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United Nations UNEP/GEF South Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Date: 12th October 2006 Original: English

Eighth Meeting of the Regional Working Group for the Component of the UNEP/GEF Project: “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of ”

Bangka Belitung Province, 1st - 4th November 2006

INFORMATION COLLATED BY THE FISHERIES AND COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON SITES IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE- CYCLES OF SIGNIFICANT

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 1

IDENTIFICATION OF FISHERIES REFUGIA IN THE GULF OF THAILAND

It was discussed at the Sixth Meeting of the Regional Scientific and Technical Committee (RSTC) in December 2006 that the Regional Working Group on Fisheries should take the following two-track approach to the identification of fisheries refugia:

1. Review known spawning areas for pelagic and species, with the aim of evaluating these sites as candidate spawning refugia.

2. Evaluate each of the project’s habitat demonstration sites as potential juvenile/pre-recruit refugia for significant demersal species.

Rationale for the Two-Track Approach to the Identification of Fisheries Refugia

The two main life history events for fished species are reproduction and recruitment. It was noted by the RSTC that both of these events involve movement between areas, and some species, often pelagic , migrate to particular spawning areas. It was also noted that many species also utilise specific coastal such as reefs, , and as nursery areas. In terms of the effects of , most populations of fished species are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of high levels of fishing effort in areas and at times where there are high abundances of (a) stock in spawning condition, (b) juveniles and pre-recruits, or (c) pre-recruits migrating to fishing grounds. These impacts are intensified in instances where small- fishers and commercial fishers share the same stock, leading to disputes of the relative impacts of each group. An example is where juveniles and pre-recruits are caught in inshore areas by small-scale fisheries, and commercial fishers catch adults of the same species offshore. In this instance, high levels of fishing effort in inshore waters may drive growth over-fishing1, while the same circumstances in offshore areas may cause recruitment over-fishing of the same stock2 (see Figure 1). The use of juvenile refugia to protect fish during the juvenile and pre-recruit phases of their life-cycle can assist in the prevention of growth over-fishing. Whereas spawning refugia, may assist in the prevention of recruitment over-fishing.

Figure 1 Generalised life-history triangle for fished species, highlighting the problems of growth and recruitment over-fishing.

1 Growth over-fishing is caused by levels of fishing beyond that required to maximise yield per recruit, and typical involves a size at first capture in the that involves an unsustainably high percentage of juveniles and pre-recruits being captured. 2 Recruitment over-fishing is caused by a level of fishing in which the adult stock is reduced to the extent that recruits produced are insufficient to maintain the population. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 2

Seventh Meeting of the Regional Working Group on Fisheries

During its Seventh Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand (16-18 May 2006) the Regional Working Group on Fisheries considered a preliminary inventory of known spawning areas in the Gulf of Thailand for significant pelagic, demersal, and invertebrate species in the Gulf of Thailand (see Tables 1-3). To assist in developing a more comprehensive basis for the development of a list of candidate fisheries refugia sites, the RWG-F agreed to compile information during the inter-sessional period on: • the UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project’s Habitat Demonstration Sites that are critical inshore nursery refugia for important demersal species, • locations in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand that are utilised by important pelagic species for spawning, and • areas that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia.

Table 1 Spawning area and season information considered during the Seventh Meeting of the RWG-F for key pelagic transboundary species in the Gulf of Thailand, and proposed actions for refugia identification. Small Pelagics Spawning Proposed Action /Species Known Areas Season (Months) SCOMBRIDAE Rastrelliger brachysoma 10-40 miles east of Feb-Apr/Jun-Aug Evaluate as candidate pelagic Prachuap Khiri spawning refugia site Khan/Surattani R. kanagurta Prachuap Khiri Feb-Apr/Jul-Aug Evaluate as candidate pelagic Khan/Surattani spawning refugia site Auxis thazard Western Gulf of Apr-Jun/Aug-Sep Evaluate as candidate large Thailand / spawning refugia site Euthynunus affinis Western Gulf of Jan-Mar/Jun-Jul Evaluate as candidate large Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site Thunnus tonggol Western Gulf of Mar-May/Jul-Dec Evaluate as candidate large Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site Scomberomorous Western Gulf of Feb-Mar/Jun-Sep Evaluate as candidate large commerson Thailand tuna/mackerel spawning refugia site ENGRAULIDAE Stolephorus heterolobus 30 miles west of Mar-Apr/Jul-Sep Evaluate as candidate pelagic Prachuap Khiri Khan spawning refugia site CLUPEIDAE Sardinella gibbosa Entire coastal zone Mar-Apr/Jul-Aug Compare the relative importance of different areas of the coastal zone as spawning areas CARANGIDAE Decapterus maruadsi Central Gulf of Thailand Feb-Mar/Jul-Aug Evaluate as candidate central Gulf pelagic spawning refugia site D. macrosoma Central Gulf of Dec-May Evaluate as candidate central Gulf Thailand pelagic spawning refugia site Atule mate 30 miles east of Mar-Apr Evaluate as candidate refugia site Chumporn/Nakorn Si Thammarat Selar crumenophthalmus ? ? Identify spawning areas and seasons Selaroides leptolepis ? Mar/Jul-Aug Identify spawning areas Megalaspis cordyla ? Dec-May/Aug-Nov Identify spawning areas

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 3

Table 2 Spawning area and season information considered during the Seventh Meeting of the RWG-F for key demersal transboundary species in the Gulf of Thailand, and proposed actions for refugia identification. Spawning Proposed Action Family/Species Known Areas Season (Months) Identify spawning areas. Consider in ? Oct-June lineolatus relation to inshore juvenile refugia. NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus hexodon ? Jan-Apr/Jun-Aug “ N. japonicus ? ? “ N. nematophorus ? Jan-Apr/Aug/Nov “ N. mesoprion ? Feb-Apr “ N. peronii ? Feb-Apr “ Scolopsis taeniopterus ? Dec-Jan/Apr-Aug “ Priacanthus tayenus ? Jan-Mar “ sexfasciatus ? ? “ SYNODONTODAE elongata Less than 30 miles Jan-Mar/Aug-Sep “ offshore Saurida tumbil ? Jan-Mar “ Saurida undosquamis ? Dec-Jan/May-Sep “ Table 3 Spawning area and season information considered during the Seventh Meeting of the RWG-F for key invertebrate species in the Gulf of Thailand, and proposed actions for refugia identification.

Invertebrates Spawning Proposed Action Family/Species Known Areas Season (Months) PENAEIDAE Penaeus merguiensis ? Jan-Mar/Sep-Dec Identify spawning areas. Consider use of spawning refugia in conjunction with juvenile , -based refugia sites. Penaeus japonicus ? Jan-Mar/Jul-Aug Identify spawning areas. Consider use of spawning refugia in conjunction with juvenile shrimp, mangrove-based refugia sites. LOLIGINIDAE Loligo duvauceli Prachuap Khiri Jan/Mar-Apr/Jun- Evaluate as candidate spawning Khan/Chumporn Jul/Dec refugia L. chinensis South of Koh Chang, Mar-Apr/Jun-Jul/Nov- Evaluate as candidate squid spawning offshore areas of Dec refugia Prachuap Khiri Khan/Chumporn SEPIIDAE Sepia aculata ? Mar-Apr/Jul-Aug Identify spawning areas. Consider in relation to squid spawning refugia S. recurvirostra ? ? “ S. pharaonis ? Jan-Jul “

INFORMATION COLLATED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON SITES IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE-CYCLES OF SIGNIFICANT FISH SPECIES

To assist in the task of preparing a candidate list of fisheries refugia sites in the Gulf of Thailand and South China, the PCU has reviewed all information collated by the fisheries and habitat components of the South China Sea Project on fish-habitat linkages. The sources of this information include:

• Draft National Reports on Fisheries, • Draft National Reports on Coral Reefs, Seagrass, Mangroves, and Wetlands, • Habitat Site Characterisations, • Habitat Demonstration Site Project Documents, • South China Sea Online Meta-Database, and • Information Contributed by Fisheries and Habitat Focal Points.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 4

This information has been compiled into country reviews that are included in the following Annexes:

• Annex 1: • Annex 2: Thailand • Annex 3: • Annex 4: Indonesia • Annex 5: Cambodia

Members of the RWG-F are requested to consider and discuss the contents of this document, particularly the country reviews. Specifically, the RWG-F should:

(a) Review the information contained in this document and table any additional sources of information relating to fish habitat and life-cycle linkages,

(b) Prepare a list of coral , seagrass, wetland, and mangrove sites that are important to the life-cycles of significant fish species, and

(c) Agree on specific locations to be included in a list of candidate fisheries refugia sites.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex1 Page 1

ANNEX 1 COMPILATION OF INFORMATION PREPARED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON FISH HABITAT AND LIFE-CYCLE LINKAGES IN VIETNAM

1. EXTRACT FROM VIETNAM’S DRAFT NATIONAL FISHERIES REPORT

Spawning and nursery grounds of fish, shrimp

Studies of fish and larvae are used to identify fish spawning and nursery grounds. Before 1985, this was a key area of investigation in many surveys conducted in Viet Nam’s northern and southeastern waters. From the mid 1980s through to the 1990s, this area received little attention until the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) conducted some analyses on eggs and larvae in 1999. The Vietnamese Research Institute for Marine Fisheries also completed a number of surveys in 2002 and 2003. However, these efforts have mainly focused on the Gulf of Tonkin, and waters of the central and southeastern regions. A paucity of information exists for the Gulf of Thailand. Typical of tropical fish fauna, marine fishes in Viet Nam throughout the and in all waters. We will now consider fish spawning and nursery grounds based on studies on eggs and larvae in specific areas of Viet Nam.

Gulf of Tonkin Although eggs and larvae scatter over the Gulf of Tonkin, there are five areas where spawning is concentrated: (1) from Co To to Ha Mai ; (2) around Bach Long Vi Island; (3) coastal waters from Cat Ba Island to the Ba Lat ; (4) from Ninh Co to Lach Ghep ; and (5) coastal waters from Dien Chau Gulf to the Cua Viet estuary.

More fishes tend to spawn from March to September. However, peak spawning occurs from April to June. In a survey conducted from August to September 2003 (Do Van Nguyen 2004), the highest density of fish eggs and larvae was found in the area from Cat Ba to Long Chau , with 6000 to 9000 eggs/1000 m3. In the southern part of the Gulf, densities ranged from 9000 to 22900 eggs/m3.

The highest larval densities, observed in the southern Gulf area, ranged from 3000 to 12000 larvae/ 1000m3. The analysis of eggs indicated that the dominant families were Engraulidae (17.08%), Synodontidae (5.48%), and Clupeidae (2.01%). The dominant families in term of larvae were Scombridae (16.56%), Clupeidae (14.29%), and (12.15%). In the survey conducted from October to November 2003 (Do Van Nguyen 2004), the areas with highest concentrations of eggs and larvae were Cat Ba and Bach Long Vi Islands, as well as the southern part of the Gulf (more than 1000 eggs or larvae/1000 m3). A counting of and larvae by Do Van Nguyen indicated that the family of Engraulidae ranked first (50.14 and 59.04%, respectively). Other dominant families were Synodontidae, Synoglossidae, Gobiidae and Leiognathidae.

Central waters In waters of the central region, there is no typical spawning ground. Eggs tend to be scattered along the coastline or adjacent to river estuaries, whilst the distribution of fish larvae extends a little further offshore. In this area, it seems more fishes spawn from April to September, with peak spawning activity occurring from May to July.

According to a survey conducted from April to May 2003, the dominant families were Excoetidae (19.11% of total eggs and 35.70% of total larvae), Scombridae (13.75% and 24.40% eggs and larvae, respectively) (Do Van Nguyen 2003). The eggs and larvae were scattered throughout the area.

However, densities were highest (more than 500 eggs or larvae/1000m3) in waters adjacent to Danang, the Paracels archipelagos, as well as more southern waters. The composition of eggs and larvae observed in the survey from October to November 2003 differed slightly (Do Van Nguyen 2003). According to the number of total eggs, the family of Clupeidae ranked first (41.62%) and Scombridae (8.67%) second. The larvae of Myctophidae (35.08%) and Scombridae (7.52%) were dominant.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 2 Southeastern waters According to historical data (Do Van Nguyen 1981 and 1999), there are three main spawning grounds: (1) around Cu Lao Thu Island; (2) around Con Son Island; and (3) coastal waters from Phan Thiet province to Ca Mau Cape. In general, the spawning season in this area is longer than that observed for the Gulf of Tonkin, and can be divided into two groups: • Migratory fishes, such as tuna and flying fish, tend to spawn more from April to September in the coastal waters between Quang Ngai to Khanh Hoa provinces. • Commercially important inshore fish species spawn from February to March until October to November. They may spawn 3 to 4 times during this season.

The data available from recent SEAFDEC surveys (Do Van Nguyen, 1999), conducted from 30 April to 29 May 1999, indicate that the area with the highest concentration of fish eggs (>1000 eggs/1000m3) is that from Phu Quy Island to the Mekong River Estuaries. The concentration of larvae was highest in waters extending from the Mekong estuaries to Con Son Island. According to egg counts, the dominant families were Engraulidae, Synodontidae, Cynoglossidae, and Clupeidae. Families of Engraulidae, Leiognathidae, Gobiidae, Carangidae, Mullidae, Scombridae, and Nemipteridae dominated according to larvae quantities.

Unknown issues such as stocks with undefined spawning grounds

Very few studies regarding spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds have been conducted in Vietnamese waters, especially those located in the Gulf of Thailand. Therefore, spatial and temporal variations in fish distribution and abundance, particularly in offshore areas and regarding pelagic fishes, cannot be compared against any baseline information. In to strengthen knowledge regarding the status of resources, there is a need for the initiation of a comprehensive fisheries research programme.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex1 Page 3 2. INPUTS FROM THE FISHERIES COMPONENT FOCAL POINT FOR VIETNAM

Table 1 Locations on the South China Sea of Vietnam that act as critical inshore nursery refugia for important demersal species (compiled by Dr. Dao Manh Son, Fisheries Focal Point for Vietnam)

Habitat Demonstration Important Demersal Species for Fishing Gears and Existing Fisheries Management Measures in the Area of the Site Site which the Site is Critical Inshore Practices Used in the Area Nursery Habitat of the Site 1. Haiphong – Nam Dinh • Upeneus ncrease s • Bottom trawl • Closed season from ¼ – 30/7 sea water areas including • Upeneus bensasi • High – opening pair trawl • The specific solutions in the formulation of marine fishing strategies, Xuan Thuy National Park • Upeneus moluccensis • Drift gilt Net Increase of State management on marine fishing, re-structuring the (Fig. 1) • Nemipterus virgatus • Bottom gilt net for fishing production as well as establishement of cultural fishing villages • Nemipterus metopias • The impacts of using explosives, electrics, poisonous matters which are • Pomadasys hasta • , digging prohibited • Decapterus maruadsi • The protection of marine ecosystems like , seagrass system, • Sardinella jussieu mangrove forests …as well as the need for protection of marine fish • Ilisha ncrease species which have high economic value, are rare and precious and • Lutjanus erythropterus indanger of extinct • Epinephelus spp • Resources protection of the coastal areas (Reducing a number of • Loligo spp fishing boats (especially which are under 40 Hp.) at the same time off- fisheries development • Sepia spp

• Meretrix meretrix • Penaeus japonicus 2. Bach Long Vi Island • Upeneus moluccensis • Bottom trawl • Closed season from ¼ – 30/7 area in Hai Phong (Fig. 1) • Nemipterus virgatus, • Pair trawl • The impacts of using explosives, electrics, poisonous matters which are • Decapterus maruadsi • Drift net prohibited • Evynnis cardinalis • Bottom gill net • Off-shore fisheries development priority • Pomadasys hasta • Handline • Lutjanus erythropterus • Trammel net • Epinephelus spp • Diving • Haliotis diversicolor • Holothuria spp • gratilla • Loligo spp

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 4 Table 1 cont. Locations on the South China Sea Coast of Vietnam that act as critical inshore nursery refugia for important demersal species (compiled by Dr. Dao Manh Son, Fisheries Focal Point for Vietnam)

Habitat Demonstration Important Demersal Species for Fishing Gears and Existing Fisheries Management Measures in the Area of the Site Site which the Site is Critical Inshore Practices Used in the Area Nursery Habitat of the Site 3. Hon La – Hon Nom • Panulirus ornatus • Bottom trawl • Closed season from 1/4 - 30/7 islands area in Quang • Panulirus stimpsoni • Drift gill Net • The impacts of using explosives, electrics, poisonous matters which are Binh Province (Fig. 1) • Lutjanus erythropterus • Bottom gill net for prohibited • Epinephelus akaara swimming crab • Epinephelus spp • Handline • Siganus guttatus • Trammel net • Holothuria spp • Diving • Coral 4. Phu Quoc Island • Decapterus maruadsi • Purse seine with light • Closed season from 1/5 - 30/6 around area in Kien • Rastrelliger brachysoma • Bottom trawl • Mesh size (purse seine) < 10mm is prohibited Giang province (Fig. 1) • Siganus guttatus • Push net • Fishing operation from 3 nautical miles to the shoreline is prohibited • Lutjanus spp • Drift gill net • The impacts of using explosives, electrics,poisonous matters which are • Epinephelus spp • Bottom gill net prohibited • Holothuria spp • Handline • The protection of marine ecosystems like coral reef, seagrass system, • • Diving mangrove forests • Penaeus merguiensis • Trap • Resources protection of the coastal areas (Reducing a number of • fishing boats (especially which are under 40 Hp.) at the same time off- • Loligo spp shore fisheries development • Sepia tigris • Chelonia mydas • Hippocampus spp • Dugong dugon • Tripneustes gratilla • Seaweeds • Coral

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 5 Table 2 Locations on the South China Sea Coast of Vietnam that important pelagic species utilise for spawning (compiled by Dr. Dao Manh Son, Fisheries Focal Point for Vietnam)

Geographical Location Important Pelagic Species that Fishing Gears and Existing Fisheries Management Measures in the Area Utilise the Area for Spawning Practices Used in the Area 5. East of Southern Part • Ausix tharzat • Bottom trawl • Closed season from 1/4 - 31/7 of Vietnam From Binh • Katsuwonus pelamis • High-opening pair trawl • The specific solutions in the formulation of marine fishing strategies, Thuan Province to Con • Decapterus maruadsi • Drift Gilt Net increaese of State management on marine fishing, re-structuring the Dao Island (Fig.1) • Rastrelliger kanagurta • Purse seine net fishing production as well as establishement of cultural fishing villages • Scomberomorus spp • Long line • The impacts of using explosives, electrics, poisonous matters which are • Priacanthus macracanthus • Hand line prohibited • Saurida undosquamis • Trap • The protection of marine ecosystems like coral reef, seagrass system, • Lutjanus erythropterus • Diving mangrove forests ...as well as the need for protection of marine fish • Rachycentron canadum species which have high economic value, are rare and precious and • Loligo spp indanger of extinct • Sepia spp • Resources protection of the coastal areas(Reducing a number of fishing • Chelonia mydas boats (especially which are under 40 Hp.) at the same time off-shore fisheries development • Dugong dugon 6. West of Southern Part • Stolephorus spp • Purse seine net with light • Closed season from 1/4 - 31/7 of Vietnam From Hon • Rastrelliger brachysoma • Bottom trawl • Mesh size (purse sein) <10 mm is prohibited Chuoi to Phu Quoc island • Katsuwonus pelamis • Pair trawl • The specific solutions in the formulation of marine fishing strategies, (Fig. 1) • Decapterus maruadsi • Push net increaese of State management on marine fishing, re-structuring the • Scomberomorus guttatus • Drift gill Net fishing production as well as establishement of cultural fishing villages • Chorinemus lysan • Bottom gill net • The impacts of using explosives, electrics, poisonous matters which are • Sardinella gibossa • Trammel net prohibited • spp • Hand line • The protection of marine ecosystems like coral reef, seagrass system, • Trichiurus haumella • Trap mangrove forests ...as well as the need for protection of marine fish • Megalaspis cordyla species which have high economic value, are rare and precious and • Rachycentron canadum indanger of extinct • Ausix tharzat • Resources protection of the coastal areas and off- shore fisheries • Saurida spp development priority • Loligo spp • Sepia spp • Chelonia mydas

