­ Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. lected during these visits have been deposited J Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818. at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu. 136 Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 137

..~ ..-

oKayangel I. ~ g'~ -~=+---t---jr------00

o 2000 km

Ba beldaub J.

w--A*. 10 20 30 40 km

.'Angaur J. Fig. 1. The Palau Islands. The northern sector consists of Babeldaub and Kayangel; the southern sector, Korar, Peleliu, and Angaur. Redrawn from Yamaguchi et al. (1969). 138 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

of these appear similar to the Palauan designa­ HISTORIC AND GEOGRAPHIC COMPARISON tions: OF PALAUAN FISH NAMES ENGLISH YAPESE PALAUAN Palau has been under the domination of rays rol rull Spain (1885-1889), (1889-1914), conger (1914-1945), and the United States (1945­ () mar mar present). Little Spanish or German influence flyingfish is shown in thecurrentfish names. The Japanese (Exocoetidae) gog kok occupation resulted in some name changes angelfish which are discussed for the individual species (Pomacanthidae) er cher below. NoAmerican names are commonly used. unicorn fish The earliest known publication in which () urn chum Palauan fish names appeared was Keate (1788). yellowfin He used the word neekell for" fish" and arool (Scombridae) taguw tekuu for "skaite, or large ." There has been tuna (Scombridae) garngab kerengob little change in these two words: fishes, in general, are called ngikel, and stingrays are re­ The lack of similarity is predictable, since ferred to as rull. We have found only three Palauan shares little linguistic affinity with publications since Keate which include more Yapese. The Palauan language is closer to than a few Palauan fish names. Walleser (1913) Indonesian than to any of the Micronesian gave 99 Palauan fish names; he identified 25 of languages (Capell, 1962). Similarity in the these by common name, but gave no scientific Palauan and Yapese names of pelagic fishes, names. Kramer (1929) listed 375 native fish such as the exocoetids and scombrids, is prob­ names with 120 line drawings, but gave only ably due to name-borrowing. For further dis­ 64 scientific identifications. Abe (1939) identi­ cussion of this practice, see the introduction to fied 376 species offishes by scientific name from the family Scombridae. Palau; for 60 of these he also recorded the The native names of fishes are not the same vernacular names. The present paper contains throughout Palau. Pronunciation differences, 336 Palauan names and 312 scientific names. and even different names for the same fish, Little work has been published on fish names occur in villages only a few miles apart. Names from other Micronesian areas. Randall (1955) in this paper followed by (N) or (S) indicate listed the Gilbertese names for 151 fishes ob­ primary usage in the northern and southern tained at Onotoa. Kami, Ikehara, and Deleon sectors of Palau, respectively. Where two (1968) reported 465 species of fishes from native names appear for a fish, the first is the , including vernacular names for 191 more commonly used or was obtained from species. There are only two possible similarities more positive informants. Where different betweenthe Guamanianand Palauan fish names. names apply to different developmental stages Exocoetids (flyingfishes) are called gaaga in or sexes of a single species, all names are given Guam and kok in Palau. The silverside Pranesus and the size or sex noted accordingly. insularum insularum (family Atherinidae) is called ginyo in Guamanian, which is close to the SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION Palauan name kingyo for the guppy Poecilia Palauan spelling has not been standardized. reticulatus (family Poeciliidae). Both are small We have attempted to use the spelling system silvery fishes, and it appears that the name in currently accepted in Palau. Spellings of fish each case has been borrowed from the Japanese. names were often contested by Palauans almost Marjorie V. Cushing-Falanruw of the Uni­ as much as the names themselves. versity of Guam was kind enough to send us a The following is an approximate key to the copyof her unpublished reporton theethnoich­ pronunciation of the more commonly used thyology ofYap, an group approximately sounds in this paper. The examples are from an 500 km northeast of Palau. She listed 102 anonymous, undated (ca. 1966), U.S. Peace Yapese names and 48 scientific names. Seven Corps language training text on Palauan. Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 139

VOWELS: a, like the a in father; e, like the e in in back"), similar to pictures of Squatina spp.; bet; i, like the e in Pete; 0, like the 0 in bore; koklchedeng ("flying "); yaoslche­ u, like the 00 in boot. deng, a spotted shark. : ai, like the ie in tie; ao, au, like the ou in about; ea, like the '!Y 0 ofst'!Y on; ei, like the '!Y in b'!Y; eyo, like the '!Y 0 of st'!Y over; 1. CARCHARHINIDAE (REQUIEM ) ia, like the ea 0 of tea on Friday; iu, combine the e of me with the ue of Sue; oa, like the oa in moa; Two offshore species, falciformis oi, like the f!Y of bf!Y; ou, like the oa of boat; ui, Bibron in Muller & Henle and C. maou (Les­ like the ouie of Louie. son) (= longimanus [Poey]), are known to some CONSONANTS: d, similar to th in then; ng, like Palauans, but there are no accepted vernacular the ng in song; r, usually trilled slightly, as in names for these sharks. Melkakl is a Koror Spanish; , a , similar to the be­ name for an unknown species in this family. ginning of the expression, ughI Matukeyoll comes from a word that means"to dash at and turn quickly" and refers to a com­ mon behavior of the . NAMES OF BODY PARTS Carcharhinus albimarginatus besachel (N) (Ruppell) Fig. 2 gives the Palauan names for anatomical Carcharhinus amb(yr0'nchos mederart, features of a fish. (Bleeker) teongt Carcharhinus melanopterus matukeyoll (Quoy & Gaimard) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & mochelas Lesueur) Our principal informants for Palauan fish acuttdens (Ruppell) names were Adelbai, Blaiyok, Sumang, and metal Triaenodon obesus (Ruppell) Esebei of Koror and Remoket of Peleliu. Sing­ ulupsuchl itz Singeo and Masaharu Tmodrang aided us in solving linguistic problems. Judy Meyer made the German translations and drew the figures. 2. SPHYRNIDAE (~AMMERHEAD SHARKS) We are also indebted to Alan Drew, John Hammerhead sharks are called ulach, which Hasse, and Howard Yoshiura of the U.S. Peace is the same name as that for the base of a coco­ Corps, Peter T. Wilson and James P. McVey of nut palm frond and refers to the lateral expan­ the Marine Resources Division of the U.S. sion of the head of these sharks. Hammerheads Trust Territory, and P. Owen and Hera are often called ulachlchedeng, to distinguish Owen of the Entomology Laboratory of the them from Fistularia petimba, which is also U.S. Trust Territory for valuable assistance. known as ulach. Sp0'rna spp. ulach

