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United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Date: 12th October 2006 Original: English Eighth Meeting of the Regional Working Group for the Fisheries Component of the UNEP/GEF Project: “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand” Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia 1st - 4th November 2006 INFORMATION COLLATED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON SITES IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE- CYCLES OF SIGNIFICANT FISH SPECIES UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 1 IDENTIFICATION OF FISHERIES REFUGIA IN THE GULF OF THAILAND It was discussed at the Sixth Meeting of the Regional Scientific and Technical Committee (RSTC) in December 2006 that the Regional Working Group on Fisheries should take the following two-track approach to the identification of fisheries refugia: 1. Review known spawning areas for pelagic and invertebrate species, with the aim of evaluating these sites as candidate spawning refugia. 2. Evaluate each of the project’s habitat demonstration sites as potential juvenile/pre-recruit refugia for significant demersal species. Rationale for the Two-Track Approach to the Identification of Fisheries Refugia The two main life history events for fished species are reproduction and recruitment. It was noted by the RSTC that both of these events involve movement between areas, and some species, often pelagic fishes, migrate to particular spawning areas. It was also noted that many species also utilise specific coastal habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves as nursery areas. In terms of the effects of fishing, most populations of fished species are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of high levels of fishing effort in areas and at times where there are high abundances of (a) stock in spawning condition, (b) juveniles and pre-recruits, or (c) pre-recruits migrating to fishing grounds. These impacts are intensified in instances where small-scale fishers and commercial fishers share the same stock, leading to disputes of the relative impacts of each group. An example is where juveniles and pre-recruits are caught in inshore areas by small-scale fisheries, and commercial fishers catch adults of the same species offshore. In this instance, high levels of fishing effort in inshore waters may drive growth over-fishing1, while the same circumstances in offshore areas may cause recruitment over-fishing of the same stock2 (see Figure 1). The use of juvenile refugia to protect fish during the juvenile and pre-recruit phases of their life-cycle can assist in the prevention of growth over-fishing. Whereas spawning refugia, may assist in the prevention of recruitment over-fishing. Figure 1 Generalised life-history triangle for fished species, highlighting the problems of growth and recruitment over-fishing. 1 Growth over-fishing is caused by levels of fishing beyond that required to maximise yield per recruit, and typical involves a size at first capture in the fishery that involves an unsustainably high percentage of juveniles and pre-recruits being captured. 2 Recruitment over-fishing is caused by a level of fishing in which the adult stock is reduced to the extent that recruits produced are insufficient to maintain the population. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 2 Seventh Meeting of the Regional Working Group on Fisheries During its Seventh Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand (16-18 May 2006) the Regional Working Group on Fisheries considered a preliminary inventory of known spawning areas in the Gulf of Thailand for significant pelagic, demersal, and invertebrate species in the Gulf of Thailand (see Tables 1-3). To assist in developing a more comprehensive basis for the development of a list of candidate fisheries refugia sites, the RWG-F agreed to compile information during the inter-sessional period on: • the UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project’s Habitat Demonstration Sites that are critical inshore nursery refugia for important demersal species, • locations in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand that are utilised by important pelagic species for spawning, and • Fisheries management areas that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia. Table 1 Spawning area and season information considered during the Seventh Meeting of the RWG-F for key pelagic transboundary species in the Gulf of Thailand, and proposed actions for refugia identification. Small Pelagics Spawning Proposed Action Family/Species Known Areas Season (Months) SCOMBRIDAE Rastrelliger brachysoma 10-40 miles east of Feb-Apr/Jun-Aug Evaluate as candidate pelagic Prachuap Khiri spawning refugia site Khan/Surattani R. kanagurta Prachuap Khiri Feb-Apr/Jul-Aug Evaluate as candidate pelagic Khan/Surattani spawning refugia site Auxis thazard Western Gulf of Apr-Jun/Aug-Sep Evaluate as candidate large Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site Euthynunus affinis Western Gulf of Jan-Mar/Jun-Jul Evaluate as candidate large Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site Thunnus tonggol Western Gulf of Mar-May/Jul-Dec Evaluate as candidate large Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site Scomberomorous Western Gulf of Feb-Mar/Jun-Sep Evaluate as candidate large commerson Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site ENGRAULIDAE Stolephorus heterolobus 30 miles west of Mar-Apr/Jul-Sep Evaluate as candidate pelagic Prachuap Khiri Khan spawning refugia site CLUPEIDAE Sardinella gibbosa Entire coastal zone Mar-Apr/Jul-Aug Compare the relative importance of different areas of the coastal zone as spawning areas CARANGIDAE Decapterus maruadsi Central Gulf of Thailand Feb-Mar/Jul-Aug Evaluate as candidate central Gulf pelagic spawning refugia site D. macrosoma Central Gulf of Dec-May Evaluate as candidate central Gulf Thailand pelagic spawning refugia site Atule mate 30 miles east of Mar-Apr Evaluate as candidate refugia site Chumporn/Nakorn Si Thammarat Selar