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 6 Table 3 Fisheries management areas in Vietnam that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia

Importance of the Area to Objective of the of Species for which the Area is the Life-Cycle of the Management Area4 and Province/State Geographical Location Management Managed Species for which it is Associated Management Area3 Managed Measures 1. Hai Phong-Nam 19050’ - 20040’ N CS • Nemipterus virgatus • JN Dinh Province, • Decapterus maruadsi • SA 0 0 including Xuan Thuy 106 05’ - 106 45’ E • Sardinella jussieu National Park (Fig. • Lutjanus erythropterus 1) • Loligo spp • Sepia spp • Meretrix meretrix • Penaeus japonicus 2. Hai Phong (Bach 19040’ - 20015’ N SC • Nemipterus virgatus • SA Long Vi Island area, • Decapterus maruadsi • MR 0 0 Fig. 1) 107 20’ - 107 55’ E • Evynnis cardinalis • Lutjanus erythropterus • Epinephelus spp • Haliotis diversicolor • Holothuria spp • Tripneustes gratilla • Loligo spp 3. Quang Binh 17040’ - 18000’ N CS • Panulirus ornatus • JN Province (Hon La – • Panulirus stimpsoni • SA 0 0 Hon Nom islands 106 25’ - 106 38’ E • Lutjanus erythropterus area, Fig. 1) • Epinephelus spp • Siganus guttatus • Holothuria spp 4. Kien Giang 09050’ - 10025’ N CS • Decapterus maruadsi • JN Province (Phu Quoc • Rastrelliger brachysoma • SA 0 0 Island around area, 103 50’ - 104 15’ E • Penaeus merguiensis Fig. 1) • Pinctada maxima • Loligo spp • Chelonia mydas • Hippocampus spp • Dugong dugon

3 SC = Spot Closure (short-term closure), CS = Closed Season, FMZ = Fisheries Management Zone of a . 4 JN = Juvenile Nursery, SA = Spawning Area, and MR = areas used to safeguard Migratory Routes. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 7 Table 3 cont. Fisheries management areas in Vietnam that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia

Province/State Geographical Location Type of Species for which the Area is Importance of the Area to Objective of the Management Managed the Life-Cycle of the Management Area and Area Species for which it is Associated Management Managed Measures 5. Binh Thuan – Ba 08028’ - 10015’ N CS • Katsuwonus pelamis • SA Ria & Vung Tau • Decapterus maruadsi • MR 0 0 Province (Binh 106 25’ - 107 40’ E • Scomberomorus spp Thuan to Con Dao • Priacanthus spp Island, Fig.1) • Saurida undosquamis • Rachycentron canadum • Loligo spp • Sepia spp • Chelonia mydas • Dugong dugon 6. Kien Giang 08030’ - 10000’ N CS • Stolephorus spp • JN province (from Hon • Rastrelliger brachysoma • SA Chuoi to Phu Quoc 103032’ - 104028’ E • Katsuwonus pelamis island Fig. 1) • Decapterus maruadsi • Chorinemus lysan • Sardinella gibossa • Trichiurus haumella • Rachycentron canadum • Ausix tharzat • Loligo spp • Sepia spp • Chelonia mydas • Dugong dugon

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 8

Figure 1 Proposed Candidate Fisheries Refugia Sites in Vietnam

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 9 3. EXTRACT FROM THE DRAFT NATIONAL REPORT ON CORAL REEFS IN VIETNAM

The surveys during 1993 to present on coral reef communities provided a list nearly 1000 species of (Table 4). Molluscs were the most diverse with nearly 500 species recorded, then with more than 250 species, Polychaeta approximately 170 species, and nearly 100 species of . Littoral fauna occupied more than 200 species, the rest belonged to sub- littoral organisms. The areas of Con Dao islands and coastal waters of Khanh Hoa province were surveyed more intensively and more than 400 and 300 species have been recorded at these sites respectively.

In total, some 411 species of , from 139 genera in 44 families, were recorded in some major locations in coastal waters of Vietnam (Table 5). Of these, the families (66 species) and Labridae (61 species) were both well represented, as was the Chaetodontidae (32 species). The locations in the south-central Vietnam, including Nha Trang and Ca Na Bay had more diverse in species of coral reef fish, having number of 222 and 211 species respectively, than other locations in coastal waters of Vietnam.

Table 4 Number of families, genera and species of coral reef fish in some major locations in coastal waters of Vietnam.

No. Location Family Genera Species 1 Co To 16 27 34 2 Cat Ba 16 25 31 3 Cu Lao Cham 33 76 178 4 Nha Trang 38 102 222 5 Ninh Hai 32 81 147 6 Ca Na 37 87 211 7 Con Dao 33 84 202 8 Phu Quoc 27 60 135 Total 44 139 411

Fisheries Although no data on current harvest of reef fishes and invertebrates are available in the most of coastal provinces, but fisheries have been considered as a major economic benefits to different coastal communities in Vietnam. Many commercial species of fish, molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms live and shelter in coral reefs and these are the important resources.

Coral reef fisheries are typically multi-species fisheries with typically multi-gear fisheries being used. Different fishing activities including hookah air diving, purse seine and gill net, light fishing, drift nets, long line, most trawls and gleaning on tidal flat are commonly found in the coastal provinces in Vietnam where coral reefs involved, with a variety of marine organisms being harvested (Table 5).

Table 5 Main fishing activities and marine resources collected on coral reefs in Vietnam.

Fishing activity Main marine organisms fished Hookah air diving with or without , sweetlips, top shells, triton shells, giant , , dynamites and poisons ornamental fish and live Net (gill net, purse seine, drift net) Sweetlips, snappers, cardinalfish, coral breams, Light fishing Anchovies and cuttlefish Long line Cuttlefish and fish Fixed net Mackerel, tuna, snapper, jacks Trap net Cuttlefish and fish Gleaning on tidal flat Seaweeds, gastropods and fish

Many commercial reef fish such as groupers, snappers, sweetlips, emperors, and are being caught. Live groupers Epinephelus spp., spp. and spp. have become the favoured targets and being harvested on the reefs because of their high prices. Other reef fish such as grunts Plectorhynchus spp., snappers Lutjanus spp. and emperors spp., mackerel Scomberomorus sp., tuna Auxis sp. and anchovies are also being caught. Annual catch of Epinephelus sp. from coral reefs in Ninh Thuan province occupied some 10 % of a total catch UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 10 of demersal fish in the whole province, with annual landing catch being from 0.6 (1995) to 1.0 ton (2002) (Data from Ninh Thuan Department of Fisheries 2001). Information provided by local fishers did say that each hookah air diving boat with 4 divers caught 100 - 200 kg of groupers, sweetlips, snappers per night from coral reefs in Ninh Hai, Ninh Thuan province during 1996 – 1998. Mackerel Scomberomorus sp. and tuna Auxis sp. are the main contributors to the total fisheries production landed in Ninh Hai district, Ninh Thuan province. These fishes are usually concentrated in front of Vinh Hy Bay where coral reefs are commonly found. A total of mackerel and tuna landed was annually 100 - 150 tons (Data from Vinh Hy Fixed Net Station). In Phu Quoc, a total of and anchovies landed in 2001 was about 3,500 and 12,500 tons respectively (Data from Phu Quoc Department of Agriculture, and Fisheries). Anchovies were harvested on or close to coral reefs from April to September around the year with a total catch reaching up 5 - 7 tons per boat per day.

Cuttlefish Sepia, squid Sepioteuthis sp. and Loligo sp. are fished on a commercial basis. Lobsters Panulirus have also become the important species to the fisheries because of high price. Collecting edible sea cucumbers, gastropods and bivalves for food or for sale in souvenir shops has commonly appearred in most of the coastal provinces. Among them, Haliotis spp., top shells niloticus and Trochus maculatus, giant clam Tridacna spp. are considered as commercially important food and materials for souvenir. A total production of giant clams collected around Con Dao islands reached 10 tons during April – July of 1994. Information interviewed from one of the three local salers at My Hoa village, Ninh Thuan province in 2001 confirmed that there were some 4 tons of shells of gastropods and bivalves being exported to Nha Trang and Da Lat Cities during 2000 - 2001. Edible sea cucumbers are also collected on the reefs around the area. According to the data collected by Phu Quoc Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 2001, as much as 3,879 tons of and cuttle-fish were caught for both local uses and international export. Pearl Pinctada mertensi and Pinctada maxima, Haliotis ovina and Chlamys nobilis and Chlamys irregularis were exploited for food and jewery. Information interviewed from the local fishermen showed that the number of Pinctada maxima caught at the depth of 20 - 40 m by four hookah divers reached 10 - 15 kg per day.

Annual catch of adult lobsters harvested from coral reefs in Ninh Thuan waters ranged 30 - 50 tons (Data from Ninh Thuan Department of Fisheries 2001) with the price ranging from 200,000 – 300,000 VND per kilo. During the past five , hookah divers from My Tan, My Hiep villages - Nhon Hai Commune, Ninh Thuan province collected ornate seed (Panulirus ornatus) on the coral reefs for lobster cultured-cages. Annual ornate lobster seed harvested from coral reefs in Ninh Thuan waters was 200,000 – 300,000 (Data from Ninh Thuan Department of Fisheries 2001). Information from local fishemen did say that some 250 - 500 ornate lobster seed have been daily collected from the coral reefs of Nhon Hai Commune, Ninh Thuan province during the settlement season (from November to April), and this may sometimes reach up 2,000 – 5,000 individuals per day at the peak season (from January to February). The price of one lobster seed was 30,000 – 60,000 VND depending on the season.

Gleaning or harvesting by hand is still commonly used for collecting certain species on the reef flat. Collecting seaweeds and reef-associated organisms such as molluscs, crustaceans, sea cucumbers, sea urchins and fish on the reef flats during the low period have generated income for a part of local population of coastal communities in Vietnam. In Ninh Hai waters, Ninh Thuan province, some 15 - 25 tons of seaweeds were annually harvested from coral reefs. Of which, Gracilaria eucheumoides, G. salicornia, Gelidiella acerosa and Betaphycus gelatinae are mainly harvested for food. , Acanthophora, Hypnea, Gracilari, Ulva, were occurred with very high biomass and harvested for producing fertilizers for agriculture cultivation. A wet kilo of seaweed from Ninh Hai district, Ninh Thuan province was valued at almost 2,000 VND in 2002.

Collecting ornamental fishes from coral reefs have occurred in some coastal provinces for domestic uses and international export. During the last some years, ornamental fish such as , angelfish, , scorpions, were being caught for local and international aquarium trade. Number of ornamental fish collected from Nha Trang Bay for display in aquarium at the National Oceanographic Museum of the Institute of Oceanograhy were reached 1,000 fish per year and over 1,000 fish were annually transported to aquaria in Ho Chi Minh City (Chu Anh Khanh, per. comm.).

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 11 4. COMPILATION OF INFORMATION FROM THE SITE CHARACTERISATIONS CONDUCTED FOR CORAL REEF SITES IN VIETNAM

Table 6 Summary of Fishery-Related Information included in the Site Characterisation conducted for the Con Dao Islands Coral Reef Site in Ba Ria – Vung Tau Province, Vietnam (8o 37’-8o 48’ N and 106o 32’-106o 45’E).

Species Information Importance of the Site to Fisheries Known Fisheries Issues Molluscs • Primary productivity in the waters around the • Most species • 148 species from 67 genera (Hua Thai Tuyen 2000), including Tridacna spp., triton shell and Trochus spp. islands can reach 500 mg C/m2/day (Nguyen Tac overexploited in the An 1985). area Crustaceans • Significant giant clam production area. • Total abundance • 110 species from 69 genera (Pham Thi Du, unpublished data). • Significant spawning area for Scomberomorus sp. and production of • Lobsters and banded shrimp over-harvested. • Groupers, snappers, sweetlips, emperors, coral significant species breams, parrotfish, , fusiliers, and pelagic is not well known. Echinoderms fish contribute significantly to fisheries production in • The prevalence of • 44 species from 37 genera (Vo Si Tuan 1995). the area. blast and poison • 0 to 159 individuals per 400 m2. Mean density of 20.6 individuals per 400 m2 (s.d.= 15.3). sp. • Cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) production is high in the fishing, once Dominant. south-east of the islands (February – May). common in the • Shrimp (Metapenacopsis spp.) production from area, is now less bottom is high during the rainy season. common. • 125 species from 84 genera. • Stolephorus spp., Sardinella spp., Decapterus spp., • Intensive bottom • Families Eunicidae and Nereidae dominant. Scomberomorus sp., Thunnus sp., Auxis spp. and trawl fishing in the • Lysidice collaris, Palola siciliensis and Neanthes arenaceodentata highly abundant. Euthynus spp. are commonly fished during the area is believed to south-west monsoon have impacted on Coral reef fish • Saurida spp, Lutjanus spp. and Plectorhynchus soft-bottom • 202 species from 80 genera recorded in1994/1995 (Nguyen Van Long, unpublished data). Pomacentridae, spp. are targeted during the north-east monsoon. communities Labridae, Chaetodontidae and Scaridae common families. • Large fishing ground for scad (Decapterus spp.) adjacent to reefs • (Cheilinus undulatus) and Bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) relatively adjacent to the islands. Contribute significantly to and to have abundant. total fisheries production in the area. caused increased • Fish < 10 cm most abundant and contributed most too overall fish density. • Large fishing grounds for Saurida spp. and turbidity in outer reef areas. • Density of coral reef fish recorded in 2002 at 8 sites ranged from 255-1,113 individuals per 500 m2. Mean Lutjanus spp. adjacent to Con Dao islands. value of 502 individuals per 500 m2 (s.d.= 271.5). • Low fish larvae densities were observed during a • Commercial groupers, snappers, and sweetlips > 30 cm are almost absent in the area due to over- survey conducted at 10 sites in 1995. Larval exploitation. densities ranged from 1-3 individuals per 100 m3 in which families Engraulidae, Gobiidae, Clupeidae, Transient fish Blennidae and Mullidae were dominant. • Important fishing and spawning area for significant pelagic species. Scomberomorus sp., Decapterus spp., • Density of fish eggs averaged 91.6 eggs per 100 Auxis spp. and Thunnus spp. utilise the area intermittently. Scomberomorus sp. spawn in the area from Dec- m3, significantly higher than many other coastal Feb each year. water areas in Vietnam. • Decapterus spp. contribute significantly to fisheries production the area. • The eggs of Stolephorus sp. were most abundant (12.1 eggs per 100 m3). Mammals • Dugong dugon was commonly observed in the seagrass beds of Con Son Bay. (Approx. <10 individuals). • Dolphin (Prodelphinus malayensis) occurs in schools of 5 – 10 individuals.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 12 Table 7 Summary of Fishery-Related Information included in the Site Characterisation conducted for the Cu Lao Cham Islands Coral Reef Site in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam (15o 52’-16o 00’ N to 108o 22’-108o 44’ E). Cu Lao Cham Islands is an Archipelago of 8 Islands ~ 18 km offshore from Hoi An Town.

Species Information Importance of the Site to Fisheries Known Fisheries Issues

Molluscs • Cu Lao Cham is a key landing and fishing area for Quang Nam • 65 percent of families depend entirely • 84 species of reef-associated molluscs from 52 genera/33 families (66 Province on fishing for food and income. species in 18 families of , 18 species in 9 families of ). • The majority of fishing in the area occurs to the north and east of the • All tropical lobsters and the edible sea • Ostrea forskalii is most common species and observed on all reefs. islands during the northeast and southwest monsoons. cucumber species, as well as the • Pinctada margaritifera, Pinna bicolor and Atrina vexillum are also • Finfish are the main contributors to the total production landing. banded coral shrimp Stenopus common. The gastropods Thias alouina and Conus lividus are present • Fifty (50) species from the families Carangidae, Scombridae, hispidus, are heavily over-fished and on all reefs. Serranidae, Lutjanidae, , Hemirhamphidae, and absent from many study sites in the • Low number of mollucsc remaining on coral reefs in this area compared Synodontidae are caught. area. to that in other areas in coastal waters of Vietnam. • Species of Carangidae are the most important pelagic species. • Important groupers, sweetlips, • Tridacna sp. are observed on all reefs in densities ranging from 2 to 13 • Lizardfish are the most important demersal species. snappers, emperors >30cm are now individuals per 400 m2. • Approximately 50,000 tonnes of fish of the family Synodontidae are absent at all reefs. caught in the area annually for both local use and foreign export. • Most grouper (> 30 cm), sweetlips, Crustaceans • Many significant groupers, snappers, sweetlips, emperors, parrotfish, Cromileptes altivelis, • Important site for 4 significant species of tropical obsters, including and triggerfish are targeted in the area. humphead wrasse Cheilinus Panulirus longiceps, P. ornatus, P. stimpsoni and P. versicolor and the • Live Epinephelus spp., Plectropomus spp. and Cephalopholis spp. undulatus, bumphead parrotfish banded coral shrimp (Stenopus hispidus) are key targets, and other species such as the grunts Plectorhynchus Bolbometopon muricatum are rare or spp., snappers Lutjanus spp., and emperors Lethrinus spp. are also absent at all sites. Echinoderms targeted. • Most fishing vessels in the area are • 12 species from 10 genera (although understudied). • Invertebrate fisheries are also significant in the area. small with engine capacities <20 HP • Crown-of-thorn starfish Acanthaster planci and Diadema • High density of juvenile rabbitfish in summer (April-July) associated (most fishing effort is expended in occur in the highest densities (A. planci is most common on disturbed with blooms of macrophytic . inshore waters <50 m deep). reefs) • Cuttlefish Sepia tigris, and squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Loligo sp. • Larger fishing boats from adjacent • Edible sea cucumbers were absent at all reefs, inedible species are are targeted in the area. Provinces fish Cu Lao Cham waters. common • Several Peneus spp. and Metapeneus sp., of which the most • Fishing methods used in Cu Lao commonly caught is Peneus monodon, are targeted in the area. Cham waters include trawl, fixed semi- Coral reef fish • The tropical lobsters, especially Panulirus ornatus, are of high permanent, light fishing with lift/push • 178 species from 76 genera/33 families (Nguyen Huu Phung & Nguyen fisheries significance for export to international (Hong Kong, China, nets, purse seine with/without lights, Van Long 1997). , Singapora and ) and domestic markets (Ho Chi Minh hookah air diving with/without poisons, • Pomacentridae (33 species), Labridae (25 species), and Chaetodontidae City, Da Nang). hook and line and barrier nets. (22 species of butterflyfish) are well represented. • Recently, post settlement and juvenile Panulirus ornatus have been • Trawl fishing adjacent to the reefs is • The site is utilised by 41 significant species, including four Caesionids, collected from the area for use in lobster culture. Giant clams have causing large catches of juvenile coral two Cheilinus sp., three Lethrinids, five Lutjanids, four Nemipterids, ten been exploited since many years. reef species. Scarids, nine Serranids and four Siganids. • 3 main species of giant clams, namely Tridacna elongata, T. • Light for squid next to the reefs • Density of coral reef fish recorded in 2002 at 5 sites ranged from 254 - squamosa and T. maxima are collected for sale and local has led to of most 695 individuals per 500 m2. Mean value of 485+/-181.6 individuals per comsumption. significant . 500 m2. • Collection of gastropods and bivalves for food and sale in souvenir • Blast and poison fishing still occurs in • Fish <10 cm most abundant and contribute most to overall fish density. shops is common (Haliotis ovina is significant in this regard). the area but less frequently than in the past. • Fish >20 cm are scarce at all reefs. • The ornamental trumpet triton Charonia tritonis, triton shell Trochus, pearl oyster Pinctada and Turbo are collected in large quantities. • Edible sea cucumbers are also collected from the area, but are considered over-exploited. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 13 Table 8 Summary of Fishery-Related Information included in the Site Characterisation conducted for the Nha Trang Bay Coral Reef Site in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam (12o 00’-12o 45’ N to 109o 15’-109o 30 E). This site is comprised of 10 Islands from ~ 1km to ~ 15 km offshore in south-central Vietnam.