PALAUAN FISH NAMES 3. ORECTOLOBIDAE (NURSE SHARKS The families of fishes are given in phylo­ AND CARPET SHARKS) genetic sequence; genera and species are listed The name metmut is from the verb "to under each family alphabetically. suck." One informant attributes the name to the unfounded belief that this shark attaches itself to large fish and sucks body fluids from SQUALIFORMES (SHARKS) them. Biall means "wide-eyed," as in a young The general Palauan name for sharks is child. chedeng. We have been unable to obtain Ging(ymostoma ferrugineum metmut specimens of the following reported names: (Lesson) chedenguchei rulluriul ("shark in front, ray Stegostoma varium (Seba) biall 140 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973 TECHEBEL (FIN SPINES)

CHESENGEL (LATERAL LI NE) KEBEKEBEL ()

CHORSUL (HORN) CHOLSENGEL (CAUDAL SPINE)

MEDAL ()

UNGELEL (TEETH)

NGEREL (MOUTH) ~------CHELEWEL (SCALES)

BETKEL (BODY SPINE) DESAL ()

KESEMDEL ( FILAMENTS) '-- SWESl~EL (TESTES)

ONGESECHOLEL ~ (GILL CHAMBER) CHOISAL (PECTORAL FIN)

FIG. 2. Major parts of the fish. Palauan names are given in the third person singular possessive.

RAJIFORMES (RAYS) graphs of Rhinobatos spp. Tebekbuk is an The general name for rays is rull. We collect­ additional name for which we have found no ed no specimens of rays for study. They are not pictures. common in Palau, yet they are very popular food fishes (with the exception of Aetobatus, 4. MYLIOBATIDAE (EAGLE RAYS) which has totemic restrictions on its capture). Therefore, very few of these fishes ever reach Aetobatus narinari chochaio the market, and those that do are quickly pur­ (Euphrasen) chased. All of our names were obtained from pictures in books shown to our informants. These illustrations were often of rays which 5. DASYATIDAE (STING RAYS) probably do not occur in the Palau Islands but In addition to dudek we have obtained the merely resemble species that do. Rulluchei following ray names which seem to belong to edenguriul ("ray in front, shark in back") and dasyatids: ilachetoil, kim (also a general name rulle1chedeng have been given for photo- for tridacnid clams), kultalchelbeab, ngiilch, Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 141 tuboklmerand, and ruetuu (a large ray of at water. Its name means " gauge," in refer­ least 150 cm in width; we have seen a barb ence to its habit of maintaining its head just 25 cm long attributed to this species). beneath the surface regardless of tidal oscilla­ tion. Dasyatis sp. dudek

9. (FRESHWATER ) 6. MOBULIDAE (MANTAS) Anguilla spp. kitle1 Manta sp., Mobu/a sp. chouklemedaol (N), chokle­ medaol (S) 10. CONGRIDAE (CONGER EELS) Conger einereus Ruppell mar 7. MEGALOPIDAE () Palauans often distinguish fishes from man­ 11. MURAENIDAE (MORAYS) grove, , deepwater, or oceanic areas with Most moray eels are called kesebekuu, al­ a suffix. The ox eye, Mega/ops ryprinoides, is though a few of the larger species are recog­ chaol diong (chaol "from nized by different names. In addition to the areas "); the young of Chanos ehanos is chaol identifications given here, we have on several kereker (chaol "from the lagoon"). occasions been told of an aggressive muraenid Mega/ops ryprinoides chaol diong called cholechulach which has a long mouth (Broussonet) and large teeth and is said to reach a length of 4 meters. This is the name given to the photo­ graph in Schultz et al. (1953), Plate 13A, of 8. ALBULIDAE () Enehefynassa eanina (Quoy & Gaimard). It is doubtful, however, that this species exceeds A/blua vulpes (Linnaeus) suld 1.5 m in length. The largest moray of which we have positive record in the Pacific is a specimen of Gymnothoraxjavanieus (Bleeker) from Hawaii ANGUILLIFORMES (EELS) which measured 2.2 m (R. E. Brock, personal Ditch is a general name for brackish water communication). We have collectedjavanieus in eels. We have been able to link Palauan names Palau, but none approaching this size. When with some of the more common and distinctive shown this species, our informants provided species of eels, such as certain morays, but we only the general moray name, kesebekuu. have been given a number ofPalauan names for Gymnothorax spp. kesebekuu which we have no specimens nor sufficient in­ Gymnothorax me/eagris (Shaw sekelekoll formation to tie the names even to family. & Nodder) These names are as follows: bute1kaeb, deb­ Gymnothorax undu/atus luleu debesche1ange1, didalatang, kilch (a fresh­ (Lacepede) water eel living in the larger limestone islands), Uropterygius spp. kesebekuu klaeb, tukidolch, and utuitch (similar to Anguilla, but very thin). Tukidolch is applied to a congridlike eel about 10 cm in diameter 12. (SNAKE EELS) which supposedly attains a length of5.5 m. This eel lives in a burrow in bottoms at depths Because of their fossorial habits, the snake of about 4 to 6 meters near the eels as a group are not well known to native regions of western Babeldaub. It is said to peoples. Although many species occur in Palau, extend itself from its burrow only at night (and only the general name mar is used, and this is hence has been seen only on moonlit nights) usually applied to black-barred species such as with its head just beneath the surface of the Leiuranus semieinetus and Myriehthys eo/ubrinus. 142 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