crumenophthalmus ? ? Identify spawning areas and seasons Selaroides leptolepis ? Mar/Jul-Aug Identify spawning areas Megalaspis cordyla ? Dec-May/Aug-Nov Identify spawning areas UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 3 Table 2 Spawning area and season information considered during the Seventh Meeting of the RWG-F for key demersal transboundary species in the Gulf of Thailand, and proposed actions for refugia identification. Demersal Fish Spawning Proposed Action Family/Species Known Areas Season (Months) LUTJANIDAE Identify spawning areas. Consider in ? Oct-June Lutjanus lineolatus relation to inshore juvenile refugia. NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus hexodon ? Jan-Apr/Jun-Aug “ N. japonicus ? ? “ N. nematophorus ? Jan-Apr/Aug/Nov “ N. mesoprion ? Feb-Apr “ N. peronii ? Feb-Apr “ Scolopsis taeniopterus ? Dec-Jan/Apr-Aug “ PRIACANTHIDAE Priacanthus tayenus ? Jan-Mar “ SERRANIDAE Epinephelus sexfasciatus ? ? “ SYNODONTODAE Saurida elongata Less than 30 miles Jan-Mar/Aug-Sep “ offshore Saurida tumbil ? Jan-Mar “ Saurida undosquamis ? Dec-Jan/May-Sep “ Table 3 Spawning area and season information considered during the Seventh Meeting of the RWG-F for key invertebrate species in the Gulf of Thailand, and proposed actions for refugia identification. Invertebrates Spawning Proposed Action Family/Species Known Areas Season (Months) PENAEIDAE Penaeus merguiensis ? Jan-Mar/Sep-Dec Identify spawning areas. Consider use of spawning refugia in conjunction with juvenile shrimp, mangrove-based refugia sites. Penaeus japonicus ? Jan-Mar/Jul-Aug Identify spawning areas. Consider use of spawning refugia in conjunction with juvenile shrimp, mangrove-based refugia sites. LOLIGINIDAE Loligo duvauceli Prachuap Khiri Jan/Mar-Apr/Jun- Evaluate as candidate squid spawning Khan/Chumporn Jul/Dec refugia L. chinensis South of Koh Chang, Mar-Apr/Jun-Jul/Nov- Evaluate as candidate squid spawning offshore areas of Dec refugia Prachuap Khiri Khan/Chumporn SEPIIDAE Sepia aculata ? Mar-Apr/Jul-Aug Identify spawning areas. Consider in relation to squid spawning refugia S. recurvirostra ? ? “ S. pharaonis ? Jan-Jul “ INFORMATION COLLATED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON SITES IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE-CYCLES OF SIGNIFICANT FISH SPECIES To assist in the task of preparing a candidate list of fisheries refugia sites in the Gulf of Thailand and South China, the PCU has reviewed all information collated by the fisheries and habitat components of the South China Sea Project on fish-habitat linkages. The sources of this information include: • Draft National Reports on Fisheries, • Draft National Reports on Coral Reefs, Seagrass, Mangroves, and Wetlands, • Habitat Site Characterisations, • Habitat Demonstration Site Project Documents, • South China Sea Online Meta-Database, and • Information Contributed by Fisheries and Habitat Focal Points. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 4 This information has been compiled into country reviews that are included in the following Annexes: • Annex 1: Vietnam • Annex 2: Thailand • Annex 3: Philippines • Annex 4: Indonesia • Annex 5: Cambodia Members of the RWG-F are requested to consider and discuss the contents of this document, particularly the country reviews. Specifically, the RWG-F should: (a) Review the information contained in this document and table any additional sources of information relating to fish habitat and life-cycle linkages, (b) Prepare a list of coral reef, seagrass, wetland, and mangrove sites that are important to the life-cycles of significant fish species, and (c) Agree on specific locations to be included in a list of candidate fisheries refugia sites. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex1 Page 1 ANNEX 1 COMPILATION OF INFORMATION PREPARED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON FISH HABITAT AND LIFE-CYCLE LINKAGES IN VIETNAM 1. EXTRACT FROM VIETNAM’S DRAFT NATIONAL FISHERIES REPORT Spawning and nursery grounds of fish, shrimp Studies of fish eggs and larvae are used to identify fish spawning and nursery grounds. Before 1985, this was a key area of investigation in many surveys conducted in Viet Nam’s northern and southeastern waters. From the mid 1980s through to the 1990s, this area received little attention until the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) conducted some analyses on eggs and larvae in 1999.
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  • Housereef Marineguide

    Housereef Marineguide

    JUVENILE YELLOW BOXFISH (Ostracion cubicus) PHUKET MARRIOTT RESORT & SPA, MERLIN BEACH H O U S E R E E F M A R I N E G U I D E 1 BRAIN CORAL (Platygyra) PHUKET MARRIOTT RESORT & SPA, MERLIN BEACH MARINE GUIDE Over the past three years, Marriott and the IUCN have been working together nationwide on the Mangroves for the Future Project. As part of the new 5-year environmental strategy, we have incorporated coral reef ecosystems as part of an integrated coastal management plan. Mangrove forests and coral reefs are the most productive ecosystems in the marine environment, and thus must be kept healthy in order for marine systems to flourish. An identication guide to the marine life on the hotel reef All photos by Sirachai Arunrungstichai at the Marriott Merlin Beach reef 2 GREENBLOTCH PARROTFISH (Scarus quoyi) TABLE OF CONTENTS: PART 1 : IDENTIFICATION Fish..................................................4 PHUKET MARRIOTT RESORT & SPA, Coral..............................................18 MERLIN BEACH Bottom Dwellers.........................21 HOUSE REEF PART 2: CONSERVATION Conservation..........................25 MARINE GUIDE 3 GOLDBAND FUSILIER (Pterocaesio chrysozona) PART 1 IDENTIFICATION PHUKET MARRIOTT RESORT & SPA, MERLIN BEACH HOUSE REEF MARINE GUIDE 4 FALSE CLOWN ANEMONEFISH ( Amphiprion ocellaris) DAMSELFISHES (POMACE NTRIDAE) One of the most common groups of fish on a reef, with over 320 species worldwide. The most recognized fish within this family is the well - known Clownfish or Anemonefish. Damselfishes range in size from a few