Species Information Importance of the Site to Fisheries Known Fisheries Issues

Molluscs • Nha Trang Bay is one of the four key • CPUE for all species is declining • 106 species of reef-associated molluscs from 52 genera/33 families fishing and landing areas in Khanh significantly (anecdotal information • Conidae (cone shell Conus), Muricidae and Cypraeidae (cowrie genus Cypraea) are well represented. Hoa Province. from fishers) due to over-fishing. • Overall density of molluscs in the area is low compared with other areas. • A total of 17,580 tonnes of fisheries • Significant fishery species of products was landed in the area in Serranidae (e.g. Plectropomus, Crustaceans 1992 (Data from Khanh Hoa Epinephelus, Cephalopholis spp.), • 69 species from 34 genera, including 6 species of lobster Fisheries Service and Depatment of Lethrinidae (Lethrinus spp.) and • Density of crustaceans (lobster and banded coral shrimp) recorded in 2002 at 8 sites ranged from 0.0 to 7.5 Fisheries Protection). Lutjanidae (Lutjanus spp.) are individuals per 400 m2. Mean value of 1.7 +/- 2.6 individuals per 400 m2. • Important area for the targeting of extremely scarce and of low • All tropical lobsters are now rare or absent from the area. with the use of “Dam Dang” relative abundance and sizes, • The scad Decapterus maruadsi and reflecting intense fishing pressure Echinoderms mackerel Auxis thynoides are caught in the area. • 27 species from 20 genera, including 6 species of holothurian and 5 species of . in offshore waters and outer reefs. • Tropical lobsters are becoming • Density of echinoderms ranged from 18-308 individuals per 400 m2. Mean value of 91.3 +/- 103.6 individuals Anchovies Stolephorus zollengeri extremely rare due to per 400 m2 (sea urchin Diadema is most abundant). and Stolephorus heterolobus are overexploitation. • Crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci is very abundant (100+ individuals per hectare) on reefs heavily caught close or on coral reefs. • Trawl fishing adjacent to the reefs influenced by impacts (Vo Si Tuan et al. 2002). Approximately 1,000–1,500 tonnes of is causing large catches of mackerel is caught in the area by juvenile coral reef species. Polychaetes fixed net (Dam Dang) each year. • Lght fishing with lift/push nets, gill • 339 species from 164 genera. • Groupers belonging to genera netting, purse seine with/without Epinephelus, Plectropomus and lights, hookah air diving Coral reef fish Cephalopholis are key target with/without poisons, , • 222 species of reef-associated fishes from 102 genera/38 families. species. Grunts, Plectorhynchus hook and line, , and “Dam • Density of coral reef fish recorded in 2002 at 8 reefs ranged from 401-740 individuals per 400 m2. Mean value spp., snappers Lutjanus spp., and dang' fixed nets are popular of 575.6 +/- 105.8 individuals per 500 m2. emperors Lethrinus spp. are also fishing methods in the area. being caught in the area. • Fish <10 cm dominate fish fauna in the area in terms of abundance and density. • The labrid Humphead wrasse • 25 species of gastropods and Chelinus undulatus and serranid • Larger fish >20cm are scarce at all locations bivalves are collected for food or, barramundi cod Cromileptes • Most significant fisheries species are either scarce or absent more commonly, for sale in souvenir altivelis, once common

shops. components of many Indo-west Transient fish • Abalone Haliotis ovina is collected Pacific reef fish assemblages, are • Mackerel Auxis thynoides and Lutjanus spp. utilise Nha Trang waters during March – August each year. from the area for food now absent from the site and

• Pearl oyster Pinctada, considered locally extinct. Mammals Holothuria, lobsters Panulirus are • Blast and poison fishing is still • 5 dugongs Dugong dugon were recorded in the area in 2001. also exploited in the area. common in the area • Rough-toothed Steno bredanensis and Hump-backed dolphin Sousa chinensis utilise Nha Phu and • Intensive collection of juvenile Nha Trang Bay. lobsters for culture purposes

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 14 Table 9 Summary of Fishery-Related Information included in the Site Characterisation conducted for the Ninh Hai Coral Reef Site in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam (11o 72’-11o 58’ N to 109o 22’-109o 12’ E). This site is located in south-central Vietnam.

Species Information Importance of the Site to Fisheries Known Fisheries Issues

Molluscs • The area is situated close to the center of an • Over-exploitation of all significant coral reef fish, • 115 species of reef-associated molluscs from 65 genera. system and as such is highly crustaceans, echinoderms, and cephalopods in • Density of reef-associated molluscs ranged from 5-21 individuals per 400 m2 (Thai An). productive. the area. Mean density of 11 +/- 5.9 individuals per 500 m2. • Waters offshore and southward of the reef (< • Fishing capacity mostly in the small-scale sector • Species of Tridacna, Trochus, and triton shell Charonia are present in low numbers and 50 m deep) are important fishing grounds for and effort mostly expended in shallow (<30m) densities in the area. pelagic species. coastal waters. Main fishing gears/practices • including anchovies Stolephorus, include hookah air diving, purse seine and gill Crustaceans scads Decapterus, mackerel Scomberomorus net, light fishing with lift/push nets, long line, and • 24 species from 19 genera/13 families. sp., tuna Auxis sp. are the main species gleaning of intertidal areas. • No lobsters were recorded in the area during recent surveys and the banded coral shrimp contributing to total fisheries production from • According to anecdotal information from local was recorded at very low densities (5.0 individuals/400 m2). the area. Anchovies are harvested from April fishers, large fish (>20cm) are rapidly becoming to September. more scarce. This is believed to be due to Echinoderms • Epinephelus spp., Plectropomus spp. and intensive fishing for groupers, sweetlips, • 13 species of Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. Cephalopholis spp. are key target coral reef snappers in the late 1990s using cyanide, nets • Mean density and biomass of echinoderms was 15 individuals/m2 and 29.4 g/m2 species in the area. Other groupers, and spear guns. respectively. snappers, sweetlips, emperors, parrotfish, and • Data collected in 2001 and 2002 from 12 • Edible sea cucumbers Holothuria were absent at all reefs while inedible species were triggerfish are also highly sought after. transects showed no commercial fish at the size found in few number. • Cuttlefish Sepia and squid Sepioteuthis sp., range >20cm. Similarly the density of Loligo sp. are also targeted in the area. commercial fish including groupers, snappers, Polychaetes • Tropical lobsters Panulirus are also in high sweetlips, emperors at any size were recorded • 22 species from 19 genera/10 families. demand. Hooker divers have recently begun in very low number, ranging from 0.5 - 2.0 • Mean density and biomass of this group were 306 individuals/m2 and 4.9 g/m2 collecting post settlement and juvenile individuals per 500 m2. respectively. Panulirus ornatus for lobster culture activities. • The collection of juvenile lobsters is leading to 50 fishing boats each collect 50-100 juvenile the rapid depletion of lobster populations. Coral reef fish lobsters per boat per day. • Blast and poison fishing still common in the • 222 species of reef-associated fishes belonging to 104 genera/38 families, • Collection of gastropods and bivalves for food area. • Significant species of groupers, snappers, sweetlips, emperors, rabbitfish, coral breams or for sale in souvenir shops is now common. are very rare in the area. Among them, abalones Haliotis ovina, top • Fish < 10 cm in length are most abundant, making up 95 % of all fish counted on the shells Trochus niloticus and T. maculatus, reefs. giant clam Tridacna are considered as • The density of fish recorded in 2002 at 6 sites ranged from 361 -1,984 individuals per 500 commercially important food and materials for m2. Mean density of 740.3 +/- 618.2 individuals per 500 m2. souvenir. • The reefs to the north of the area are characterised by fish populations with higher • Edible sea cucumbers are also collected from biomass and individual size (more fish >20cm) than most other sites in Vietnam. Some coral reefs in the area. species such as Siganus spinus, Chromis viridis, Pomacentrus chrysurus and • nigrofuscus are observed to school in groups of more than 50 - 100 individuals per species.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 15 Table 10 Summary of Fishery-Related Information included in the Site Characterisation conducted for the Phu Quoc Island Coral Reef Site in Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (9o 45’ - 10o 30’ N and 103o 55’ - 104o 05’ E). Phu Quoc Island is located in south-western waters of Vietnam.

Species Information Importance of the Site to Fisheries Known Fisheries Issues

Molluscs • Phu Quoc is an important fishing and landing • Tropical lobsters are over-exploited • 132 species from 83 genera/35 families. area of Quang Nam Province. area. The main • Fishing capacityt is increasing • Density of molluscs ranged from 0.0 to 7.5 individuals per 400 m2. Mean density of 3.4 +/- 2.6 fishing grounds are south of Phu Quoc. The rapidly in the area, mainly in the individuals per 400 m2. areas of An Thoi and east of Phu Quoc Island small-scale sector. are important squid and crab spawning areas. • CPUE has declined significantly for Crustaceans The peak fishing season in the area is from all species over the past decade. • 9 species from 4 genera, including the 4 tropical lobsters Panulirus ornatus, P. homarus, P. November to March. • Commercially fish with the size longipes and P. versicolor. • Key spawning area for groupers, squid, range > 30 cm long, lobsters, and • Surveys conducted in 2002 identified no lobsters or banded coral shrimp Stenopus hispidus. cuttlefish, sea cucumber, and abalone. edible sea cucumbers are all • Finfish are the main contributors to the total heavily over-fished and rarely Echinoderms fisheries production landed. Atleast 67 species of recorded during surveys. • Understudied. 32 species from 23 genera/15 families recorded in the former Soviet - Vietnamese fish are caught in the area for food and • The average size of squid caught is joint expedition conducted in 1985 (Dao Tan Ho 1992) (family Holothuriidae most abundant (7 post-harvest processing. Live groupers are often the area declined from 25 - 30 cm species)). exported to Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan. Other to <20 cm over the past decade. • Density ranged from 116 -582 individuals per 400 m2. Mean density of 396 +/- 199.3 individuals reef fish such as rabbitfish Siganus and fusiliers • Bombing and poison fishing still per 400 m2 (sea urchin Diadema most abundant). Edible sea cucumbers were absent at all reefs Caesio and Pterocaesio are also being caught in occur at the site in recent surveys. this area in large volumes. • The area is also important to invertebrate Coral reef fish fisheries, particularly shrimps. According to the • 135 species of reef-associated fishes from 60 genera/27 families (Nguyen Huu Phung & Nguyen data collected by Phu Quoc Department of Van Long 1996). Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 2001, as • Density of coral reef fish recorded in 2002 at 6 reefs ranged from 575-2,017 individuals per 500 much as 2,680 tonnes of shrimp, mainly m2. Mean density of 1,495 +/- 589.8 individuals per 500 m2. Penaeus merguiensis, and 3,879 tonnes of • Fish <10 cm are most abundant. 70 - 80 % of all fish sampled are <10cm squids were caught for both local uses and • Fish > 30 cm of many important species including groupers, barramundi cod Cromileptes international export that year. altivelis, sweetlips, humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus and bumphead parrotfish • Pearl oysters Pinctada mertensi and P. maxima, Bolbometopon muricatum were not recorded on the reefs during surveys conducted in 2002. abalone Haliotis ovina and scallops Chlamys Large fish of all species are now very scarce. nobilis and C. irregularis are harvested from the area for food and jewellery. Lobsters Panulirus Transient fish spp. are important like at all other coral reef • Mackerels and tunas, including Atule kalla, Rastrelliger kanagurta, and Scomberomorus sites. commersonii are common in the area at specific periods of the year. During these periods, • Collecting for food or for sale in hundreds of fishing vessels target these aggregations. Total production of mackerels and tunas souvenir shops has appearred commonly. landed in the area reached 1000 tonnes per year. Among them, abalones Haliotis ovina is considered as a commercially important food. Marine mammals Living corals are also collected for the souvenir • Dugons Dugong dugon and Delphinus sp. have been seen and caught by local fishers trade. in the area.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 16 5. EXTRACT FROM THE DRAFT NATIONAL REPORT ON SEAGRASS IN VIETNAM

Crustacean

Larvae and juvenile shrimps During the sample period in Dong Ba Thin, the percentage composition of larvae and juvenile Penaeidae in shrimp samples was 9.00%. Juvenile Penaeidae were absent in samples from areas of bare substrate, where juveniles of other shrimp groups are found. In the seagrass beds of Dong Ba Thin, the density of Penaeidae was highest in June and July (7 to 8.5 unit/m3) and there were no Penaeidae in areas of bare substrate. The density of other shrimp groups is high in February, May, and June, when the mean value ranges from 38 to 41.25 unit/m3. In the bare substrata, other shrimp groups have the highest density in May (43.25unit/m3).

In My Giang, the percentage of larvae and juvenile Penaeidae was marginally higher than at Dong Ba Thin, with 10.50% of the sample from Penaeidae and 89.50% from other shrimp groups. In the bare substrata, the percentage of Penaeidae was 6.30%, while other shrimp groups made up 93.70% of the sample (Table 3.15). In My Giang, samples of Penaeidae collected in July indicated a density of 5.25 unit/m3 in seagrass beds and 0.62 unit/m3 in the bare substrata. The density of other shrimp groups in seagrass beds during July was 28.75unit/m3 and 18 unit/m3 in August. Very few larvae and juveniles of other shrimp groups were present in areas of bare substrata (Table 11).

Table 11 Variation in density of larvae and juvenile shrimp groups in Dong Ba Thin and My Giang areas (unit/m3). Dong Ba Thin My Giang Seagrass beds Bare substrata Seagrass beds Bare substrata Month Other Other Other Other Penaeidae Shrimp Penaeidae Shrimp Penaeidae Shrimp Penaeidae Shrimp groups Groups Groups Groups May. 98 1.0 41.25 0 43.25 * * * * June. 98 8.5 40.25 0 0.62 * * * * July. 98 7.0 38.00 0 1.63 5.25 28.75 0.62 8.12 August.98 * * * 0 18.00 0 0.75 Sept. 98 0 0 0 7.25 * * * * Febr. 99 0 38.59 0 9.52 * * * * Mars. 99 * * * * 0 0.5 0 0 April. 99 0 1.8 0 9.68 0 0 0 0 June. 99 0 1.51 0 0.06 0 0.15 0 0.16 Source: Nguyen Huu Dai et al, 1998 [49] * - No samples

Crab larvae Crab larvae occur densely in seagrass beds in Dong Ba Thin in May and September (57.57 and 78 unit/m3). In the bare substrata, crab larvae are reasonably abundant in May (30.5 unit/m3). In My Giang, abundance is low in both seagrass beds and the bare substrata (Table 12).

Table 12 Variation in density of ichthyoplankton, , and crab larvae in Dong Ba Thin and My Giang (unit/m3). Dong Ba Thin My Giang Month Seagrass beds Bare substrata Seagrass beds Bare substrata Fish Juven. Crab Fish Juven. Crab Fish Juven. Crab Fish Juven Crab eggs fish larvae eggs fish larvae eggs fish larvae eggs fish larvae 5/98 0.5 1.25 57.57 22.5 0.25 30.5 * * * * * * 6/98 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.0 * * * * * * 7/98 0 0.5 0 6.38 0 2.57 0 1.75 0 131.5 0.12 2.75 8/98 * * * * * * 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 9/98 52.25 0.25 78.0 8.38 0.25 17.12 * * * * * * 2/99 7.05 4.57 17.43 50.00 5.00 3.57 * * * * * * 3/99 * * * * * * 0 0 0 0.20 0 0.04 4/99 2.40 0.30 0.44 4.00 1.33 1.63 0.73 0 0 2.77 0.05 0 6/99 0.15 0.10 0 1.15 0.12 0 0.20 0 0.10 0.10 0 0.05 Source: Nguyen Huu Dai et al, 1997, 1998, [48, 49] *: No samples.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 17 The diversity of benthic marine and periphyton communities associated with different seagrass species create a suitable habitat and source of shelter and food for juvenile marine organisms. Preliminary results from studies of ichthyoplankton and juvenile fishes and crustaceans in both seagrass beds and bare substrate areas of the two sites (My Giang and Dong Ba Thin) indicate that: • the diversity and the density of juvenile marine organisms is higher in seagrass beds than in areas of bare substrate; • the density of larvae and juvenile shrimps (including Penaeidae species) and crab larvae is generally very high in seagrass beds; and that • the species composition and density of juvenile fishes, larvae, juvenile shrimps, and crab larvae in Dong Ba Thin is usually higher than in My Giang.

Fish

Juvenile fish Table 13 shows the characteristics of juvenile in the two sites of Dong Ba Thin and My Giang. In Dong Ba Thin, the percentage of juvenile Gobridae is 42.31% in seagrass beds and 36% in areas of bare substrate. Additionally, the percentage of juvenile Clupeidae and Atherinidae is the same by substrate type (16%). Only a small percentage of other fish species are observed to occur in these areas. In the seagrass beds of Dong Ba Thin, juvenile fishes are present throughout the year, with the highest density in May (4.57 unit/m3). In bare areas, juvenile fish density is low. However, data analysis and species identification is not yet complete for juvenile fish in Dong Ba Thin. In the seagrass beds of My Giang, Atherinidae and Labridae had the same percentage abundance (40%), while the family of Balistidae comprised 20% of the samples. In My Giang, juvenile fish density is high in July and August (mean value of 1.85 unit/m3). As with Dong Ba Thin, density is low in areas of bare substrata.

Table 13 Juvenile fish groups in seagrass and non-seagrass places in Dong Ba Thin and My Giang, Khanh Hoa province.

Dong Ba Thin My Giang Species group Seagrass beds Bare substrata Seagrass beds Bare substrata Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity (%) (%) (%) (%) Stolephorus 0 0 2 4.00 0 0 0 0 Atherinidae 4 15.38 8 16.00 6 40.00 1 50.00 Theraponidae 2 7.69 3 6.00 0 0 0 0 Gobridae 11 42.31 18 36.00 0 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 0 6 40.00 0 0 Clupeidae 1 3.85 8 16.00 0 0 0 0 Balistidae 0 0 0 0 3 20.00 0 0 Blenniidae 2 7.69 3 6.00 0 0 0 0 Scaridae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50.00 Group not yet 6 23.08 8 16. 00 0 0 0 0 identified Total 26 100 50 100 15 100 2 100 Source: Nguyen Huu Dai et al 1997,1998 , [48, 49].