In southern Palau the latter species is called most of which are found in holothurians. bsipslngechal. Molch is a commonly eaten holothurian which derives its name from its resemblance to a Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & mar penis. A less commonly used name for Bennett) is derirk. colubrinus mar (N), (Boddaert) bsipslnge­ chal (S) 19. ANTENNARIIDAE (FROGFISHES) The Palauan frogfish name is cholik, which 13. CLUPEIDAE () is the same as that for the fruit bat Pteropus sp. An unidentified clupeid bears the Palauan Antennarius spp. cholik name mams. The additional names chedings and ulekiued are recorded for fishes believed to be clupeids. Ulekiued is also the general 20. ATHERINIDAE (SILVERSIDES) name for species of Caesio and Pterocaesio. The general name for atherinid fishes is Herklotsichthyes sp. mekebud teber. Our only Palauan specimens of the Spratelloides delicatulus kwaol family are Pranesus pinguis. Abe (1939) listed this (Bennett) and four other atherinids from Palau. Pranesus pinguis (Lacepede) teber 14. ENGRAULIDAE () One other Palauan name for an we 21. MUGILIDAE (MULLETS) have not seen is merau. Sebus has been reported as applying to a Stolephorus heterolobus telai fish in this family, but we have been unable to (Riippell) obtain specimens for identification. Chelon vaigiensis (Quoy & chesau (N), 15. SYNODONTIDAE (LIZARDFISHES) Gaimard) uluu (S) Saurida gracilis (Quoy & desomel Crenimugil crenilabis blilch (small), Gaimard) (Forsskal) kelat (large) Synodus spp. desomel Mugil ceramensis Bleeker iokedch

16. CHANIDAE (MILKFISH FAMILY) 22. POLYNEMIDAE (THREADFINS) Mesekelat is also the name for the female of Po(ydacrylus spp. klakmil Scarus sexvittatus. Chanos chanos Forsskal chaol kereker (small), 23. SPHYRAENIDAE (BARRACUDAS) mesekelat In addition to the names given below, there (large) is a barracudafrom Angaur called babii("pig") because of the high fat content ofits meat. 17. PLOTOSIDAE (MARINE ) Sphyraena barracuda mersaod Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch) kebes (Walbaum) « 30 cm), mordubch (30-60 cm), 18. CARAPIDAE (PEARLFISHES) ai(> 60cm) Carapids are called eremelamolch, which Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier & meai means" of the sea ," in refer­ Valenciennes ence to the endobiotic habits of these fishes, Sphyraena genie Klungzinger meai Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 143

24. EXOCOETIDAE (FLYINGFISHES) 29. AULOSTOMIDAE () The general name for flyingfishes is kok. Although Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus) is not uncommon in Palau, we were unable to obtain a native name for this fish from any of 25. HEMIRAMPHIDAE (HALFBEAKS) our informants. The name bolobel is applied to marine 30. FISTULARIDAE (CORNETFISHES) species of halfbeaks, particularly the larger individuals. The Zenarchopterus, which Fistularia petimba is called ulach, or ulachl­ inhabits rivers, is called kieu. A species with a merand (ulach "from coral regions") to dis­ short lower in Peleliu is called ngesur; we tinguish it from ulach1chedeng, the hammer­ have not seen a specimen. head sharks. Hemiramphus spp. bolobel Fistularia petimba Lacepede ulach Hjporhamphus spp. bolobel Zenarchopterus spp. kieu 31. () The local name for the oneshrimpfish known from Palau is kobesos, which describes the 26. BELONIDAE () paddling motion of the pectoral fins when this Needlefishes are known only by the general fish swims. name sekos. strigatus (Gunther) kobesos

32. SYNGNATHIDAE ( 27. POECILIIDAE (LIVE-BEARERS) AND SEA HORSES) The Japanese brought Poecilia reticulatus, Although there are a number ofpipefishes in the guppy of aquarium fame, to Palau for Palau, we could discover no vernacular names. mosquito control. Palauans use a name derived Abe (1939), however, listed the Palauan name from Japanese for this fish. emdeb for these fishes. The sea horse, Hippo­ Poecilia reticulatus (Peters) kingyo campus sp., is today called woseradaub, which means literally "sea horse." An obsolete name for the sea horse is kobesos, now applied solely to Aeoliscus. 28. (SQUIRRELFISHES) Hippocampus sp. woseradaub, Techelabilis means "meat of a dog." kobesos Palauans do not eat dogs and the fish name im­ plies that the small Adioryx is not worth eating. All species of 1v1yripristis, including the 33. (SCORPIONFISHES) distinctive M. kuntee (Russell), are known by The word betaot, the suffix for the name of the single name bsukl. most ofthe scorpionfishes in Palau, means both Adioryx spp. kedaol "bottom of the sea" and "spines." Adioryx diadema (Lacepede) techelabilis Pterois spp. chesechid (N), chomou­ Scorpaena spp. koklbetaot chedekl (S) Scorpaenodes spp. koklbetaot Adioryx spinifer (Forsskal) desachel Scorpaenopsis spp. koklbetaot Adioryx tiere (Cuvier & techelabilis Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & smuuch (N), Valenciennes) Schneider louch (S) Flammeo spp. kedaol Taenianotus triacanthus louch 1v1yripristis spp. bsukl Lacepede 144 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