Fish eggs Observations on the occurrence of fish eggs in the two ecological zones of both sites is summarised in Table 14. In Dong Ba Thin, the percentage of Stolephorus eggs sampled in seagrass beds was 0.07%, significantly lower than that observed in areas of bare substrata (8.96%). In My Giang, the percentage of Stolephorus eggs in the bare substrata was 0.18%; however, data analysis is not yet complete for this site.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 18 Table 14 Fish egg groups in the Dong Ba Thin and My Giang study sites. Dong Ba Thin My Giang Species Seagrass beds Bare substrata Seagrass beds Bare substrata groups Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity (%) (%) (%) (%) Stolephorus 3 1.07 49 8.96 0 0 2 0.19 Atherinidae 2 0.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 Synodontidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.18 Scaridae 0 0 2 0.67 0 0 0 0 Groups not yet 281 98.12 496 90.67 19 100 1109 99.64 identified Total 281 100 547 100 19 100 1113 100 Source: Nguyen Huu Dai et al 1997,1998 [48, 49].

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 19 6. INPUTS FROM THE SEAGRASS SUB-COMPONENT FOCAL POINT FOR VIETNAM

Table 15 Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in Vietnam

Importance of the seagrass site to the life-cycle of the species Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Reference(s) Nursery area Spawning area Feeding RWG-F Species Cu Lao Cham, Phu Quy, Yes + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Epinephelus tauvina+ Thuy Trieu, Rach Vem, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Bon, Hon Dam Mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus+ Cu Lao Cham, Phu Quy, Yes + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Thuy Trieu, Rach Vem, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Bon, Hon Dam Epinephelus malabaricus Threadfin breams Nemipterus spp + Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, Yes + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Leopard Plectropomus leopardus Lizardfish Saurida spp+ Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, Yes + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Other Species Giant -goby Amblyeleotris fontanesii Cu Lao Cham, Thuy + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Trieu, Hon Re, Hon Hai Van Quan, 2003-2006 Tac, Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon Duckbill sleeper Butis butis Cu Lao Cham, Thuy + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Trieu, Hon Re, Hon Hai Van Quan, 2003-2006 Tac, Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon Chocolate hind Cu Lao Cham, Phu Quy, + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Cephalopholis boenack Thuy Trieu, Rach Vem, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Bon Banded grouper Epinephelus amblycephalus Cu Lao Cham, Phu Quy, + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Thuy Trieu, Rach Vem, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Bon, Hon Dam Epinephelus fasciatus Cu Lao Cham, Phu Quy, + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Thuy Trieu, Rach Vem, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Bon, Hon Dam Undulated moray Gymnothorax undulatus Cua Dai, Rach Vem, Mui + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Ong Doi, Bai Bon Van Quan, 2003-2006 Black spot snapper Lutjanus lineolatus Cua Dai, Rach Vem, Bai + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Bon, Thuy Trieu Van Quan, 2003-2006

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 20 Table 15 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in Vietnam

Importance of the seagrass site to the life-cycle of the species Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Reference(s) Nursery area Spawning area Feeding Onespot snapper Lutjanus monostigma Cua Dai, Rach Vem, Bai + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Bon, Thuy Trieu Van Quan, 2003-2006 Daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Mui + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Ong Doi, Phu Quy, Thuy Van Quan, 2003-2006 Trieu Indian indicus Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Double whiptail emeryii Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Striped whiptail Pentapodus vitta Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Brushtooth lizardfish Saurida undosquamis Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Striped monocle bream Scolopsis lineata Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Asymmetrical goatfish Upeneus asymmetricus Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy Freckled goatfish Upeneus tragula Cua Dai, Thuy Trieu, + + + Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002; Nguyen Hon Re, Hon Hai Tac, Van Quan, 2003-2006 Bai Vong, Rach Vem, Bai Bon, Phu Quy

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 1 Page 21 7. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION FROM THE MANGROVE AND WETLAND SITE CHARACTERISATIONS, NATIONAL REPORTS, AND DEMONSTRATION SITE DOCUMENTS ON CRITICAL FISH-HABITAT LINKAGES

Materials compiled by the mangrove and wetland sub-components in Vietnam focused on the biophysical characteristics of sites, past and on-going projects, and existing institutional arrangements for environmental and resource management in Vietnam. Most documentation notes the critical linkages between these habitats and fisheries production, and highlight that most important demersal species in Vietnam depend on these habitats for part of their life-cycles. Despite this there has been little specific information regarding fish species-habitat linkages presented for these habitat types in Vietnam to date. Table 16 highlights the key habitat-fisheries linkages extracted from these materials during the review.

Table 16 Fishery and Habitat Linkages for Important Mangrove/Wetland Sites in Vietnam

Site Name Fishery-Habitat Linkage Tra O Key nursery area for juvenile migratory Camau Tidal Flat/Bai Boi Mui Ca Critical nursery area for Giant Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Mau Thi Na Lagoon Critical nursery area for the Giant Crab (Scylla serrata) Thanh Phu/Ben Tre Nursery and spawning area for the

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 1 ANNEX 2 COMPILATION OF INFORMATION PREPARED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON FISH HABITAT AND LIFE-CYCLE LINKAGES IN THAILAND

1. EXTRACT FROM THAILAND’S DRAFT NATIONAL FISHERIES REPORT Figure 1 indicates that the 2 main spawning grounds for this species are offshore from Surat Thani province and Tracuap Khiri Khan province. Young fishes migrate from these spawning grounds to the inner Gulf of Thailand for feeding, moving back inshore early in the year. The results of intensive tagging experiments carried out by the Department of Fisheries from 1960 to 1965 (26,864 fish released vs. 4,191 recaptured), highlighted that there were 3 types of movement, i.e., feeding, spawning and seasonal migration (Somjaiwong and Chullasorn 1974). The results are presented in Figure 2a,b.

Figure 1 Life cycle of Indo-Pacific mackerel (Rastrelliger neglectus) in the Gulf of Thailand (courtesy of the Marine Fisheries Division) UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 2

99° 100° 101° 102° 103° 104° 105°E

14°N BANGKOK Samut Prakan Samut Sakhon Chachoengsao Samut Songkhram Chon Buri

13° Phetchaburi Rayong Chanthaburi

Trat

12° Prachuap hiri khan

11° Chumphon

10°

9° Surat Thani

Nakhon Si Thammarat 8°

7° Songkhla Position of release Pattani Narathiwat Position of recapture Route of migration 6°

Figure 2a The migratory route of tagged Indo-Pacific mackerel (Rastrelliger neglectus) in the Gulf of Thailand (Somjaiwong and Chullasorn 1974). UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 3

99° 100° 101° 102° 103° 104° 105°E

14°N BANGKOK Samut Prakan Samut Sakhon Chachoengsao Samut Songkhram Chon Buri

13° Phetchaburi Rayong Chanthaburi Trat

12° Prachuap Khiri Khan

11° Chumphon

10°

9° Surat Thani

Nakhon Si Thammarat 8°

7° Songkhla Pattani Position of release Narathiwat Position of recapture

Route of migration 6°

Figure 2b The migratory route of tagged Indo-Pacific mackerel (Rastrelliger neglectus) in the Gulf of Thailand (Somjaiwong and Chullasorn 1974).

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 4 Table 1 Key biological features and parameters for small pelagic fish species in the Gulf of Thailand. (Body size refers to total length unless specified as FL: fork length or SL: standard length; sexes are combined unless specified as M: male or F: female)

Mortality Area Vertical Body size Spawning Recruitment Size at Growth (coefficient) distribu- captured first Sex (rate or Life Food Length- Species (country) tion Mean Maxi- Fecundity maturity ratio coefficient) span organisms relationship surveyed range (cm) mum Area Season Size Season (cm) (M:F) (year) (m) (cm) (month) (cm) (month) FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE Rastrelliger Gulf of 20-40 15.0 20.95 10-40 mi 2-4, egg = 10.25 1-3, 17.5 1:1 0.33 z=1.06 2-3 Phyto- W = brachysoma Thailand 21.5 off 6-8 9x10-8 7-9 , 0.006138L3.215 Prachuap L4.8356 zoo- M : W = 20 000- planktons 0.000005732L3.1235 Surattani 30 000/ F : W = batch 0.000006578L3.1235 R. kanagurta Gulf of 30-60 16.0 22.9 - 2-4 200 000 7.5 5-6 18.6 1:1 k=2.76 M=3.75 2-3 Phyto-, M : W = Thailand 7-8 F=4.973 zoo- 0.0000001958L3.7653 Z=8.733 planktons, , F : W = 0.000009454L3.0375 Auxis thazard Gulf of 20 35.0 - - 4-6 - 19.0 8-11 34.1 1:1 - - 3-4 Fish W = 0.00002L2.99 Thailand 8-9 27.0 2, 4-5 Euthynnus Gulf of 20 37.0 - - 1-3, 1 730 000 21.0 2-4, 37.5 1:1 - - - Fish W = 0.000015L2.979 affinis Thailand 6-7 26.0 6.12 crustacean Thunnus Gulf of 20 38.5 - - 3-5 1 400 000 22.0- 1-2, 39.6 1:1 1.5 cm/ - 4 Fish W = 0.000021L2.979 tonggol Thailand 7-12 26.0 4-6 month crustacean Scomberomorus Gulf of 20-60 50.0 92.0 - 2-3, 6-9 500 000-3 800 000 11.0-21.0 3-5, 58.6 1:1.6 0.12 - 4-5 Fish, W=0.01302L2.8843 commerson Thailand 7-10 3.4 cm molluses, /month crustaceans FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE Stolephorus Gulf of 5-50 4.5 8.89 30 mi 3-4, 2000-4000 2.8- All 5.5- 6.0 1:1 k=0.198 Z=13.50 1-1.5 Phyto- M:W = heterolobus Thailand off 7-9 4.0 around k=1.8/ year M=3.54 planktons 2.064x10-6L3.2494 Prachuab 4-12 F:W = 7.089x10-6L2.9329 Source : Chullasorn and Martosubroto, 1986.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 5 Table 1 continued Key biological features and parameters for small pelagic fish species in the Gulf of Thailand.

Mortality Area Vertical Body size Spawning Recruitment Size at Growth (coefficient) (country) distribu- captured first Sex (rate or Life Food Length-weight Species surveyed tion Maxi- Fecundity maturity ratio coefficient) span organisms relationship range Mean mum Area Season Size Season (cm) (M:F) (year) (m) (cm) (cm) (month) (cm) (month) FAMILY CLUPEIDAE Sardinella Gulf of 15-40 10.0 18.4 entire All - 12.9 - - - 0.33 - 1-2 Phyto- W=9.28*10-6 * L3.0047 gibbosa Thailand coastal around zone 3-4, 7-8 FAMILY CARANGIDAE Decapterus Gulf of 30-40 13.2 23.1 Central 2-3, 7-8 38 000- 5.5-6.5 1-2, 6-8 16.1 1:1.2 0.11 - 2-3 crustaceans, W=0.00005L2.811 maruadsi Thailand Gulf. 515 000 1-2 cm copepods /month D. macrosoma Gulf of 30-60 - - - 12-5 - - - 16.5 1:0.9 - - - - - Thailand Atule mate Gulf of 15-45 16.0 25.8 30 mi off 3-4 - 5.5-6.5 1-3, - - 0.8 cm/ - 2-3 - - Thailand Chumporn 6-9 k=0.107 Nakorn Si Thammarat Selar Gulf of 30-60 20-25 28.4 - - - 10.0 - 19.4 1:1.3 k=2.4 Z=9.7 - - - crumenophthalmus Thailand M=3.3 F=6.5 Selaroides Gulf of 20-50 12 19.2- - All - 4.0-5.5 6, 11 F:15.4 1: k=0.128 - - , M: Log W = 3.257Log L-5.567 leptolepis Thailand 21.0 around 1.02 , F: Log W = 3.629Log L-6.369 3, 7-8 molluscs Megalaspis Gulf of 20-50 22.0 28.8 - 12-5, - 10.5- 5, 9 - 1:0.8 1.2 cm - - Fish, W=0.144L2.9785 cordyla Thailand 8-11 11.5 /month crustacean 0.2 Source: Chullasorn and Martosubroto, 1986.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 6

Table 2 Key biological features and parameters of demersal fish in the Gulf of Thailand. (Body size refers to total length unless specified as FL: fork length or SL: standard length; sexes are combined unless specified as M: male or F: female)

Mortality Area Vertical Body size Spawning Recruitment Size at Growth (coefficient) (country) distribu- captured Fecundity first Sex (rate or Life Food Length-weight surveyed tion maturity ratio coefficient) span organisms relationship Species range Maxi- (cm) (M:F) (year) (m) Mean mum Area Season Size Season (cm) (cm) (month) (cm) (month) FAMILY M: M:W= LUTJANIDAE 18.0 Fish 0.0263L2.754 Lutjanus Gulf of 20-50 13.9 F: - 10-6 - 8.0 1-4 - 1:1 1-2 cm - - Shrimps, F:W= lineolatus Thailand 19.0 /month squids 0.0668L2.412 FAMILY M: M: M:W= NEMIPTERIDAE 16.4 27.3 All 11.0, 5, 9, 11 Fish 0.1161L3.04 Nemipterus Gulf of 10-40 6 F: - around - 12.0 - 1:0.97 (1-2) - - Crustaceans F:W= hexodon Thailand F: 24.4 1-4, 6-8 0.0176L2.924 15.1 2 Nemipterus Gulf of M: M: M: japonicus Thailand 25-50 - 25.6 - - - 10.0 - - - k=0.1599 Z=5.482 - - - F: F: F: 23.3 k=0.1207 Z=4.814 Nemipterus Gulf of M: M: Thailand 15-50 - 13.34 - 1-4, 8, - - - 11.7 1: k=0.1436 - - - - nematophorus >40 F: 11 0.85 F: 17.8 k=0.2275 Nemipterus Gulf of M: M: M: Fish, M:W= mesoprion Thailand 30-60 13.0 19.51 - 2-4 - 6.5-7.0 3, 5, 6 - 1:1.1 k=0.179 - - molluscs, 0.18*10-5L2.93 F: F: (1.08) crustaceans F:W= 11.1 15.52 F: 7.8*10-5L3.10 k=0.224 (0.85) Nemipterus Gulf of M: M: Worms, M:W= peronii Thailand 30-40 22.9 27.5 - 2-4 - 15.2, 3, 7, 9, 12 - 1: - - - fish, squid 0.0122L2.988 F: F: 15.5, 0.84 crustaceans F:W= 21.6 27.0 15.7 0.0199L3.004 Scolopsis Gulf of M: M: Crustaceans, M:W= taeniopterus Thailand 10-40 21.7 27.0 - All - - 6-7, 11-12 - 1:0.8 - - - fish 1.08*10- F: F: around 4L2.6201 14.6 25.0 12-1, 4- F:W= 8 6.17*10-5L2.718 Source : Chullasorn and Martosubroto, 1986. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 7 Table 2 continued Key biological features and parameters of demersal fish in the Gulf of Thailand.

Mortality Area Vertica Body size Spawning Recruitment Size at Growth (coefficient) (country) l captured first Sex (rate or Life Food Length- surveyed distrib maturity coefficient) weight Species u- Maxi- Fecundity (cm) ratio span organism relationshi tion Mean mum Area Size Seaso (M:F) (year) s p range (cm) (cm) on (cm) n (m) (mo (month nth) ) FAMILY M: 56 000-152 11.0, 12.0, M:W= PRIACANTHID 27.0 - - All 000 10.5 3, 5, 10, 14.0 1:1 2.0 Crustacea 3.16*10-6L2.919 AE Gulf of 40-50 F: arou 12 cm/month - - ns F:W= Priacanthus Thailand 25.0 nd Fish, squid 2.606*10-6L2.891 tayenus 1-3 FAMILY Fish, SERRANIDAE ------Crustacea - Epinephelus Gulf of 20-70 - - ns sexfasciatus Thailand Molluscs, polychaeta e FAMILY M: M: M: M:W= SYNODONTO 26.3 37.7 -< 30 1-3, - - 5-7, 11 - - k=0.103 M:Z= 5.644*10-6L3.054 DAE Gulf of 10-20 F: F: mi 8-9 1.4 cm/ 5.622 - - F:W= Saurida Thailand 30.6 41.6 month F:Z= 6.565*10-6L3.024 elongata F:k=0.099 5.278 1.5 cm/ month Saurida Gulf of M: M: tumbil Thailand - 26.31 34.0 - 1-3 - - 5-7, 12 - 1:1 - - - - F: F: - 30.56 40.0 Saurida Gulf of M: M: W= Thailand 41-50 17.8 36.5 - 12-1, - 12.0- 6, 12, 2 - 1: 2.0 cm/ - - - 0.00000292L3.16 undosquamis F: F: 5-9 14.0 0.57 month 3 18.31 26.5 Source : Chullasorn and Martosubroto, 1986.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 8 Table 3 Key biological features and parameters of small invertebrates in the Gulf of Thailand (Body size refers to total length unless specified as FL: for length or SL: standard length; sexes are combined unless specified as M: male or F: female)

Area Vertical Body size Spawning Recruitment Size at Growth Mortality (country) distribu- captured Fecundity first Sex (rate or (coefficient) Life Food Length-weight Species surveyed tion Maxi- maturity ratio coefficient) span organisms relationship range Mean mum Area Season Size Season (cm) (M:F) (year) (m) (cm) (cm) (month) (cm) (month) FAMILY Polychaet M:W= 2.963 PENAEIDAE - - - 1-3, 9-12 129 650-960 950 - - 13.0-14.2 - - - - ae, Fish 0.000010L Penaeus Gulf of 15-30 larvae, F:W= merguiensis Thailand1 0.0000049L3.113 Copepods euphausis Penaeus Gulf of 10-19 12.9 20.9 All 257 889- 1 009 459 7.0 Shrimps M:W= japonicus Thailand1 - around - 14.0 1:1 - - - larvae, 0.0000712L2.5703 1-3, 7-8 F:W= larvae, 0.0000149L2.9018 s larvae, molluscs larvae Loligo Gulf of Shallow 6-30 30 Prachuap All 1,500-10,000 0.5-5.0 1,3-6,9 6.5-7.0 F>M M: 1 Fish, M:W= duvauceli Thailand2 to depth Khiri Khan- around 0.0083 molluse and 0.9594L1.73509 :East over 50 m Chumphon 1, 3-4, 6- day-1 shrimp F:W= coast 7, 12 or 2.52 0.1829L2.16290 year F: 0.0069 day-1 L. chinensis Gulf of >30 6-42 42 South of All 3,000-11,000 0.5-6.5 1, 3-6, 10 8.5 - M:0.0072 1 Fish, M:W= Thailand2 Ko Chang, around day-1 mollusce 0.2134L2.11948 :East off shore of 3-4, 6-7, Or 2.62 yr- and shrimo F:W= coast Chumphon 11-12 1 0.051L2.42078 and Pracuap F:2.704 Khiri Khan day-1 or 2.70 year-1 Sepia aculata Gulf of 1-7 nmi or 5-16.9 - - 3-4,7-8 4,547 - - 8.1 - Crustacean, M:W= Thailand 20-25 m fish 0.00099L2.5032 Upper3 F:W= 0.000722L2.5919 S. recurvirostra Gulf of >7 nmi ------Crustacean, M:W= Thailand or fish 0.00191L2.3579 Upper4 21-40 m F:W=

1 Chullasorn and Martosubroto, 1986. 2 Chotiyaputta. 1995b.

3 Chotiyapunta, 1977; 1978. 4 Chotiyapunta, 1977. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 9 0.001984L2.3579 S. pharaonis Gulf of 10-24.5 - - 1-2,7-8 1,400 - - M:13.7 - - - - Crustacean, W= Thailand (900-2,700) F:14.2 fish 0.4118ML2.4233 Upper5

5 Chotiyapunta, 1980; 1982; Nabthitabhata, 1997.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 10 Known Spawning Grounds

Describing the spawning and fishing grounds of 12 species/species groups is complicated. Here, the characteristics reviewed are similar to the environmental characteristics of the spawning grounds. The spawning grounds of some marine fauna in the Gulf of Thailand have been surveyed intensively. The results of the surveys, conducted since 1963, indicate that the larvae of Rastrelliger spp. concentrate in an area 10 to 40 nautical miles off the western coast of the Gulf of Thailand (Figure 3) (Boonprakob 1965; Matsui 1970). and zoophankton were abundant in this area during the spawning season (Suvapepun and suwanrampha 1970).

99° 100° 101°102° 103° 104° 105°E 14°N BANGKOK Samut Prakan Samut Sakhon Chachoengsao Samut Songkhram Chon Buri

Phetchaburi 13° Rayong Chanthaburi

Trat 12°

Prachuap Khiri Khan

11° Chumphon

10°

9° Surat Thani

Nakhon Si Thammarat 8°

7° Songkhla 1-100 / 1000 m3 Pattani 3 Narathiwat 101-500 / 1000 m >500 / 1000 m3 6°

Figure 3 The abundances of Indo-Pacific mackerel larvae (R. neglectus) observed at various surveys stations in the Gulf of Thailand (Boonprakob 1965). UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 11 The spawning grounds and season for Decapterus maruadsi and D. macrosoma in the Gulf of Thailand was determined from observations of seasonal changes in the stage of gonad development. Spawning was believed to occur from February to August, with peaks from February to March and from July to August in the deeper area of the Gulf (Figure 4) (Chullasorn and Yusukswad 1978). Spawning grounds of neritic tuna are located along the Gulf’s western coast, with concentrations in the middle of the Gulf (Figure 5). The spawning grounds for anchovy are depicted in Figure 6.

99° 100° 101° 102° 103° 104° 105°E

14°N BANGKOK Samut Prakan Samut Sakhon Chachoengsao Samut Songkhram Chon Buri

13° Phetchaburi Rayong Chanthaburi

Trat

12° Prachuap Khiri Khan

Jan-Mar Jul-Aug 11° Chumphon

Jan-Mar Jul-Aug

10°

9° Surat Thani Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Jul-Aug Jul-Aug

Nakhon Si Thammarat 8°

7° Songkhla Pattani Narathiwat

6°

Figure 4 The spawning grounds of round scads (Decapterus spp.) in the Gulf of Thailand (Chullasorn and Yusuksawad 1978).

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 12

99° 100° 101° 102° 103° 104° 105°E

14°N BANGKOK Samut Prakan Samut Sakhon Chachoengsao Samut Songkhram Chon Buri

13° Phetchaburi Rayong Chanthaburi

Trat

12° Prachuap Khiri Khan

11° Chumphon

10° Stations were found neritic larvae in 1987

Stations were found neritic larvae in 1975, 1983

9° Surat Thani

Nakhon Si Thammarat 8°

7° Songkhla

Pattani Narathiwat

6°

Figure 5 The stations where the eggs and larvae of neritic tunas have been observed to be abundant during surveys conducted in the Gulf of Thailand (Chamchang and Chayakul 1990).

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 13

99° 100° 101° 102° 103° 104° 105°E

14°N BANGKOK Samut Prakan Samut Sakhon Chachoengsao Samut Songkhram Chon Buri

13° Phetchaburi Rayong Chanthaburi

Trat

12° Prachuap Khiri Khan

11°

Chumphon

10°

9° Surat Thani

Nakhon Si Thammarat 8°

7° Songkhla

Pattani

Narathiwat

6°

Figure 6 The spawning grounds for anchovy in the Gulf of Thailand (Vatanachai 1978; Chansakul 1988; Chayakul 1990 cited in Saikliang 1995b).

Known Nursery Areas

Many studies have shown that the distribution and abundance of pelagic and demersal fish larval are related to plankton densities. Plankton production rates are higher in near shore areas and decrease vertically with depth.

The nursery areas of important marine fauna in the Gulf of Thailand are mostly located in inshore areas, including mangrove areas, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs. The feeding grounds of most fished species are generally the same as the areas in which they are fished.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 14 2. INPUTS FROM THE FISHERIES COMPONENT FOCAL POINT FOR THAILAND

Table 4 Fisheries management areas that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia in Thai waters of the Gulf of Thailand.

Objective of the Importance of the Area to Management Species for 6 the Life-Cycle of the Area and Country Province/State Geographical Location Type of Management Area which the Area Species for which it is Associated is Managed Managed Management Measures Thailand Prachuap Khiri Khan, A conservation area of CS : 15 February – 15 May (15 February – Several According to the study of To protect the Chumphon and Surat approximately 26,400 km2 31 March : spawning and breeding commercially life cycles of some aquatic spawner and Thani provinces offshore of Prachuap Khiri seasons); (1 April - 15 May : nursery important fish , they spawn, juvenile fish (September 24, B.E. Khan, Chumphon and Surat season) species. breeding and their larvae species 2542) Thani provinces • All kind of trawls used with motor nurture in this area vessels except trawls used with only one motor vessel of which the length is not more than 16 meters and fishing only on night time • Gill nets and entangling nets used with a motor vessels in fishing by method of entangling for catching mackerel or by other similar method • All kind of surrounding nets used with motor vessels • Push nets used with a motor vessel of more than 16 meters in length Gulf of Thailand (July 20, Within a distance 3,000 m Trawler, push net and dredge with any Several nursery grounds Maintaining the B.E. 2515 and February from the shore line and of 400 motor vessels by any method commercially productivity of near 18, B.E. 2517) meters surrounding a place of importance fishes shore waters all kinds of stationary gear species permitted for fishing in the sea or Gulf or bay in any province Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Thailand To prohibit the use of all purse seine which Several Attract a juvenile fishes To minimize the (November 14, B.E. 2534) the mesh less than 2.5 centimetre commercially catch of small fish operated in night time importance fishes species

6 Enter JN for Juvenile Nursery, SA for Spawning Area, and MR for areas used to safeguard Migratory Routes. UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 15 Table 4 cont. Fisheries management areas that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia in Thai waters of the Gulf of Thailand.

Objective of the Importance of the Area 7 Species for Management Area to the Life-Cycle of the Country Province/State Geographical Location Type of Management Area which the Area is and Associated Species for which it is Managed Management Managed Measures Chonburi province (June Sattahip Bay, Chonburi Used any kind and any size of fishing Department of Diving and searching for To prevent such 26, B.E. 2518) province appliance in fishing by any method Fine Arts shall, on ancient objects or objects precious remains of the next occasion, of art ancient boat or bring them as well ancient object sunk in as an ancient boat that area from being out of the water for damaged by the national fishing Chonburi province (June Koh Loi in Sriracha district, Used any kind and any size of trawls, Several This area are shelters and To conserve such 26, B.E. 2518) running straight to Sampayue push nets, La-wa, Chip, Shrimp push commercially habitats of young aquatic aquatic Rock and passing Luem nets, push nets and all kinds of bag- importance fishes animals varieties from being Island, Maravichai Island, Rin nets, with motor vessels species. caught or destroyed Island, back sides of Lai September 1 to the end of February in an inappropriate Kram Island, Chuang Island amount and for the and Chan Island, Chang Klua efficient and Island and Rade Island, until sustainable utilization meeting with Chong Same of marine resources San lighthouse in the locality Sattahip District, Chonburi province Songkhla, Southern Gulf Offshore of Songkhla FMZ : Zone management (0-3 nautical Anchovy fisheries Fisheries management To reduce the conflict of Thailand mile from shore line is a zone for small and small scale zone for anchovy fisheries between small scale scale fisheries, 5-12 nautical mile, fisheries or fisheries and anchovy operating zone for anchovy light fishing artisanal fisheries fisheries with light boat which the length less than 14 meter luring ( Anchovy lift and more than 15 nautical mile is net, falling net and operating zone for anchovy light fishing scoop net with light boat which the length 14-16 meter and luring) 3-5 and 12-15 nautical mile are buffer zone) Samut Sakhon Province Gulf of Thailand, in the Use all kinds and all sizes of Bivalves (Short To protect habitat or (June 17, B.E. 2518) locality of Tambol Pantai dredges or other similar appliances of neck clam) nursery ground of Norasing, Tambol Kokkham similar use, with motor vessels, in fishing bivalves and Tambol Bang Ya Praek, of bivalves by any method whatsoever Samut Sakhon Province

7 Enter JN for Juvenile Nursery, SA for Spawning Area, and MR for areas used to safeguard Migratory Routes.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 16 3. EXTRACTED FROM THAILAND’S DRAFT NATIONAL CORAL REEF REPORT AND SITE CHARACTERISATIONS

Table 5 Number of Coral Reef Fish and Transient Fish Genera and Species that depend on Coral Reef Sites in Thailand for part of their life-cycle

Site Name Location Latitude Longitude Number of coral reef Number of transient Reference fish (genera/species) fish (genera/species) Chumphon Group Chumphon 10° 04′N - 99° 16′E - 62/106 13 (Genera only Plathong et. al. (2002) and Fisheries Province 10° 92′N 99° 53′E Department (1996) Mu Koh Chang Trat Province, 11°56′N - 102°25′E- 63/129 9/12 Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Thailand 12°16′N 102°61′E Department (1996) Angthong Group Surat Thani 9° 19′N - 9° 99° 39′E - 62/106 13 (Genera only) Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Province 47′N 99° 45′E Department (1996) Samui and Surat Thani 9° 17′N - 9° 99° 53′E - 62/106 13 (Genera only) Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Phangan Group Province 48′ N 100° 05′E Department (1996) Samed Group Rayong Province 12° 50′N - 101° 13′E - 51/74 9 (Genera only) Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries 12° 67′ N 101° 71′E Department (1996) Sichang Group Rayong Province 12° 50′N - 101° 69′E - 41/86 8 (Genera only) Somkleeb, et. al. (2002) and Fisheries 13° 18′ N 100° 98′E Department (1996)

Sattaheep and Chonburi 12° 60′N - 100° 87′E - 44/75 8/12 Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Samaesarn Group Province 12° 65′ N 100° 92′E Department (1996) Lan and Phai Chonburi 12° 30′N - 100° 40′E - 44/75 8/12 Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Group Province 13° 20′ N 101° 00′E Department (1996) Chao Lao Chanthaburi 12° 46′N - 101° 92′E - 40/105 10 (Genera only) Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Province 12° 53′ N 102° 03′E Department (1996) Prachuap Khiri Prachuap Khiri 11° 04′N - 99° 52′E - 78/162 8/12 Vidthayanon (1999) and Fisheries Khan Group Khan 12° 48′ N 100° 02′E Department (1996) Tao Group Surat Thani 10° 03′N - 99° 48′E - 62/106 13 (genera only) Satapoomin (2002) and Fisheries Province 10° 07′ N 99° 51′E Department (1996) Koh Nhu and Maew Song Khla 7° 13′N - 7° 100° 35′E - 17/30 13 (genera only) Plathong et. al. (2002) and Fisheries Province 15′ N 100° 36′E Department (1996) Koh Kra Nakorn 7° 13′N - 7° 100° 35′E - 50/80 13 (genera only) Plathong et. al. (2002) and Fisheries Srithammarat 15′ N 100° 36′E Department (1996) Province Koh Losin Narathiwat 7° 31′N 100° 98′E 55/99 10 (genera only) Plathong et. al. (2002) and Fisheries Province Department (1996)

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 17 4. EXTRACT FROM THAILAND’S DRAFT NATIONAL SEAGRASS REPORT

Known Use of Seagrass by Crustaceans in Thailand

Several families of decapodid, amphipodid, and Isopodid crustacea predominantly represented crustaceans. Eighty-seven species belonging to 48 families of crustaceans were recorded within four different seagrass locations. The crustacean fauna is a very diverse group and a major component of macrofauna in the seagrass beds. It was numerically abundant, and it contributed to the high biomass as well. The crustaceans are mostly free swimming. Some others make that protect them from predators, as well as temperature and salinity stress. Many species of shrimps, including Peneaus merguiensis, Peneaus monodon, Peneaus semisulcatus, Metapeneaus spp. and Acetes erythraeus, were caught in . They are quite expensive in the market. Swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) and mud crab (Scylla serrata), the most popular seafood in Thailand, are commonly found in seagrass areas (Table 6).

Table 6 Crustaceans Found at Seagrass Sites in the Gulf of Thailand

Crustaceans Seagrass Site Khung Samui Pha Ngan Pattani Class Order Family Species Krabane Island (3) Island (4) Bay (5) Bay (1,2) Subclass Cirripedia Thoracica Balanidae Balanus amaryllis - - - / B. amphitrite - - - / Subclass Mysidacea Mysidae .Acanthomysis spp / / - - Malacostaca .Mesopodopsis spp / / - - .Rhopalopthalmus spp / / - - Mysids - / - / Idoteidae .Pentidotea spp - - - / Anthuridae Unknown - / - - Sphaeromatidae Unknown - / - - Cirolanidae .Cirolana spp - / - / Aegidae .Aega spp - - - / .Gnathia spp - - - / Munnidae .Munna spp - - - / Suborder Anthuridae Unknown - - / - Suborder Flabellifera Unknown - - / - Ampeliscidae Unknown - / - - Ampithoidae Unknown - / - - Aoridae Unknown - / - - Corophiidae .Grandidierella spp - / - / Gammeridae o bengalensisQuadrivisi - / - / .Eriopisella spp - - - / Hyalidae .Parhyale spp - / - /

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 18 Crustaceans Seagrass Site Khung Samui Pha Ngan Pattani Class Order Family Species Krabane Island (3) Island (4) Bay (5) Bay (1,2) Isaeidae .Photis spp - / - / Ischyroceridae Unknown - / - - Leucothoidae Unknown - / - - Liljeborgiidae Unknown - / - - Lysianassidae Unknown - / - - icerotidaeOed .Oediceroides spp - / - / Podoceridae Unknown - / - - Tanaidacea Tanaidacea - / / / Stomatopoda Harpiosquillidae Harpiosquilla harpax - - - / Squillidae Miyakea nepa - - - / Sqilla larvae / - - - Penaeidae Peneaus merguiensis / - - / monodon .P / - - / semisulcatus .P - - - / .Peneaus spp / / - - .Metapeneaus spp / / - / M. brivicornis - - - / conjunctus .M - - - / elegans .M - - - / M. ensis - - - / Sergestidae thraeusAcetes ery - - - / .Acetes spp / / - / henseni / / - / Palaemonidae Exopalaemon styliferus / - - / .Macrobranchium spp / - - / sintangense .M / - - / rosenbergii .M / - - / .Paleamon spp / - - / Caridean shrimp - / / - Alpheidae Alpheus euphrosyne / - - / .Alphaues spp / - - / Infraorder Anomura Unknown - / / - Diogenidae Clibanarius infraspinatus - - - / longitarsus .C - - - / striolatus .C - - - / .Clibanarius spp / - - - anusDiogenes planim - - - / UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 19 Crustaceans Seagrass Site Khung Samui Pha Ngan Pattani Class Order Family Species Krabane Island (3) Island (4) Bay (5) Bay (1,2) rectimanus .D - - - / Paguridae .Pagurus spp / - / - Unknown / - - - Calappidae .Matuta spp / - - - Leucosiidae Leucosia longifrons / - - / .Leucosia spp / / - / .Arcania spp / - - - Majidae Unknown / - / - Hymenosomatidae Hymenosomatids crab - - - / Parthenopidae Parthenope longimanus - / - / Portunidae Podophthalmus vigil - - - / Charybdis feriatus - - - / Portunus pelagicus / / - / Sylla serrata - - - / Thalamita crenata / - - - macrospinnifera .T / - - - Thalamita spp. - / - - Charybdis spp. - / - - Portunus granulatus - / - - Menippidae Sphaerozius nitidus - - - / Pilumnidae .Pilumnus spp / - - - Xanthidae .Actumnus spp - / - - Leptodius sanguineus - - / - Leptodius spp.1 - - / - Xanthus lamarki - - / - .Zozymodes spp - / - - Calmania simodensis / - - - Grapsidae .Metopograpsus spp - - - / Veruna litterata / - - / Pinnotheridae Unknown - / - - Ocypodidae Unknown / - - - References :

1. Karkai, N. and K. Sangrungrieng. 1998. List of crustacean and fish in the seagrass bed, Khung Krabane Bay. (Unpublished Data) 2. Sudara, S., S. Nateekanjanalarp, T, Thamrongnawasawat, S. Satumanatpan and W. Chindonnirat 1991. Survey of fauna associated with the seagrass community in Aow Khung Krabane Chanthaburi, Thailand. In; R.M. de la Paz (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Living Resources in Coastal Areas. 30 January to 1 February 1989, Manila, Philippines. pp. 347-352.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 20 3. Nateekanjanalarp, S. 1990. Seagrass Communities at Koh Samui, Surat Thani, Thailand. Master of Science, Department of Marine Science. Graduate School. Chulalongkorn university. 148 pp. 4. Sudara, S., S. Nateekanjanalarp and P. Chinsupangpimet. 1992. Comparison of Associated Fauna in Enhalus Acoroides Beds between High and Low at Pha-Ngan Island, Gulf of Thailand. In; Chou, L.M. & C.R. Wilkinson (eds.) Third ASEAN Science and Technology week of Conference Proceedings, Vol.6, Marine Science: Living Coastal Resource, 21-23 Sept. 1992, . pp. 281-287. 5. Intharasook, K. 1999. Seasonal Distribution and Diversity of Marine Fauna in Seagrass Beds at Pattani Bay. Master of Science, Department of Marine Science. Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. 209 pp. (in Thai)

Known Use of Seagrass by Fish in Thailand

Fishes of seagrass beds in the Gulf of Thailand were identified from samples collected from four different areas. 152 species belonging to 58 families were recorded, of which 103 species, 56 species, 44 species and 28 species were reported at Pattani Bay, Khung Krabane, Samui Island and Pha Ngan Island, respectively. The dominant group of fishes found in seagrasses showed a degree of overlap of the species pool of inshore fishes, such as Siganus spp. (seagrass dominated species) and mangrove dominated species such as Ambassis spp., Leiognathus spp. and spp. Approximately 70% of the economically important species have been recorded, including (Arius sagor), mullets ( subviridis and Chelon dussumeri), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), grouper (Epinephelus coioides, E. sexfasciatus, E. tauvina and E. bleekeri), (Sillago sihama), almaco jack (Seriola rivoliana), snapper (Lutjanus carponotatus), emperor (Lethrinus miniatus), croaker (Johnieops vogleri), rabbitfish (Siganus javus and Siganus canaliculatus) and short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma). Although these group of fish were only juveniles or sub-adults (Table 7).