34. PLATYCEPHALIDAE (FLATHEADS) urodelus (Bloch oUos & Schneider) All platycephalids, the largest of which is Cromileptes altivelis (Cuvier & meleches Platycephalus sp., are called debribr. Valenciennes) Epinephelus corallicola (Cuvier chemirchorch, & Valenciennes) mirchorch 35. DACTYLOPTERIDAE Epinephelus fasciatus temekai (FLYING GURNARDS) (Forsskal) Dactyloptena orientalis Cuvier koklbetaot Epinephelus ftavocaeruleus temekai & Valenciennes (Lacepede) (= kohleri Schultz) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus remochel 36. APOGONIDAE (CARDINALFISHES) (Forsskal) All cardinalfishes are called sebus, or sebus­ Epinephelus fuscus Fourmanoir keksau Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch meratch (N), ngmerand (sebus "from coral") to distin­ & Schneider) meratk (S) guish them from Etelis marshi, Luijanus mala­ Epinephelus merra Bloch chemirchorch, baricus, and a mugilid which are also called mirchorch sebus. Epinephelus microdon (Bleeker) keksau Epinephelus tauvina bachungor 37. () (Forsskal) This family is generally divided by Palauans Gracila albomarginata (Fowler bekeurasen­ into two main divisions: temekai, which in­ & Bean) gerruk, cludes most species in the genera Epinephelus mardelucheb and Cephalopholis; and tiau, which covers fish in Plectropomus leopardus mokas the genus Plectropomus. Often, when a fisher­ (Lacepede) man did not know the particular name for a Plectropomus melanoleucus katuultiau serranid,he would refer to it as "a kind of (Lacepede) temekai" or "a kind of tiau." Small fish of Plectropomus oligacanthus basolokiil (?) the temekai group are often called mirorch. Bleeker Chubei is the same name as that for Scatopha­ Plectropomus truncatus Fowler mokas gus. 4 Katuultiau means "cat tiau" and refers to Variola louti (Forsskal) basongokiil, the black saddle markings ofthis fish, similar to basolokiil the coloration of the many piebald cats in Palau. Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskal) chubei 38. TOXOTIDAE (ARCHERFISHES) Af!JIperodon leucogrammicus choloteachl Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas) uloi (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Cephalopholis argus Bloch & mengardelu­ Schneider cheb,·men­ gardeluu, 39. CIRRHITIDAE (HAWKFISHES) mardelucheb All of the Palauan names given below for Cephalopholis leopardus elewikl cirrhitids are also used for fishes of other (Lacepede) families. Odiduerabong is the name for the Cephalopholis miniatus rumekei blennies ofthe genus Cirripectes and Meiacanthus (Forsskal) atrodorsalis. Merirchesengl is the name for Cephalopholis sextJlaculatus bachungor varius. Basolokiil is the name for (Ruppell) Variola louti. pinnulatus (Bloch & odiduerabong 4 Elewikl and meleches are also the names for an unknown 1ethrinid-and Sillaga sp., respectively. Schneider) Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 145

Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier & merirchesengl black ; the cleaner's blenniid mimic, Aspi­ Valenciennes) dontus taeniatus; and the blue and black king­ forsteri (Bloch & basolokiil fisher , Ha1t:yon chloris. Schneider) Malacanthus latovittatus tengadidik (Lacepede) 40. THERAPONIDAE (TIGERFISHES) Malacanthus hoedtii Bleeker baiei Therapon jarbua (Forsskal) kliklechol (N), keskus (S) 46. ECHENEIDAE (SHARKSUCKERS AND REMORAS) 41. KUHLIIDAE (AHOLEHOLES) The echeneids are called rekereked) which Besechaml is also the name for adult Mono­ means "to stick to." taxis grandoculis and juvenile PomadaJ:Ys hasta. Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus rekereked Remora remora (Linnaeus) rekereked Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier & besechaml Valenciennes) Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede) besechaml 47. (JACKS) Caranx melampygus is sometimes called by its 42. KYPHOSIDAE (RUDDERFISHES) Japanese name, hira aji. Esuuch, the Palauan Both Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskal) and K. word for C. sexfasciatus, is the same as that for vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard) occur in Palau, the Palau scops owl, Otus podarginus. We have but there is no distinction by vernacular name. been unable to obtain a specimen of a small A dark color phase ofthese fishes is called beab, carangid called buuch; the same name is given which is the same as the name for and to the Areca or betelnut palm. Megalaspis Balistoides viridescens. corcfyla (Linnaeus) occurs in Palau but has no vernacular name. Kyphosus spp. keichul (small), komud Alectis ciliaris (Bloch) ulekreoul (large) Carangoides orthogrammus otewot (Jordan & Gilbert) Carangoides fulvoguttatus iab 43. PRIACANTHIDAE (BIG ) (Forsskal) Species of Priacanthus are called dechil Caranx ignobilis (ForsskiU) cherobk (N), ebakl or dechil a deil. These names literally chederobk mean "feces from metal" and are the Palauan (S) words for rust flakes. The names therefore refer Caranx lugubris Poey chomuktutau to the rust color of these fishes. Caranx melampygus Cuvier & oruidl Valenciennes Priacanthus spp. dechil ebakl, Caranx mate Cuvier & klspeached dechil a deil Valenciennes Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & esuuch 44. (WHITINGS) Gaimard Elagatis bipinnulatus Quoy & desui sp. meleches Gaimard Gnathanodon speciosus wii (Forsskal) 45. BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE () Scomberoides (ysan (Forsskal) yas Tengadidik, the name for Malacanthus lato­ Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) terekrik vittatus, is the same as that applied to the cleaner Seriola rivoliana Cuvier & mekeim , Labroides dimidiatus, of similar blue and Valenciennes

10 H PS 27 146 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

Trachurus boops (Cuvier & terekrik sp. sakuradai Valenciennes) Ltltjanus sp. debull (N), Trachinotus b/ochii (Lacepede) luichlbuil mengeselb­ Uraspis he/vola (Bloch & recherachd lad (S) Schneider) Mac%r niger (Forsskal) ngkalalk Pristipomoides brighami (Seale) sebus 48. CORYPHAENIDAE () Pristipomoides zonatus (Cuvier turang & Valenciennes) Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus chersuuch Pterocaesio spp. ulekiued Symphorus spi/urus Gunther edui 49. (SOAPIES)