Table 7 Fishes Found at Seagrass Sites in the Gulf of Thailand (all are juveniles unless otherwise noted)

Fishes Seagrass Site Economic Khung Krabane Pha Ngan Family Species Samui Island (3) Pattani Bay (4) Species Bay (1,2,3) Island (3) Dasyatidae Himantura imbricatus - - - / / Elopidae Elops machnata - - - A / Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides - - - A / Engraulidae Stolephorus indicus - - - / A / S. tri - - - / A / S. dubiosus - - - / A / Stolephorus spp. (Juvenile) / - - / / Thryssa halmiltoni - - - / A / T. kammalensis - - - / A / Pristigasteridae Ilisha kampeni - - - / A / Ililsha spp. - - - / A / Clupeidae Escualosa thoracata - - - A / Anodontostoma chacunda - - - / / Nematalosa nasus - - - / / Sardinella fimbriata - - - / A / UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 21 Fishes Seagrass Site Economic Khung Krabane Pha Ngan Family Species Samui Island (3) Pattani Bay (4) Species Bay (1,2,3) Island (3) Sardinella spp. - - - / / Clupea spp. / / / - / Spratelloidae spp. - / - - / Ariidae Arius sagor - - - A / A. maculatus - - - A / Plotosidae Plotosus canius - - - / / Synodontidae Saurida nebulosa - - - A / Batrachoididae Batrichthys grunniens - - - A - Mugilidae Chelon subviridis (Liza subviridis) / - - / A / C. dussumeri - - - / A / Moolgarda cunnesius - - - / A / spp. / - - - / Liza subviridis / - - - / Atherinidae Atherinomorus duodecimalis / / / A - A. lacunosus - - - A - Hypoatherina valenciennei - - - A - Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus - - - A - Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus kampei / - - - / Hyporhamphus limbiatus - - - / / Hemiramphus far - - - / / Holocentridae Sargocentron rubrus - / - - / Hippocampus kuda / - - - / Trachyrhmphus longirostris / - - - - heptagonus - - - A - Syngnathus spp. / / / - - Synbranchidae Ophisternon bengalensis - - - / / Scorpaenidae Vespicula trachinoides - - - / - horrida - - - / - Hoplichthyidae Hoplichthys spp. / - - - / Plathycephalidae Inegocia spp. / - - - / Platycephalus indicus - - - / / Platycephalus spp. / / - - / Cociella crocodila - - - / / Centropomidae Lates calcarifer - - - / / Psammoperca waigiensis - / / - / Ambassidae Ambassis commersonii - - - / A - A. urotaenia / - - - - A. kopsii - - - / A -

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 22 Fishes Seagrass Site Economic Khung Krabane Pha Ngan Family Species Samui Island (3) Pattani Bay (4) Species Bay (1,2,3) Island (3) A. macracanthus - - - / A - Ambassis spp. - - - / A - Acropomatidae Malakichtbys wakiyae / - - - / Serranidae Epinephelus coioides / - - / / E. sexfasciatus - - - / / E. tauvina - / - - / E. bleekeri - - - / / Cephalopholis boenack / - - - / Apogonidae Apogon spp. - / - - / Sillago sihama / - / / A / Sillago spp. / - - / A / Carangidae Seriola rivoliana - - - / / Leiognathidae Leiognathus brevirostris - - - / A - Secutor insidiator / - - / A - Leiognathus equulus - - - / A - Gazza minuta / - - - - Leiognathus elongatus - - - / A - L. spendens - - - / A - Leiognathus spp. / - - / A - Lutjanidae Lutjanus russelli / / / / / L. kasmira - / - - / L. monostigma / / - / / L. vitta - / - - / L. fulviflamma - - - / / L. carponotatus / / / - / Lutjanus spp. - - - / / Gerreidae Gerres filamentosus / - - / / G. oyena / / / / / G. abbreviatus - - - / / Gerres spp. - / - / / Haemulidae Pomadasys spp. / - - - / Lethrinidae Lethrinus lentjan - - - / / L. miniatus / / / - / L. ornatus / / / - / L. nebulosus / / / - / Lethrinus spp. / / / / / Nemipteridae Scolopsis spp. - / - - / Scolopsis ciliatus - / / - / UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 23 Fishes Seagrass Site Economic Khung Krabane Pha Ngan Family Species Samui Island (3) Pattani Bay (4) Species Bay (1,2,3) Island (3) Sciaenidae Dendrophysa russelli / - - / / Johnieops vogleri / - - / / Nibea soldado / - - / / Mullidae Upeneus tragula / / / / / Upeneus spp. / - - - / Toxotidae Toxotes jaculatrix - - - A / Chaetodontidae rostratus - / / - / Teraponidae Pelates quadrilineatus / / / / / Terapon jarbua / - - / / T. puta - - - / / Mesopristes cancellatus / - - - / Monodactyidae Monodactylus argenteus / - - - / Cichidae Oreochromis mossambicus - - - / A / Labridae poecilopterus - / - - / Halichoeres spp. - / / - / Blenniidae Petroscirtes mitratus - / - - - Petroscirtes spp. - / - - - Petroscirtes lupus / / / - - Callionymidae Callionymus spp. / / / / - Eleotridae Butis butis - - - / A / B. koilomatodon - - - / A / Gobiidae Glossogobius biocellatus / - - - / G. giuris - - - / A / G. circumspectus - - - / A / Acentrogobius viridipunctatus - - - / A - A. viganensis - - - / A - Favonigobius spp. - / - - - Cristatogobius spp. - - - / A - Oplopomus spp. - - - / A - Drombus spp. - - - / A - Papillogobius reichei - - - / A - Pseudogobius javanicus - - - / A - Goby / / / - - Mulgilogoblis plapensis - - - / A - Stigmatogobius sadanundio - - - / A - Yongeichthys criniger - - - A - Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus - - - / A / Pseudopocryptes lanceolatus - - - A /

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 24 Fishes Seagrass Site Economic Khung Krabane Pha Ngan Family Species Samui Island (3) Pattani Bay (4) Species Bay (1,2,3) Island (3) Scatophagus argus - - - / A / Siganidae Siganus javus / - - / A / S. canaliculatus / / / / A / S. guttatus - - - / A / S. fuscescens - - - / A / S. virgatus - / / / A / Siganus spp. - / - / A / Sphyraenidae Sphyraena spp. / / / - / Scombridae Rastrelliger brachysoma - - - / / Paralichthyidae Pseudorhombus arsius / / - - / Soleidae Pardachirus pavoninus / / / - / Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus bilineatus - - - / / C. puncticeps - - - / / Cynoglossus spp. / - - - / Triacanthidae Triacanthus blochii - - - / - Monacanthidae chinensis / / / / - Arceichthys tomentosus / / / - - A. hajam - / - - - Chelonodon patoca / / / - / immaculatus - - - A / Diodontidae Diodon hystrix - - - / - D. liturosus / / / - -

Remark : A = Adult Stage

References :

1. Karkai, N. and K. Sangrungrieng. 1998. List of crustacean and fish in the seagrass bed, Khung Krabane Bay. (Unpublished Data) 2. Sudara, S., S. Nateekanjanalarp, T, Thamrongnawasawat, S. Satumanatpan and W. Chindonnirat 1991. Survey of fauna associated with the seagrass community in Aow Khung Krabane Chanthaburi, Thailand. In; R.M. de la Paz (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Living Resources in Coastal Areas. 30 January to 1 February 1989, Manila, Philippines. pp. 347-352. 3. Sudara, S., S. Nateekanjanalarp and P. Chinsupangpimet. 1992. Comparison of Associated Fauna in Enhalus Acoroides Beds between High and Low Tides at Pha-Ngan Island, Gulf of Thailand. In; Chou, L.M. & C.R. Wilkinson (eds.) Third ASEAN Science and Technology week of Conference Proceedings, Vol.6, Marine Science: Living Coastal Resource, 21-23 Sept. 1992, Singapore. pp. 281-287. 4. Intharasook, K. 1999. Seasonal Distribution and Diversity of Marine Fauna in Seagrass Beds at Pattani Bay. Master of Science, Department of Marine Science. Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. 209 pp. (in Thai) UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 25 5. COMPILATION OF INFORMATION FROM THE SITE CHARACTERISATIONS CONDUCTED FOR MANGROVE SITES IN THAILAND

Table 8 Fish Utilisation of Mangrove Sites on Thailand’s Gulf of Thailand Coast

Site Name Location Comment Thung Kha Muang and Sawee At least 50 fish species are known to utilise the site for part or all of Bay – Savi Districts, Chumphon their life-cycles. Species that are critically dependent on the site for Bay Province nursery areas include Clupeoids like, slip mouth (Leiognathus decorus, L. equulus), slender slip mouth (L. elongatus), Indian anchovy (Stolophorus indicus), spotted catfish (Tachysurus sp.), (Chanos chanos) and several species of Mugil. Ban Don Bay Chaiya, Donsak and At least 50 fish species are known to utilise the site for part or all of Muang Districts, Surat their life-cycles. Species that are critically dependent on the site for Thani Province nursery areas include include milkfish (Chanos chanos), Lates calcarifer, (Mugil spp.), glassfish (Ambassis spp.), Lujanus spp., slipmouth (Leiognathus spp.) and goby (Butis butis). Pak Phanang Pak Phanang and At least 50 fish species are known to utilise the site for part or all of Bay Muang districts, their life-cycles. Species that are critically dependent on the site for Nakhon Si Thammarat nursery areas include milkfish (Chanos chanos), Lates calcarifer as province well as several species of slipmouth (Leiognathus spp.), mullet (Mugil spp.) and glassfish (Ambassis spp.). Welu River Khlung District, There are at least 59 fish species found in the area, including Estuary Chantaburi Province. endangered (Hippocampus kuda). The vulnerable species Khaosaming District, of the area include chawnda gizzard-shad (Anodontostoma Trat Province chacunda), silver pomfret (Pampus chinensis), Chinese pomfret (P. argenteus), bambooshark (Chiloscyllium burgeri) and slender bambooshark (C. indicum). Other important species are (Cynoglossus macrolepidotus) and freshwater pipefish (Doryichthys deokhatoides). Khoa Sam Roi Sam Roi Yot and There are at least 25 fish species, including species use in Yot National Kuiburi district, , marine species and fresh water fishes. The only Park Prachuap Khirikhan vulnerable species of the national park is walking catfish (Clarias Province batrachus), while other noteworthy species include snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis), striped snake-head (Channa striata), swamp (Mopnopter albus), striped tiger nandid (Pristolepis fasciatus) and Nile (Oreochromis niloticus). Pattani Bay Muang and Yaling At least 32 fish species known to utilise the mangroves in this area districts, Pattani for part or all of their life-cycles. The mangroves in the area are Province known critical nursery areas for glassfish (Ambassis kopsii), crimsontip flathead gudgeon (Butis butis), Engraulis sp., Lates calcarifer, slipmouth (Leiognathus spp.), Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Indian anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) and rabbitfish (Siganus spp.). Khung Tamai District, Mangroves in the area are known juvenile nursery area for Orange- Kraben Bay Chantaburi Province spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Known spawning area for in excess of 30 important commercial fishery species. Laem Phak Petchaburi Province Fish larvae from more than 30 families of of economic importance Bia species including snappers, milkfish, groupers and mullets have been recorded in mangroves of this area (Vatanachai, 1979) Klong Wan Prachaub Khiri Khan Fish larvae from more than 31 species of important fish, including Province tarpon, ladyfish, milkfish, and snappers are known to utilise this site (Sontirat, 1982). Klong Klone Samut Songkhram 55 species in 32 families are known to depend on this site for critical Province phases of life-cycle (Nateekarnchanalarp et al., 1994) Trat Bay Trat Province 111 species of fish from 47 families are known to depend on this site for critical phases of life-cycle.

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 2 Page 26 6. COMPILATION OF INFORMATION FROM THE SITE CHARACTERISATIONS CONDUCTED FOR WETLAND SITES IN THAILAND

Table 9 Information on Fish Utilisation of Wetland Sites in Thailand

Site Name Geographical Comment Location Pattani Bay 6° 49′- 57′ N and At least 215 fish species have been observed to utilise the site for 101° 14′- 29′ E significant stages of life-cycle, including Freckled Hawkfish (Ambassis kopsii), Crimsontip Flathead Gudgeon (Butis butis), Anchovy (Engraulis sp.), Giant Seaperch (Lates calcariter), Slipmouth (Leiognathus spp.), Mangrove Redsnapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) and Anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) (OEPP, 1999a) Mu Koh Ang Thong 9° 30′-43′ N and The site is an important fishery area known as “the centre of golden National Park 99° 39′-44′ E area for fishery” which signifies its role as a key nursery areas for various commercial species such as Indo-pacific mackerel, Indian mackerel, grouper, Jew fish and mullet. Ban Don Bay 9°7′-30′ N and The site is an important nursery area for commercial fish species 99°13′-34′ E including Milkfish (Chanos chanos), Giant Sea (Lates calcarifer), Mullet (Mugil spp.), Glassfish (Ambassis spp.), Snapper (Lutjanus spp.), Slipmouth (Leiognathus spp.) and Crimsontip Flathead Gudgeon (Butis butis). Welu River Estuary 12°16′-28′ N and Identified as an important nursery area for 52 fished species 102° 07′-23′ E Thung Kha Bay- 10 °16′-23′ N and 86 fish species depend on the site for all or part of their life-cycles. Savi Bay 99° 09′-14′ E Important species that depend on the site for nursery habitat include Common species of the area include White (Clupeoides lile), Slipmouth (Leiognathus decorus), Common Slipmouth (L. equulus), Slender slipmouth (L. elongatus). Pak Phanang Bay 8° 19′-31′ N and Atleast 140 fish species depend on mangrove forests in the area for 100° 03′- 13′ E part or all of their life-cycle.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 1

ANNEX 3 COMPILATION OF INFORMATION PREPARED BY FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON FISH HABITAT AND LIFE-CYCLE LINKAGES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. EXTRACT FROM THE PHILIPPINES’ DRAFT NATIONAL FISHERIES REPORT

Table 1 List of species commonly caught by various fishing gear (hook & line, gill nets & trawls) in Lingayen Gulf and Manila Bay and their use of the respective ecosystems.

Use of habitat by species Species Spawning Feeding Nursing areas grounds grounds Lingayen Gulf Carangoides malabaricus ? 3 3 Chanos chanos 3 3 Decapterus maruadsi ? 3 3 Elagatis bipinnulata 3 3 Istiophorus platypterus 3 3 Leiognathus spp 3 3 3 Mugil cephalus ? 3 3 Nemipterus nematophorus 3 3 3 Rastrelliger brachysoma ? 3 3 Scomberomorus commersoni 3 3 Siganus fuscesens 3 3 3 Sphyraena barracuda 3 3 Thunnus albacares 3 3 Trichiurus sp ? 3 3 Sepioteuthis lesonniana ? 3 3 Manila Bay Secutor insidiator 3 3 3 Leiognathus bindus 3 3 3 Trichiurus setirostris 3 3 Valamugil seheli 3 3 Caranx malabaricus 3 3 Sardinella fimbriata 3 3 Upeneus tragula 3 3 3 Siganus fuscesens ? 3 3 Stolephorus commersonii 3 3 Sphyraena barracuda 3 3 Portunus pelagicus ? 3 3 Rastrelliger brachysoma 3 3 Scylla serrata ? 3 3 Mugil cephalus 3 3 Sardinella fimbriata 3 3 Rastrelliger kanagurta 3 3

Large pelagic fishes

This group includes the various tuna species. In the Philippines, there are a total of 21 tuna and tuna- like species, but only six are caught in commercial quantities (PCAMRD 1993). The six species include the highly migratory Thunnus albacares (yellowfin) and Katsuwonus pelamis (skipjack), which are normally caught in offshore waters, and Thunnus obesus (big-eyed), Euthynnus affinis (eastern little), Auxis thazard (frigate), and A. rochei (bullet), which are more frequently caught in inshore waters.

Tuna spawning grounds are located throughout Philippine waters (Figure 1), including the waters off West , Mindoro Strait, and West Luzon. The major spawning ground, however, is the Celebes Sea in the south. Migration through the Sulu Sea (Figure 2) allows the mixing of stocks between the Pacific (via the Celebes Sea) and the SCS.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 2 The prevalence of young tuna (TL<30 cm) in commercial and municipal catches has been a major concern since the 1980s because it may lead to growth (Aprieto 1982). Worse, the use of fish aggregating devices (FADs), locally called “”, tends to enhance thus exacerbating the above situation (PCAMRD 1993). Of the six tuna species mentioned above, only T. obesus is believed to be facing a high risk of extinction and is thus listed under the vulnerable category.

Large pelagics typically include other oceanic fish such as Makaira spp. (marlin), Xiphias gladius (), Istiophorus platypterus (sailfish), Scomberomorus commerson (), Elopidae (tenpounder), Sphyraenidae (barracuda), Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish), large Caranx spp. (cavalla), Elagatis bipinnulatus (rainbow runner), and Chanos chanos (milkfish). As a group, these fish contribute around 7% to total landings of pelagic fish (Pagdilao et al. 1991), but little is known about their biology or in local waters. Milkfish are extensively cultured in the Philippines, but only those caught in the wild are included as large pelagics.

Pacific

South

China Sea Ocean

Sulu

Sea

Celebes Sea

Figure 1 Tuna spawning grounds in the Philippines (Wade 1951).

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 3

South Pacific China

Sea

Ocean

Sulu Sea

Celebes Sea

Figure 2 Tuna migration routes to the South China Sea.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 4 Known Spawning Grounds

Several ichthyoplankton surveys have been conducted in various parts of the country wherein information regarding spawning grounds is available. However, since larvae are generally only identifiable to family level, species-specific spawning grounds cannot be identified. Spawning grounds for tuna (Figure 1) include the west coast of Palawan, Mindoro Strait extending further into the Sulu Sea, the offshore areas of Manila Bay-Zambales, and the Ilocos coast. Findings that are more recent consider the Celebes Sea, including Moro Gulf, as the major spawning grounds for tuna, with subsequent migration through the Sulu Sea via Balabac Strait, Northern Palawan, and Mindoro Strait (Figure 2). This migration facilitates mixing of tuna stocks from the South China Sea with those from the Celebes Sea, the major spawning ground.

a) Mangrove b) Seagrass Priority Priority Areas Areas

Figure 3 Areas of highest priority for a) mangrove and b) seagrass biodiversity and conservation along the coast of the western Philippines.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 5

Lingayen Gulf

South Pacific

China Ocean

Sea Mindoro

Strait

Malampaya Sound

Sulu

Sea

Celebes Sea

Figure 4 Major areas of intense fish spawning based on Magnusson (1970) and Tan (1970).

Table 2 provides a summary of biomass and ichthyoplankton density in various areas along the western Philippines and adjacent internal waters. Both fish egg and larval density estimates are highest in Malampaya Sound (Estudillo et al. 1980), a rather deep embayment on the west coast of northern Palawan (Figure 4). Zooplankton biomass for the same year was likewise high in this area. Recent estimates of zooplankton density in the Sound (Ingles 2002) also show high values (Table 3). If a zooplankton biomass of 0.01 ml/m3 is considered typical of oceanic waters (Hermes and Villoso 1985), then based solely on plankton densities, Malampaya Sound is likely a spawning ground for various fish species. Unfortunately, species composition of ichthyoplankton is not reported.