The general Palauan name for leiognathid 51. POMADASYIDAE (GRUNTS AND fishes is de1uai. Keyam is also the name for SWEETLIPS) the monodactylids and a species of nut-bearing tree. The young stage of P/ectorhinchus obscurus lives at mangrove edges near river mouths; it Gazza minuta (Bloch) deluai is called melimralm, which means "to drink Leiognathus equu/us (Forsskal) keyam ." P/ectorhinchus ce/ebicus merar 50. (SNAPPERS) Bleeker Metngui is also the name for a lethrinid. P/ectorhinchus chaetodonoides bochol Kedesaulyengl means kedesau "so large that Lacepede it takes up a whole fish stringer." Sakuradai is P/ectorhinchus gaterinus korriu a Japanese name. The name mengese1blad (ForsskiU) means "jokes when biting." This is because of P/ectorhinchus goldmani yaos the fish's habit of picking at a baited hook as if (Bleeker) it were a much smaller fish. P/ectorhinchus obscurus melimralm (Gunther) (small), bikl furcatus (Lacepede) krong (large) Aphareus rutilans Cuvier & metngui Plectorhinchus orienta/is (Bloch) yaos Valenciennes Pomadasys hasta (Bloch) besechaml Aprion virescens Cuvier & ude1 (small), mek- Valenciennes edche1ewe1 Caesio spp. ulekiued (large) Ete/is marshi (Jenkins) sebus Lutjanus argentimacu/atus kedesaulyengl (ForssldU) 52. LETHRINIDAE (EMPERORS) Lutjanus biguttatus (Cuvier & kesebii The suffix toachl means "deep water off the Valenciennes) reef," and is used for two unidentified fish in Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal) kotongl ( < 25 this family, mentnguiltoachl and kllibeil­ cm), kedesau toachl. Metngui is a shallow water Lethrinus, (large) while kllibei is the name given to large, Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal) keremlal barred pomacentrids of the genus AbudeJduj. Lutjanus ma/abaricus (Bloch sebus Kllibeiltoachl appears to be a new genus and & Schneider) species and is allied to Gnathodentex. We are LutJanus monostigma (Cuvier derringl unable to identify five species of Lethrinus, a & Valenciennes) genus greatly in need of revision. Lutjanus fu/vus (Bloch & reyall, kesebii Schneider) (= vaigiensis Gnathodentex aureo/ineatus ulekiull, bodes Quoy & Gaimard) (Lacepede) Lutjanus vitta Day dodes Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker menges Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 147

Lethrinus mahsena (Forsskal) krol Parupeneus trifaseiatus bang Lethrinus mierodon Cuvier & mechur (Lacepede) Valenciennes Upeneus tragula (Richardson) uleangl Lethrinus miniatus (Foster) mlangmud Upeneus vittatus (Forsskal) uleangl Lethrinus sp. elewikl Lethrinus sp. chudch Lethrinus sp. rekruk 56. MONODACTYLIDAE (FINGERFISHES) Lethrinus sp. metngui Monodaerylus argenteus keyam Lethrinus sp. itotch (Linnaeus) Monotaxis grandoeulis besechaml Monodacrylus sebae Lacepede keyam (Forsskal) lethrinid kllibeitoachl lethrinid metnguiltoachl 57. PEMPHERIDAE (SWEEPERS) lethrinid chesichucher Pempheris oualensis Cuvier & ubid Valenciennes 53. NEMIPTERIDAE (SPINE-CHEEKS) 58. CHAETODONTIDAE Seolopsis spp. are called made1charm, which () means "bird's eye" and may refer to the rela­ tively large eyes of these fishes. One unidenti­ All fishes of the genera Chaetodon, Forcipiger, fied nemipterid is named chibars. and Coradion have the same name, chelebesoi, with the interesting exception of Chaetodon Seolopsis spp. made1charm unimaculatus. This fish has a large black spot on either side. Its Palauan name, temengula melechtadui, relates to its being held between 54. GERREIDAE () two fingers when presented to a deity as food, The general Palauan name for gerreids is thereby giving it the spots. The species of chedochd. Henioehus are called kaming, the same as that for goats. Adults of some species of Heniochus Gerres abbreviatus Bleeker chedochd have two horns on their foreheads. Gerres oblongus Cuvier & chesall (small), Valenciennes kotikw Chaetodon spp. chelebesoi (large) Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch temengula Gerres punctatus Cuvier & omoket melechtadui Valenciennes Coradion spp. chelebesoi Forcipiger spp. chelebesoi Heniochus spp kaming 55. MULLIDAE (GOATFISHES) Mulloidiehtf?ys ftavolineatus dech 59. EPHIPPIDAE (SPADEFISHES) (Lacepede) Mulloidiehtf?ys samoensis dech (N), We have collected orbicularis (Fors­ (Gunther) chemisech skal) and P. pinnatus (Linnaeus) in Palau. Both (S) are called llelameduu when smaller than about Parupeneus barberinus bang 13 cm and buls when large. Llelameduu (Lacepede) means "leafof the breadfruit tree" in reference Parupeneus bifaseiatus chedebedobr to the resemblance of the young Platax orbi­ (Lacepede) cularis to drifting leaves. Parupeneus ryclostomus oiachd, tur­ Platax spp. llelameduu (Lacepede) anglbang « 13 cm), (yellow phase) buls(> 13 Parupeneus indieus (Shaw) ldebsungl cm)

IO-2 148 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

60. SCATOPHAGIDAE (SCATS) which are primarily creamy white and brown, are called ngimr. Larger fish undergo a color Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus) chubei change to bluish green and are generally called maml. Two kinds of maml are distinguished: 61. POMACANTHIDAE (ANGELFISHES) didmecheilmaml, which is almost entirely The name mud, applied to most species of blue-green, and triidlmaml, which is darker the small pomacanthid genus Centropyge, is also than didmecheilmaml and has more black in used for many of the damselfishes (see Poma­ the bars on its scales. Triid is also the name for centridae). A similar confusion of pomacanthid the white-browed rail, Poliolimnas cinereus. and pomacentrid names has been found in Palauans have nicknamed Choerodon anchorago Tahiti (Randall, in press). eitin because ofits comparative strength when fighting a spear-likening it to an 18-horse­ Centropyge bispinosus(Giinther) ngemngumk power outboard motor. Udoudunge1el is also Cenlf~YYspp, mud the name for Scarus xanthochir. Epibulus insi­ Euxiphipops sexstriatus cher diator is called ngerengerodl, which means "a (Cuvier & Valenciennes) boat with a sail that is hoisted," and refers to Euxiphipops xanthometapon ngemngumk the highly extendable jaw ofthe fish. Ngetngot (Bleeker) and kayeb are wrasse names for which we have Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch) klbou not been able to determine scientific names. Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert) ngemngumk Anampses caeruleopunctatus udoudungelel Riippell 62. ZANCLIDAE (MOORISH IDOL FAMILY) Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch) kerdeu Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus) karamarama- Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepede adeyaoch duu Cheilinus undulatus Riippell ngimr « 60 cm), did­ 63. POMACENTRIDAE (DAMSELFISHES) mecheil­ maml These small fishes are generally lumped to­ (> 60 cm), gether into two main groups by Palauans, a triidlmaml Dasryllus-Chromis division (chereme1amerand, (> 60 cm) "animal of the coral") and an Abudefduf­ Cheilio inermis (Forsskal) ngiuut Pomacentrus division (mud). We employ the Choerodon anchorago (Bloch) budech, eitin genus Abudefduf in the broad sense; it needs crygula Lacepede uluch to be subdivided into several genera. Coris gaimard (Quoy & dudalm Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch) kllibei Gaimard) Abudefdufsordidus (Forsskal) kllibei Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) ngerengerodl Abudefduf spp. mud Lacepede merirchesengl Chromis spp. cheremela- Halichoeres spp. SlSlt merand Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch) klsieb Dasryllus spp. chereme1a­ Hemipteronotus taeniourus dudalm merand (Lacepede) Pomacentrusperspicillatus etid Labroides dimidiatus (Cuvier tengadidik Cuvier & Valenciennes & Valenciennes) Pomacentrus spp. mud Pseudodax moluccanus (Cuvier udoudunge1el & Valenciennes) Stethqiulis bandanensis tilobed recho­ 64. LABRIDAE () (Bleeker) mesangl An interesting nomenclatural distinction has Thalassoma fuscum (Lacepede) te1ebakl (male), arisen with the largest (and by Palauan stan­ ngot (female) dards most edible) fish of this family, Cheilinus Thalassoma purpureum sechiir (male), undulatus. Fish smaller than 60 cm in length, (Forsskal) ngot (female) Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 149

65. SCARIDAE (PARROTFlSHES) Searus globieeps Cuvier & ngemoiI, eIebt, There are two general names for parrot­ Valenciennes butiliang(male) fishes in Palauan. The most common is butili­ Searus harid (ForsskiU) ngyaoch (small), ang. This comes from botella, the Spanish bergism (large) word for bottle, and is now the Palauan word; Searus lepidus Jenyns mesekelat it particularly applies to the blue and green Searus ovieeps Cuvier & uloiItoachI, Japanese sake and shoyu bottles. The other Valenciennes butiliang general name is mellemau, which is the (male) Palauan word for both the blue and Searus scaber Cuvier & uloiItoachI, green. In both instances, the Palauan name for Valenciennes mengetaoch the family refers to the predominant blue and (male) green colors of many of the fishes. An anti­ Searus sexvittatus Ruppell mesekelat, quated name for this family is mengetaoch, ngesngis which means "eats the boat channel near (male) the village," referring to the group's grazing Searus sordidus Forsskal derbetelloi, habits. UdoudungeleI means "money teeth," butiliang and describes the green teeth of Searus (male) xanthoehir. Kiuid is also the name for the Searus venosus Cuvier & kiuid, menge­ Micronesian starling, Aplonis opaeus. UloiI­ Valenciennes taoch (male) toachI distinguishes the females of Searus ovi­ Searus xanthoehir Bleeker udoudungeIeI eeps and S. seaber from uloi, the archer fish. We have been unable to obtain specimens for three 66. BLENNIIDAE (BLENNIES) reported members of this family, melchot­ Chotord is also the name for Searus gibbus. chachau, mertebetabek, and kmull. Parrot­ Cirripeetes spp. odiduerabong fishes may exhibit dramatic differences in color Enroma~odusspp. bunguk with sex. When two names are given for scarid Istiblennius spp. bunguk, chotord fishes, and the second is labelled "(male)," it refers to the terminal male phase, which is often primarily green. 67. GOBIIDAE (GOBlES) The general name for gobiid fishes, mode­ Bolbometopon murieatus berdebed (small), cheI, is also used for the eleotrid Ophioeara (Cuvier & Valenciennes) kemedukI poroeephala. The amphibious genus Perioph­ (large) thalmus, which is sometimes classified in a Calotomus spinidens (Quoy dekedekuuked family by itself, is called temaitolok. & Gaimard) Chlortlrus bieolor (Ruppell) beadI, ngesngis Periophthalmus spp. temaitolok (male) Leptosearus vaigiensis (Quoy kesuu 68. ELEOTRIDAE (SLEEPERS) & Gaimard) Eleotris spp. soIoch Searus rubroviolaeeus (Bleeker) mesekelatlelebt Ophioeara aporos (Bleeker) soIoch (small), Searus bleekeri (Weber & besacheIutengI de Beaufort) klakesoI (large) Ophioeara poroeephala modecheI Searus bloehi Cuvier & ngemoil Valenciennes (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Searus ehlorodon Jenyns mesekelat Searus forsteri Cuvier & muI 69. ACANTHURIDAE (SURGEONFlSHES) Valenciennes No single general Palauan name applies to all Searus ghobban ForsskaI teIebakI, chelop­ of the surgeonfishes. Rather the family is techukI, molo­ broken into two groups: the species of Naso kidubch (male) are called borch, and the fishes of the genus Searus gibbus Ruppell chotord Aeanthurus and other genera are termed ches- 150 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

eng!. Several of the acanthurids, particularly Naso lituratus (Bloch & cherangl those of the genus Naso, have different names Schneider) in the northern and southern sectors of the Naso tuberosus (Lacepede) chongchutl Palau Islands. Naso unicornis (Forsskal) chum Mesekuuklbad means mesekuuk "from Naso vlamingii (Cuvier & daraboksos, rocky regions." Sechou is the name for Naso Valenciennes) meIangesakl brevirostris, a species with a very long rostral Paracanthurus hepatus mases horn as an adult. It is also the name for reef (Linnaeus) herons and cattle egrets, which have long bills. Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier) masch Chongchutl is the Palauan word for sucking Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch) bisch on a piece of sugarcane; it applies also to two species of Naso because of the Palauan practice 70. SIGANIDAE (RABBITFISHES) ofsucking on the soft parts ofthe skull ofthese Four species of this family have the same fishes. Chum is also the Palauan name for Palauan name, reked, which means "to be hermit . Daraboksos is the word for" a close to" an object. This refers to the pairing file" and refers to the skin of Naso vlamingii. habit of all four predominantly yellow species. Finally, bisch, the name for Zebrasoma veliferum, KleIs is used as a nickname for Siganus lineatus is often used in connection with plants and and also applies to a siganid species we have not animals that will cause a rash if eaten; Z. veli­ collected.5 ferum is not considered good food by many Palauans. Siganus corallinus (Cuvier & reked Acanthurusgahhm (Forsskal) mesekuuklbad Valenciennes) Acanthurus glaucopareius urur Siganus doliatus (Cuvier) reked Cuvier Siganus canaliculatus (Park) meyas Acanthurus guttatus Bloch isaseb Siganus lineatus (Cuvier & klsebuul & Schneider Valenciennes) Acanthurus lineatus belai Siganus puellus (Schlegel) reked (Linnaeus) Siganus punctatus (Bloch & bebail Acanthurus mata (Cuvier) chesengl Schneider) Acanthurus nigrofuscus masch Siganus argenteus (Quay & beduut (Forsskal) Gaimard) Acanthurus nigroris Cuvier masch Siganus spinus (Linnaeus) chepsall & Valenciennes Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & reked Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch kalelaumai (N), Muller) & Schneider merebas (S) Siganus sp. klsebuulimerang Acanthurus pyroferus uais Kittlitz 71. GEMPYLIDAE (SNAKE ) Acanthurus triostegus chelas Promethicht~ys prometheus and the trichiurid (Linnaeus) Trichiurus lepturtfs have the same name, teIou­ Acanthurus xanthopterus mesekuuk chedui; however, the Palauans are aware that Cuvier & Valenciennes they are different fishes. Ctenochaetus binotatus masch Randall PromethichtfDis prometheus telouchedui Ctenochaetus striatus (Quay masch (Cuvier & Valenciennes) & Gaimard) 72. TRICHIURIDAE (CUTLASSFISHES) Naso bracfDicentron (Cuvier chongchutl & Valenciennes) Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus telouchedui Naso brevirostris (Cuvier & sechou (N), Valenciennes) demrechl (S) 5 J. punctatissimus Fowler & Bean and S. perlJ/iet/latlls (Cuvier & Valenciennes) occur rarely in Palau but have Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker) demelengis (N), no native names. D. J. Woodland (personal comrimnica­ borch (S) tion) has advised us on the specific namesofsiganid fishes. Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 151

73. SCOMBRIDAE ( AND individual specimens unloaded from Japanese MACKERELS) long-line vessels receive the name meluis, the During the Japanese occupation of Palau be­ same as for the various species of marlin. tween World War I and World War II, there Kami et al. (1968) recorded one specimen of was a long-line and bait-boat for tunas. 2 meters from Guam, so it seems likely that this Many Palauans were employed in this wide-ranging fish reaches Palau, 1,000 km to the industry. At that time, they adopted the south. Japanese names for the three most important commercial tunas, and these are now the 75. ISTIOPHORIDAE () " native" designations. Since the early Palauans seldom fished outside the lagoon, the replace­ Istiophorus plarypterus (Shaw tekrar ment of the little-used Palauan names by the & Nodder) Japanese names is readily understood. The Makaira spp. meluis Japanese names still in use are soda katsuo, katsuo, and manguro. A second name for the 76. BOTHIDAE (LEFTEYE ) , tekuu, comes from Tobi, a Bothus mancus (Broussonet) rrai small island 500 km southwest of Koror with Bothus pantherinus (Riippel!) rrai an entirely different language and culture. The second name listed for Grammatorrynus bicari­ natus, biturturch, means "smell of urine" be­ 77. OSTRACIONTIDAE (TRUNKFISHES) cause of the odor of the flesh while cooking. The old Palauan name for Katsuwonus was mo­ Riaml is also the name for the tree Pangium korokor, and for Eut!?ynnus, chesodm. Large edule, which has fruit similar in shape and color Katsuwonus are sometimes called diba (from the to Ostracion. English "diver") because of their sounding Lactoria cornutas (Linnaeus) karamasus habit when hooked. Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus bubeu (small), Acanthorybium solanderi keskas (N), riaml (large) (Cuvier) mersad (S) Auxis thazard (Lacepede) chesodm Eut!?Jnnus affinis (Cantor) soda katsuo, 78. BALISTIDAE () chesodm The following names refer to fishes of this Grammatorrynus bicarinatus mokorokor, family (or possibly to the related monacan­ (Quoy & Gaimard) biturturch thids), but we have not seen specimens: brober, Ciymnosarda unicolor kerengob ewilt, klbeob, lungribtal, ngelengelt, and (Riippell) cholikltungch. Katsuwonus pe/amis katsuo, (Linnaeus) mokorokor Balistapus undulatus ilambrokl Rastrelliger brac!?Jsoma smaach (Mungo Park) (Bleeker) Balistoides niger (Bonnaterre) tetachruchel, Scomberjaponicus Houttuyn smaach tungibtall Scomberomorus commersoni ngelngal Balistoides viridescens (Bloch beab (Lacepede) & Schneider) Thunnus albacares tekuu, manguro Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus cherakl, dukl (Bonnaterre) (Riippell) Rhinecanthus aculeatus tungch (Linnaeus) 74. XIPHIIDAE (BROADBILL Rhinecanthus rectangulus tungch FAMILY) (Bloch & Schneider) We are not certain if the swordfish, Xiphias Rhinecanthus verrucosus tungch gladius Linnaeus, occurs in Palauan waters, but (Linnaeus) 152 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 27, April 1973

SuJllamen bursa (Bloch & tungch Schneider) 80. (PUFFERS) tungch SuJllamen niger (Mungo Arothron stellatus (Bloch tiaultelbudl Park) & Schneider) Arothron nigropunctatus telbudl 79. MONACANTHIDAE (FILEFISHES) (Bloch & Schneider) The name lung comes from the word for "stupid." Palauans state that this refers to the general ease with which Alutera may be ap­ 81. DIODONTIDAE (PORCUPINEFISHES) proached and speared. Drutm is also one of the names for the cattle Alutera scripta (Osbeck) lung egret, Bubulcus ibis. Cantherhines pardalis yalk Diodon f.!ystrix Linnaeus drutm (Ruppell) Diodon hoiacanthus Linnaeus drutm Oxymonacanthus longirostris moichall (Bloch & Schneider)

INDEX TO FAMILIES

FAMILY NUMBER FAMILY NUMBER FAMILY NUMBER Acanthuridae 69 Engraulidae 14 Ostraciontidae 77 Albulidae 8 Ephippidae 59 Pempheridae 57 Anguillidae 9 Exocoetidae 24 Platycephalidae 34 Antennariidae 19 Fistularidae 30 Plotosidae 17 - Apogonidae 36 Gempylidae 71 Poeciliidae 27 Atherinidae 20 Gerreidae 54 Polynemidae 22 Aulostomidae 29 Gobiidae 67 Pomacanthidae 61 Balistidae 78 Hemirhamphidae 25 Pomacentridae 63 Belonidae 26 Holocentridae 28 Pomadasyidae 51 Blenniidae 66 Istiophoridae 75 Priacanthidae 43 Bothidae 76 Kuhliidae 41 Scaridae 65 Branchiostegidae 45 Kyphosidae 42 Scatophagidae 60 Carangidae 47 Labridae 64 Scombridae 73 Carapidae 18 Leiognathidae 49 Scorpaenidae 33 Carcharhinidae 1 Lethrinidae 52 Serranidae 37 Centriscidae 31 Lutjanidae 50 Siganidae 70 Chaetodontidae 58 Megalopidae 7 Sillaginidae 44 Chanidae 16 Mobulidae 6 Sphyraenidae 23 Cirrhitidae 39 Monacanthidae 79 Sphyrnidae 2 Clupeidae 13 Monodactylidae 56 Syngnathidae 32 Congridae 10 Mugilidae 21 Synodontidae 15 Coryphaenidae 48 Mullidae 55 Tetraodontidae 80 Dactylopteridae 35 Muraenidae 11 Theraponidae 40 Dasyatidae 5 Myliobatidae 4 Toxotidae 38 Diodontidae 81 Nemipteridae 53 Trichiuridae 72 Echeneidae 46 Ophichthidae 12 Xiphiidae 74 Eleotridae 68 Orectolobidae 3 Zanc1idae 62 Palauan Fish Names-HELFMAN AND RANDALL 153

RANDALL, JOHN E. 1955. Fishes of the Gilbert LITERATURE CITED Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 47: xi+243 p. ABE, TOKIHARU. 1939. A list of the fishes of ---. In press. Tahitian fish names and a the Palao Islands. Studies Palao Trop. BioI. preliminary checklist of the fishes of the Stat. 4: 523-583. Society Islands. Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. CAPELL, ARTHUR. 1962. Oceanic linguistics to­ SCHULTZ, LEONARD P., EARL S. HERALD, day. Curro Anthrop. 3: 371-428 [po 396-424 ERNEST A. LACHNER, ARTHUR D. WELANDER, include comments on the article]. and LOREN P. WOODS. 1953. Fishes of the KAMI, HARRY T., ISAAC I. IKEHARA, and FRAN­ Marshall and Marianas Islands. Vol. 1. Fami­ CISCO P. DELEON. 1968. Check list of Guam lies Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. fishes. Micronesica 4: 95-131. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 202. 660 p. KEATE, GEORGE. 1788. An account ofthe Pelew WALLESER, SALVATOR. 1913. Palau Worterbuch. Islands situated in the western part of the I. Palau-Deutsch. II. Deutsch-Palau. Typis Pacific . Composed from the journals Societatis Missionum ad Exteros. Hong and communications of Captain Henry Wil­ Kong. I. 165 p. II. 98 p. Microfilm reproduc­ son, and some of his officers, who in August tion. 1783 were there shipwrecked, in the Antelope, YAMAGUCHI, MASASHI, MASAFUMI MIYAMOTO, a packet belonging to the honourable East SHUNSUKE NAKAYAMA, and KOKI KURIHARA. Company. Printed for G. Nicol, Lon­ 1969. Report of marine biological survey at don. 378 p. Palau. Dec. 1968-Jan. 1969 [in Japanese, KRAMER, AUGUSTIN. 1929. Palau, Abt. VIII: English figure captions]. Sci. Exped. Club, Botanischer, Zoologischer, und Palauworter­ Tokyo Univ., Tokyo. 49 p. Index. Ill: G. Thilenius [ed.] Ergebnisse der Siidsee-Expedition 1908-1910. Band 3, 4. Teilb.: 337-369.