Ordoñez et al. (1975) reported concentration of fish larvae in Mindoro Strait (Figure 4) during their survey, although reported values were much lower than that recorded in Malampaya Sound (Table 3). Because larval densities have large differences with those observed in internal waters (Batangas Coast/Manila Bay), the area was thus considered a spawning ground, especially for Thunnidae, Carangidae, Serranidae, and Mullidae, which comprised over 75% of the ichthyoplankton in the area.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 6 Specific areas of high larval densities may not necessarily be the area where the spawning actually took place, but more likely at the downstream portion of the latter due to the displacement by water currents. Local hydrography (current speed and direction) would then determine the magnitude of the displaced distance. What is perhaps more relevant is that locations for both spawning (i.e. high egg concentrations) and settlement (high larval concentrations) are equally important for the survival and continued reproduction of fish stocks. In the marine environment, both locations are more likely found within at least a portion of a fishing ground rather than in a single specific habitat within the fishing ground (e.g. specific reef or seagrass bed).

Table 2 Comparison of zooplankton biomass (ml/m3) and fish egg and larval densities (ind/100 m3) at locations along the South China Sea side of the Philippines. Egg Larvae Peak Location Biomass References Density Density Density Chamchang and Chayakul South China Sea (W. Phil.) - 18.4 11.9 - (2000) Lingayen Gulf 0.6 115.4 53.6 Dec–Apr Estudillo (1985) Malampaya Sound (Inner) 5.1 1126.7 575.0 May–Sep Estudillo et al. (1980) Malampaya Sound (Outer) 3.6 1081.7 465.2 May–Sep Estudillo et al. (1980) Mindoro Strait 1.9–26 1.08 28–35 - Ordoñez et al. (1975) Northern Palawan - - 10-50 - Armada (1997) Northern Palawan 0.2 41.2 12.3 - Campos (2000) Batangas Coast/Manila Bay - - 1.2 - Ordoñez et al. (1975) Hermes and Villoso Sulu Sea 0.03–0.25 - - - (1985) Visayan Sea 0.86 339.6 67.9 - Campos et al. (2002)

Table 3 Comparison of net primary production (gC/m2/d) and zooplankton density (ind/m3) in the South China Sea and some coastal areas of the Philippines. Area Net 1o Zooplankton Reference Production Density South China Sea (Western Philippines) 0.1–1.53 446–4,683 Furio and Borja (2000) Relox et al. (2000) South China Sea (NW Palawan) 0.4–0.5 – San Diego-McGlone et al. (1999) South China Sea (North of KIG*) 4114±256 Palermo et al. (2003) Lingayen Gulf 0.5–2.8 1,000–9,000 MERF (2002)

Manila Bay 0.7–3.8 220–6240 MADECOR (1995)

Malampaya Sound (Northern Palawan) – 1,900–10,700 Ingles (2002) Visayan Sea – 11,700 Campos et al. (2002) *Kalayaan (Spratlys) Islands Group.

Comparable larval densities have also been recorded in Lingayen Gulf (Estudillo 1985), the SCS (Chamchang and Chayakul 2000), and Northern Palawan (Armada 1997; Campos 2000) (Table 3). In Lingayen Gulf, eggs and larvae were concentrated along the coast from the southern central to the eastern portions of the Gulf. Low ichthyoplankton densities were recorded at the mid-Gulf stations (Estudillo 1985). Unfortunately, the survey did not include the western Gulf area, which includes much of the reefs in there. A more recent plankton survey (MERF 2002) reported a hundredfold difference in zooplankton biomass between the high concentrations in the Western Gulf region extending from Bolinao to the Hundred Islands Reef system, and the rest of the Gulf. Water circulation in Lingayen Gulf (Figure 5) is forced by the northward shelf current passing Cape Bolinao, resulting in a wake feature that forms an eddy across the mouth of the Gulf (Altemerano and Villanoy 2002). Dispersal modeling showed that most particles (i.e. larvae) released near the Bolinao Reef Flat are entrained in the headland eddy, favoring settlement and recruitment along the western Gulf region. Therefore, it is more likely that the latter region is a major spawning ground for reef and other fish within Lingayen Gulf.

In the SCS, highest egg concentrations were recorded at about 100 nm off the of Ilocos southward to Zambales, whereas the highest larval densities occurred further south and in internal waters of Mindoro and Northern Palawan (Chamchang and Chayakul 2000). The latter is consistent

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 7 with the results of Ordonez et al. (1975). The dominant fish groups in more recent surveys include the gobiids, carangids, and apogonids, which were found closer inshore, whereas the scombrids and thunnids were found further offshore (Chamchang and Chayakul 2000).

In northern Palawan, spawning and settlement grounds are likely further inshore, particularly within the numerous embayments and indentations along the coast (Campos 2000). The major pelagic groups in the area include the carangids, clupeids, scombrids, and engraulids, whereas the most common epibenthic groups are the gobiids, mugilids, and the reef-associated haemulids, monacanthids, and lutjanids. Collectively, these groups comprised about 65% of the larval assemblage in the area (Floro 2003).

From the foregoing discussion and based on available data from plankton surveys, three major spawning areas are identifiable: (a) the western portion of Lingayen Gulf; (b) Mindoro Strait; and (c) Northern Palawan including the Calamianes Islands. While it is believed that Scarborough and the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) are major sources of propagules for the country’s archipelagic waters (and fishing grounds), comparable information (e.g. plankton) useful for more definitive examination are lacking.

Known nursery areas and feeding grounds

There is a paucity of available information regarding the potential productivity of waters along the western Philippines. Investigations in 1998 show that the area south of Subic Bay extending to waters west of northern Palawan has higher phytoplankton biomass, as indexed by chlorophyll α concentrations, than waters further north (Bajarias 2000; Furio and Borja 2000). Relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll α have also been reported for the shelf, shoal, and oceanic areas west of northern Palawan (San Diego-McGlone et al. 1999). An overall distribution of chlorophyll α, zooplankton, and small pelagic fish abundance indicators is shown in Figure 5. High zooplankton biomass is also closely associated with areas of high chlorophyll α concentrations (Relox et al. 2000). Purse experiments conducted in the vicinity in 1998 showed that catch rates for small pelagic fish, primarily Decapterus spp., were at least tenfold higher just off the Bataan Peninsula than in other coastal areas further north or south (Pastoral et al. 2000), thus showing a good spatial correspondence with the concentrations of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

High fish biomass is normally supported by high primary and secondary plankton production. From the information presented above, it can also be inferred that, within the SCS sub-region, high fish abundance is in close spatial correspondence with both high zoo- and phytoplankton biomass. Hence, it follows that higher concentrations of nutrients are required to sustain the primary and secondary production, which in turn supports the fisheries production capacities, in coastal embayments. A comparison of net primary production and zooplankton concentrations in the SCS area (Table 3) highlights the large difference. This implies that if early developmental stages (e.g. larvae) of coastal stocks were to benefit from areas that provide natural protection from open water , and from those where productivity adequately supports high consumption and rapid growth rates, Lingayen Gulf and Manila Bay would likely serve as important nursery grounds.

The prevalence of juveniles in trawl catches in Lingayen Gulf (MERF 2002) and Manila Bay (Armada 1995) is a clear indication that both areas serve as nursing and feeding grounds for many coastal stocks, including those of transboundary significance. Definitely, for some species, these areas would be important spawning grounds as well, although for migratory species such as tuna and other large pelagics, their dependence on such areas for spawning is uncertain.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 8

17

16.75

16.5

Cape 16.25 Bolinao

Bolinao Reef Flat Hundred Islands 16 119.5 119.75 120 120.25 120.5

Figure 5 Water circulation in Lingayen Gulf showing eddy formation at the mouth and entrainment within the western portion of the Gulf (Altemerano and Villanoy 2002).

Figure 6 General distribution of chlorophyll α (green: concentration increases with darkness), high zooplankton concentrations (blue), and highest catch rates for small pelagics (red) in western Philippines during April–May 1998.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 9 2. INPUTS FROM THE FISHERIES COMPONENT FOCAL POINT FOR THE PHILIPPINES

Table 4 Locations on the South China Sea Coast of the Philippines that act as critical inshore nursery refugia for important demersal species

Country Habitat Demonstration Important Demersal Species for Fishing Gears and Practices Used Existing Fisheries Management Site which the Site is Critical Inshore in the Area of the Site Measures in the Area of the Site Nursery Habitat Philippines Busuanga, Coron and , tarpons, , mullets, Culion, Palawan; along goatfish, squirrelfish, Marine park South China Sea crocodileflathead, whhitings, groupers, big-, cardinalfish, perch, silverbelly, spinecheek, breams, emperors, snappers, caesios, caranx, ponufish, slipmouths, parrotfish, angelfish, archerfish, butterflyfish, scat, surgeonfish, , triggerfish, siganids, rabbitfish Philippines Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Penaeid shrimps, rabbitfish, mullet, Marine reserve Palawan; South China Sea anchovies, carangidae families, Marine park scombroids; hawksbill & green sea turtle; bottlenose & irrawady dolphin, sea cow

Philippines Bolinao and Anda, Squirrelfish, sweetlips, , Marine reserve Pangasinan grunts, angelfish, catfish, coral Marine park breams, , mullet, milkfish, , triggerfish, surgeonfish, emperors

Philippines Masinloc, Zambales Angelfish, big-eye, catfish, Marine reserve coralbream, filefish, snappers, Marine park soldierfish, surgeonfish, jacks, groupers, goatfish, emperors, cardinal fish, , butterflyfish,

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 10 Table 5 Locations on the South China Sea Coast of the Philippines that important pelagic species utilise for spawning (compiled by Mr. Noel Barut, Fisheries Focal Point for the Philippines)

Country Geographical Location Important Pelagic Species that Fishing Gears and Practices Used Existing Fisheries Management Utilise the Area for Spawning in the Area Measures in the Area Philippines Busuanga, Coron, Culion Sharks, rays, garfish, hemiramphus, Marine reserve and Tayaty Palawan; along mackerels, scads, belonidae, Marine park South China Sea , fusiliers, , milkfish, garfish, , penaeid shrimps, rabbitfish, mullet, anchovies, carangidae families, scombroids; hawksbill & green sea turtle; bottlenose & irrawady dolphin, sea cow Philippines Mabini and San Juan, Anchovy, jacks, mackerels, tunas, Marine reserve Batangas; South China Sea dogtooth and , rays, Marine park remora, sailfish, flying fish, halfbeak, , sardines, salmon, golden trevally, barracuda, fusiliers

Philippines Bolinao and Anda, Anchovies, herrings, sardines, Marine reserve Pangasinan; along South salmon, tuna, rays, sharks, sailfish, Marine park China Sea fusiliers, barracuda

Philippines Masinloc, Zambales; along Barracuda, halfbeak, tuna, sharks, Marine reserve South China Sea sardines, fusiliers, scads, Marine park barracuda, half beak

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 11 Table 6 Fisheries management areas in the Philippines that may qualify as candidate sites of fisheries refugia (compiled by Mr. Noel Barut, Fisheries Focal Point for the Philippines)

Importance of the Objective of the Area to the Life- Management Area9 Geographical Species for which the Area Country Province/State Type of Management Area8 Cycle of the Species and Associated Location is Managed for which it is Management Managed Measures Philippines Palawan South China Sea FMZ Various coral sps., fishes, Natural habitat JN, SA marine mammals and algae spawning grounds, nursery grounds,

Philippines Batangas Lingayen gulf, FMZ Various coral sps., fishes, Natural habitat JN, SA South China Sea marine mammals and algae spawning grounds, nursery grounds,

Philippines Pangasinan South China Sea FMZ Various coral sps., fishes, Natural habitat JN, SA marine mammals and algae spawning grounds, nursery grounds,

Philippines Zambales South China Sea FMZ Various coral sps., fishes, Natural habitat JN, SA marine mammals and algae spawning grounds, nursery grounds,

8 Enter SC for Spot Closure (short-term closure), CS for Closed Season, or FMZ for a Fisheries Management Zone of a Marine Protected Area. 9 Enter JN for Juvenile Nursery, SA for Spawning Area, and MR for areas used to safeguard Migratory Routes.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 12 3. INPUTS FROM THE SEAGRASS SUB-COMPONENT FOCAL POINT FOR THE PHILIPPINES

Table 7 Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding RWG-F Demersal Species Nemipterus spp Bolinao x 1,2,3 Mangrove Red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Brownstripe red snapper Lutjanus vitta Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Plectropomus leopardus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Sixbar grouper Epinephelus sexfasciatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Other Species Cooks Cardinalfish Apogon cookii Bolinao x 1,2,3 Amboina cardinalfish Apogon amboinensis Bolinao x 1,2,3 Bigeye cardinalfish Apogon bandanensis Bolinao x 1,2,3 Ruby cardinalfish Apogon coccineus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Ochre-striped cardinalfish Apogon compressus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Yellowstriped cardinalfish Apogon cyanosoma Bolinao x 1,2,3 Sevenstriped cardinalfish Apogon novemfasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Sangi cardinalfish Apogon sangiensis Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Shimmering cardinal Archamia lineolata Bolinao x 1,2,3 Truncate cardinalfish Cheilodipterus singapurensis Bolinao x x x 1 Five-lined cardinalfish Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pajama cardinalfish Sphaeramia nematoptera Bolinao x 1,2,3 Orbiculate cardinalfish Sphaeramia orbicularis Bolinao x 1,2,3 False cleanerfish Aspidontus taeniatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Cirripectes polyzona Cirripectes polyzona Bolinao x 1,2,3 Red-speckled blenny Cirripectes variolosus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Leopard blenny Exallias brevis Bolinao x 1,2,3 Striped poison-fang blenny Meiacanthus grammistes Bolinao x 1,2,3 Striped poison-fang blenny Petroscirtes breviceps Bolinao x 1,2,3 mimic Bluestriped fangblenny Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Bolinao x 1,2,3 Piano fangblenny Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Bolinao x 1,2,3 Jewelled blenny Salarias fasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Moorish Idol Zanclus cornutus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Unicorn fish Naso lituratus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Big-nose Unicornfish Naso vlamingii Bolinao x x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 13 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Eyestripe Surgeonfish Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Black-spot surgeonfish Acanthurus bariene Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Black surgeonfish Acanthurus gahhm Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Whitecheek surgeonfish Acanthurus glaucopareius Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Japan surgeonfish Acanthurus japonicus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Lined surgeonfish Acanthurus lineatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Acanthurus mata Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Brown surgeonfish Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Orangespot surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Chocolate surgeonfish Acanthurus pyroferus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Convict surgeonfish Acanthurus triostegus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Acanthurus xanthopterus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Twospot surgeonfish binotatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Ctenochaetus striatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Spotted unicornfish Naso brevirostris Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Bluespine unicornfish Naso unicornis Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Twotone tang Zebrasoma scopas Bolinao x 1,2,3 Sailfin tang Zebrasoma veliferum Bolinao x 1,2,3 Striped Eel Catfish Plotosus lineatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Orage-lined Triggerfish/ Balistapus undulatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Picasso triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellowmargin Triggerfish Pseudobalistes flavomarginatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Balistoides viridescens Bolinao x 1,2,3 Gray triggerfish Bursa sufflamen Bolinao x 1,2,3 Black Triggerfish niger Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pinktail triggerfish Melichthys vidua Bolinao x 1,2,3 Yellowmargin triggerfish Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Yellow-spotted triggerfish Pseudobalistes fuscus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Wedge-tail triggerfish Rhinecanthus rectangulus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Blackbelly triggerfish Rhinecanthus verrucosus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Spectacled filefish Cantherhines fronticinctus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Scrawled filefish Aluterus scriptus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Fan-bellied leatherjacket Monacanthus chinensis Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Fringed filefish Monacanthus ciliatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Threadfin Fish auriga Bolinao x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 14 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Philippine butterflyfish Chaetodon adiergastos Bolinao x 1,2,3 Eastern triangular butterflyfish Chaetodon baronessa Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon bennetti Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon citrinellus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon ephippium Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon kleinii Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon lineolatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon lunula Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon melannotus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Atoll butterflyfish Bolinao x 1,2,3 Eightband butterflyfish Chaetodon octofasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon ornatissimus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon rafflesi Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon trifascialis Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chaetodon trifasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pacific double-saddle Bolinao x 1,2,3 butterflyfish Chaetodon unimaculatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pearlscale butterflyfish Chaetodon xanthurus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Black-saddled Butterfly Fish Chaetodon epphipium Bolinao x 1,2,3 / acuminatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pennate Butterfly Fish Bolinao x Soldierfish Myripristis leiognathus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Blotcheye soldierfish Myripristis berndti Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pinecone soldierfish Myripristis murdjan Bolinao x 1,2,3 Silverspot squirrelfish Sargocentron caudimaculatum Bolinao x 1,2,3 Crown squirrelfish Sargocentron diadema Bolinao x 1,2,3 Samurai squirrelfish Sargocentron ittodai Bolinao x 1,2,3 Redcoat Sargocentron rubrum Bolinao x 1,2,3 Geographic Wrasse Anampses geographicus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Eclipse wrasse Bodianus hirsutus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Yellowtail Wrasse Anampses meleagrides Bolinao x 1,2,3 Yellowbreasted Wrasse Anampses twistii Bolinao x 1,2,3 Zigzag Wrasse Halichoeres scapularis Bolinao x x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 15

Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Cheilio inermis Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Celebes Wrasse Oxycheilinus celebicus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Cheeklined Wrasse Oxycheilinus digramma Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Six-barred Wrasse hardwicke Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Twospot Maori Wrasse Cheilinus bimaculatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Slender Maori Wrasse Cheilinus celebicus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Redbreasted Maori Wrasse Cheilinus fasciatu Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Red Rose Wrasse Cheilinus rhodochrous Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Trilobed Maori Wrasse Cheilinus trilobatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Humpheaded Maori Wrass Cheilinus undulatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellow-cheeked Tuskfish anchorago Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Blackspot tuskfish Choerodon shoenleini Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Blue-head fairy wrasse Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Twinspot Wrasse Coris aygula Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Pale-barred coris Coris dorsumacula Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellowtail coris Coris gaimardi Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Dapple coris Coris variegata Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Slingjaw wrasse Epibulus insidiator Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Red-lined wrasse Halichoeres biocellatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Checkerboard wrasse Halichoeres hortulanus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Pink-belly wrasse Halichoeres margaritaceus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Dusky wrasse Halichoeres marginatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Wrasse Halichoeres melanochir Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Tail-spot wrasse Halichoeres melanurus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Nebulous wrasse Halichoeres nebulosus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Wrasse Halichoeres poecilopterus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Twotone wrasse Halichoeres prosopeion Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Zigzag wrasse Halichoeres scapularis Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Threespot wrasse Halichoeres trimaculatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Barred thicklip Hemigymnus fasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Blackeye thicklip Hemigymnus melapterus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Wrasse Hemipteronotus taeniurus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Ring wrasse Hologymnosus annulatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pastel ringwrasse Hologymnosus doliatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 16 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Tubelip wrasse Labrichthys unilineatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Bicolor cleaner wrasse bicolor Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Northern tubelip Labropsis manabei Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Blackspotted wrasse Macropharyngodon meleagris Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellowspotted wrasse Macropharyngodon negrosensis Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Seagrass wrasse Novaculichthys macrolepidotus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Rockmover wrasse Novaculichthys taeniurus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Striated wrasse Pseudocheilinus evanidus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Sixline wrasse Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Eight-lined wrasse Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Red shoulder wrasse Stethojulis bandanensis Bolinao x 1,2,3 Three-ribbon wrasse Stethojulis strigiventer Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Three-lined rainbowfish Stethojulis trilineata Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Bluntheaded wrasse Thalassoma amblycephalum Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Sixbar wrasse Thalassoma hardwickii Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Jansen's wrasse Thalassoma janseni Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Moon wrasse Thalassoma lunare Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellow-brown wrasse Thalassoma lutescens Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Thalassoma purpureum Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Fivestripe wrasse Thalassoma quinquevittatum Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Common ponyfish Leiognathus equulus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Smithurst's ponyfish Leiognathus smithursti Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Thumbprint Emperor Lethrinus harak Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Small-tooth Emperor Lethrinus microdon Bolinao x 1,2,3 Chinese emperor Lethrinus haematopterus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Pink ear emperor Lethrinus lentjan Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Longspine emperor Lethrinus nematacanthus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Orange-striped emperor Lethrinus obsoletus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Ornate emperor Lethrinus ornatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Slender emperor Lethrinus variegatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Hump-nosed Big-eye Bream Monotaxis grandoculis Bolinao 1,2,3 White-spotted Red Snapper Lutjanus bohar Bolinao 1,2,3 Large mouth snapper Lutjanus rivulatus Bolinao 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 17 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Black-spot Snapper Lutjanus ehrenbergii Bolinao 1,2,3 Two-spot banded snapper Lutjanus biguttatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Checkered snapper Lutjanus decussatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Dory snapper Lutjanus fulviflamma Bolinao 1,2,3 Blacktail snapper Lutjanus fulvus Bolinao 1,2,3 Humpback red snapper Lutjanus gibbus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Common bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Snapper Lutjanus lineolatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Bigeye snapper Lutjanus lutjanus Bolinao 1,2,3 Onespot snapper Lutjanus monostigma Bolinao 1,2,3 Russell's snapper Lutjanus russellii Bolinao 1,2,3 Barred Sandperch Parapercis nebulosa Bolinao 1,2,3 Reticulated Sandperch Parapercis tetracantha Bolinao 1,2,3 Yellowstripe goatfish flavolineatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Bicolor Goatfish Parupeneus barberinoides Bolinao x 1,2,3 Dash-and-dot Goatfish Parupeneus barberinus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Goldsaddle Goatfish Parupeneus cyclostomus Bolinao 1,2,3 Indian Goatfish Parupeneus indicus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Longbarrel Goatfish Parupeneus macronema Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Manybar Goatfish Parupeneus multifasciatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Doublebar goatfish Parupeneus bifasciatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Cinnabar goatfish Parupeneus heptacanthus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Indian goatfish Parupeneus indicus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Sidespot goatfish Parupeneus pleurostigma Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Doublebar goatfish Parupeneus trifasciatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Freckled goatfish Upeneus tragula Bolinao 1,2,3 Striped Monocle Bream Scolopsis lineatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Small toothed jobfish Aphareus furca Bolinao x 1,2,3 Golden threadfin bream Nemipterus virgatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Small-toothed whiptail Pentapodus macrurus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Two-lined monocle bream Scolopsis bilineatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Striped monocle bream Scolopsis cancellatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Saw-jawed monocle bream Scolopsis ciliatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Bicolor/Oriole Anglefish Centropyge bicolor Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Pearly-scaled Angelfish Centropyge vrolikii Bolinao x x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 18 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Twospined angelfish Centropyge bispinosus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellow angelfish Centropyge heraldi Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Keyhole angelfish Centropyge tibicen Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Pearlscale angelfish Centropyge vrolicki Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Vermiculate Angelfish Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Emperor Angelfish Pomacanthus imperator Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Royal/Regal Angelfish Pygoplites diacanthus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Golden Damselfish Amblyglyphidodon aureus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Staghorn damselfish Amblyglyphidodon curacao Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellowbell Dameslfish Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Scissor-tailed Abudefduf sexfasciatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Black-spot sergeant Major Abudefduf sordidus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Indo-Pacific Sergeant Abudefduf vaigiensis Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Spiny chromis Acanthochromis polyacanthus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Sergeant Major Abudefduf coelestinus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Singlebar devil Abudefduf leucozonus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Banded sergeant Abudefduf septemfasciatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Sergeant major Abudefduf saxatilis Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Blackback anemonefish Amphiprion frenatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Pink anemonefish Amphiprion perideraion Bolinao x 1,2,3 Yellow clownfish Amphiprion sandaracinos Bolinao x 1,2,3 Green chromis Chromis caerulea Bolinao x 1,2,3 Scaly chromis Chromis lepidolepis Bolinao x 1,2,3 Bicolor chromis Chromis margaritifer Bolinao x 1,2,3 Weber's chromis Chromis weberi Bolinao x 1,2,3 Paletail chromis Chromis xanthura Bolinao x 1,2,3 Surge damselfish Chrysiptera leucopoma Bolinao x 1,2,3 Whitetail Dascyllus aruanus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Blacktail humbug Dascyllus melanurus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Reticulate dascyllus Dascyllus reticulatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Dascyllus trimaculatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Lagoon damsel Dischistodus chrysopoecilus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Black-vent damsel Dischistodus notopthalmus Bolinao x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 19 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species White damsel Dischistodus perspicillatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Honey-head damsel Dischistodus prosopotaenia Bolinao x 1,2,3 Monarch damsel Dischistodus Bolinao x 1,2,3 pseudochrysopoecilus Blunt snout gregory Eupomacentrus lividus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Dusky farmerfish Eupomacentrus nigricans Bolinao x 1,2,3 Twinspot damselfish Glyphidodontops biocellatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Sapphire devil Glyphidodontops cyaneus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Azure demoiselle Glyphidodontops hemicyaneus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Surge damselfish Glyphidodontops leucopomus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Rolland's demoiselle Glyphidodontops rollandi Bolinao 1,2,3 Starck's demoiselle Glyphidodontops starcki Bolinao 1,2,3 Lagoon damselfish Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon Bolinao 1,2,3 Black-and-gold chromis Paraglyphidodon behni Bolinao 1,2,3 Carlson's damsel Paraglyphidodon carlsoni Bolinao 1,2,3 Bowtie damselfish Paraglyphidodon melas Bolinao 1,2,3 Black-and-gold chromis Paraglyphidodon nigroris Bolinao 1,2,3 Multispine damselfish Paraglyphidodon polyacanthus Bolinao 1,2,3 Blackbar devil Plectroglyphidodon dickii Bolinao 1,2,3 Whitespotted devil Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Singlebar devil Plectroglyphidodon leucozona Bolinao 1,2,3 Ambon damsel Pomacentrus amboinensis Bolinao 1,2,3 Speckled damselfish Pomacentrus bankanensis Bolinao 1,2,3 Neon damselfish Pomacentrus coelestis Bolinao 1,2,3 Whitetail damsel Pomacentrus flavicauda Bolinao x 1,2,3 Bluespot damsel Pomacentrus grammorhynchus Bolinao 1,2,3 Big- damsel Pomacentrus labiatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Scaly damsel Pomacentrus lepidogenys Bolinao 1,2,3 Charcoal damsel Pomacentrus melanopterus Bolinao 1,2,3 Lemon damsel Pomacentrus moluccensis Bolinao 1,2,3 Nagasaki damsel Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Bolinao 1,2,3 Philippine damsel Pomacentrus philippinus Bolinao 1,2,3 Smith's damsel Pomacentrus smithi Bolinao 1,2,3 Brackish damsel Pomacentrus taeniometopon Bolinao 1,2,3 White damsel Pomacentrus trimaculatus Bolinao 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 20 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Threespot damsel Pomacentrus tripunctatus Bolinao 1,2,3 Ocellate damselfish Pomacentrus vaiuli Bolinao 1,2,3 Richardson's reef-damsel Pomachromis richardsoni Bolinao 1,2,3 Coral Hind Cephalopholis miniata Bolinao 1,2,3 Jewel Grouper Bolinao 1,2,3 Peacock hind Bolinao 1,2,3 Chocolate hind Cephalopholis boenack Bolinao 1,2,3 Darkfin Hind Cephalopholis urodeta Bolinao 1,2,3 Starspotted grouper Epinephelus hexagonatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Snubnose grouper Epinephelus macrospilus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Epinephelus megachir Bolinao x 1,2,3 White-streaked grouper Epinephelus ongus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Epinephelus areolatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Coral Grouper Epinephelus corralicula Bolinao x 1,2,3 Black-tipped Grouper/ Epinephelus fasciatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Red-bandedGrouper Brown – Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Epinephelus merra Bolinao x 1,2,3 Marbled parrotfish Leptoscarus vaigiensis Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Longfin grouper Epinephelus megachir Bolinao x 1,2,3 Queen parrotfish Scarus vetula Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Blue-barred parrotfish Scarus ghobban Bolinao x x 1,2,3 Common parrotfish Scarus psittacus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Orange-spotted Spinedfoot Siganus guttatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3,4 Vermiculated spinefoot Siganus vermiculatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3,4 Streaked Rabbitfish Siganus javus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3,4 Gold-spotted Spinefish Siganus punctatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3,4 Barhead spinefoot Siganus virgatus Bolinao x x 1,2,3,4 Mottled spinefoot Siganus fuscescens Bolinao x x x 1,2,3,4 Streamlined spinefoot Siganus argenteus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3,4 Blue-spotted spinefoot Siganus corallinus Bolinao x x 1,2,3,4 Foxface Siganus vulpinus Bolinao x x 1,2,3,4 White-spotted puffer Arothron hispidus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Immaculate puffer Arothron immaculatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Map puffer Arothron mappa Bolinao x 1,2,3

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 21 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Blackspotted puffer Arothron nigropunctatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Starry toadfish Arothron stellatus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Axilspot Bodianus axillar Bolinao x Hawaiian Hogfish Bodianus bilunulatu Bolinao x Splitlevel hogfish Bodianus mesothorax Bolinao x Compressed toby compressa Bolinao x 1,2,3 Crowned puffer Canthigaster coronata Bolinao x 1,2,3 Honeycomb toby Canthigaster janthinoptera Bolinao x 1,2,3 Spotted sharpnose Canthigaster solandri Bolinao x 1,2,3 Valentinni's sharpnose puffer Canthigaster valentini Bolinao x 1,2,3 Torafugu Takifugu rubripes Bolinao x 1,2,3 Milkspotted puffer Chelonodon patoca Bolinao x 1,2,3 Red bigeye Priacanthus macracanthus Bolinao x 1,2,3 Gracile lizardfish Saurida gracilis Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 Variegated lizardfish Synodus variegatus Bolinao x x x 1,2,3 English sole Parophrys vetulus Bolinao 1 Common silver-biddy Gerres oyena Bolinao 1 Yellowbanded sweetlips Plectorhinchus lineatus Bolinao x 1 Dolphin shell Angaria delphinus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Smoky goblet Cantharus fumosus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Checkerboard Engina Engina alveolata Bolinao x x x 5,34 Pacific/Large True Bubble Bulla ampulla Bolinao x x x 5,34 Granular frogsnail Bursa granularis Bolinao x x x 5,34 Dark brown cone Conus boeticus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Crowned cone Conus coronatus Bolinao x x x 9,34 Ivory cone Conus eburneus Bolinao x x x 9,34 Soldier cone Conus miles Bolinao x x x 9,34 Marble cone Conus marmoreus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Young Cone Conus parvulus Bolinao x x x 6,34 Yellow Cone Conus guercinus Bolinao x x x 6,34 Striate cone Conus striatus Bolinao x x x 6,34 Virgin Cone Conus virgo Bolinao x x x 6,34 Channeled Cerith Cerithium alveolus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Columnar Cerith/Horn Cerithium columna Bolinao x x x 5,34

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 22 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Giant Knobbed/Many Sided Cerithium nodulosum Bolinao x x x 5,34 Cerith Ivory cone Conus eburneus Bolinao x x x 9,34 Zoned Cerith Cerithium tenellum Bolinao x x x 5,34 Clypeomorus batillariaformis Bolinao x x x 34 Short Cerith Clypeomorus brevis Bolinao x x x 9,34 Coralline/Ruppell's Cerith Clypeomorus corallium Bolinao x x x 5,34 Common( Pacific)/Ribbon Rhinoclavis vertagus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Cerith Coralliophila costularis Bolinao x x x 34 South Seas Coral Shell Coralliophila erosa Bolinao x x x 5,34 Plaited Mitre Vexillum (Costellaria) plicarium Bolinao x x x 5,34 Costate Mitre Vexillum subdivisum Bolinao x x x 5,34 Virgin Mitre Vexillium virgo Bolinao x x x 5,34 Common Hairy Triton Cymatium pileare Bolinao x x x 5,34 Dwarf Hairy Triton Cymatium vespaceum Bolinao x x x 5,34 Tadpole Triton Gyrineum gyrinum Bolinao x x x 5,34 Ring Top Cowry; Gold Ringer Cypraea annulus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Arabian cowry Cypraea arabica Bolinao x x x 5,34 Gnawed/Eroded cowry Cypraea (Erosaria) erosa Bolinao x x x 9,34 Cowry shell Cypraea (Erosaria) errones Bolinao x x x 7,34 Honey cowry Cypraea helvola Bolinao x x x 10,34 Isabella cowry Cypraea (Luria) isabella Bolinao x x x 10,34 Lynx cowry Cypraea lynx Bolinao x x x 10,34 Money cowry Cypraea moneta Bolinao x x x 10,34 Mole cowry Cypraea talpa Bolinao x x x 10,34 Whitish nassa Nassarius albenscens albenscens Bolinao x x x 9,34 Coronate/Crown nassa Nassarius coronatus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Margarite nassa Nassarius margaritiferus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Gualtieri's Moon-shell Natica gualtieriana Bolinao x x x 8,34 Black-mouth Moon Polinices melanostomus Bolinao x x x 9,34 Pear-shaped/White Moon Polinices tumidus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Snail Flat-spired Nerite Nerita planospira Bolinao x x x 9,34 Guamanian/Dubious Nerite Clithon oualaniensis Bolinao x x x 5,34

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 23 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Girdled Horn Shell Cerithedea cingulata Bolinao x x x 5,34 Sulcate Swamp Cerith Terebralia sulcata Bolinao x x x 5,34 Banded Pyram ventricosa Bolinao x x x 5,34 Cat's Ear Bolinao x x x 9,34 Telescoped/Punctate Dove Pyrene punctata Bolinao x x x 5,34 Shell Black-mouth Stromb Strombus aratum Bolinao x x x 20,34 Dog Conch Strombus canarium Bolinao x x x 9,34 Gibbose Conch Strombus gibberulus gibbosus Bolinao x x x 9,34 Plicate Conch Strombus labiatus labiatus Bolinao x x x 9,34 Shouldered Castor Bean Cronia (Morula) margariticola Bolinao x x x 5,34 Pinkmouth drupe Drupa rubusidaeus Bolinao x x x 10,34 Orange-mouth drupe Drupella ochrostoma Bolinao x x x 10,34 Granulated drupe Morula granulata Bolinao x x x 10,34 Lamarck's Spiny Rock-shell Thais echinulata Bolinao x x x 9,34 Silver Lip; Sliver/Freckled Strombus lentiginosus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Conch Wavy Turban Astralium calcar Bolinao x x x 11,34 Gold-mouth/Yellow-mouth Turbo chrysostomus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Turban Hermit crab Vassum turbinellum Bolinao x x x 34 Worm Snails Serpulorbis sp Bolinao x x x 12,34 Sea Hare Dolabella auricularia Bolinao x x x 13,34 Ark shell Anadara maculosa Bolinao x x x 14,34 Pacific Yellow Trachycardium flavum Bolinao x x x 15,34 Modiolid Modiolus philippinarium Bolinao x x x 16,34 Palm rooted oysters Crassostrea palmipes Bolinao x x x 17,34 Pacific penshell Atrina pectinata Bolinao x x x 18,34 Fan shell Atrina sp Bolinao x x x 19,34 Blacklipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera Bolinao x x x 10,34 Pearl oyster Pinctada martensi Bolinao x x x 21,34 Pearl oyster Pteria sp Bolinao x x x 34 Venus cockle Placamen tiara Bolinao x x x 14,34 Thick shell clam Meretrix sp Bolinao x x x 17,34 Tiger Cowry Cypraea tigris Bolinao x x x 5,34

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 24 Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Trapezium Horse Conch Fasciolaria trapezium Bolinao x x x 5,34 Tectum Modulus Modulus tectum Bolinao x x x 9,34 Adusta/Burnt Mure Chicoreus brunneus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Blood-mouth or Strawberry Strombus luhuanus Bolinao x x x 22,34 Conch Mutable Conch Strombus mutabilis Bolinao x x x 22,34 Little Bear Conch Strombus urceus urceus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Orange Spider Conch Lambis lambis Bolinao x x x 5,34 Millipede Spider Conch Lambis millepeda Bolinao x x x 5,34 -spotted/Dark-spotted Terebra areolata Bolinao x x x 5,34 Auger Blackish Margarite Euchelus atratus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Canal Monodont Monodonta canalifera Bolinao x x x 9,34 Swollen Stomatella Stomatia phymotis Bolinao x x x 5,34 Fenestrate Top Shell Tectus fenestratus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Pyram/Green Top Shell Tectus pyramis Bolinao x x x 5,34 Maculated Top Shell Trochus maculatus Bolinao x x x 22,34 Commercial Trochus/Top Trochus niloticus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Shell Top shell Trochus stellatus Bolinao x x x 5,34 Hermit crab Pagurus sp Bolinao x x x 35,34 Shore crab Hemigrapsus sp Bolinao x x x 23,34 Blue crab Portunus sp Bolinao x x 24,34 Box crab Calappa sp Bolinao x x 25,34 Mantis Shrimp Squilla sp Bolinao x x x 26,34 Barnacle Balanus sp Bolinao x x x 27,34 Long spine Urchin Bolinao x x x 28,34 Pastel sea urchin mathaei Bolinao x x x 29,34 Double spine urchin Echinotrix calamaris Bolinao x x x 28,34 Diadema urchin Echinotrix diadema Bolinao x x x 28,34 Ten lined urchin metularia Bolinao x x x 30,34 Heart urchin sp Bolinao x x x 31,34 dollar Laganum laganum Bolinao x x x 29,34 Flower urchin pileolus Bolinao x x x 28,34 Sector urchin Tripneustes gratilla Bolinao x x x 28,34

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 3 Page 25

Table 7 cont. Information regarding demersal fish usage of seagrass sites as nursery areas, spawning areas, and feeding areas in the Philippines

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Other species Salmacis sphaeroides Bolinao x x x 34 Deep-water redfish Actinopyga echinites Bolinao x x x 17,34 Tigerfish Bohadschia argus Bolinao x x x 17,34 Brown sandfish Bohadschia marmorata Bolinao x x x 9,34 Lollyfish/black sea cucumber Holothuria atra Bolinao x x x 17,34 Holothuria fuscocinerea Bolinao x x x 34 Black spiny sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Bolinao x x x 9,34 Holothuria pulla Bolinao x x x 34 Sandfish Bolinao x x x 17,34 Warty sea cucumber Stichopus sp Bolinao x x x 32,34 Synapta spp. Bolinao x x x 34 White burrowing star Archaster typicus Bolinao x x x 33,34

References

1. www..org 19. http://www.arch.dcr.state.nc.us/subsist/zooarch.htm 2. Observation on the itchyofauna of an artificial seagrass bed in Bolinao, Pangasinan by Salita-Espinosa, 20. data.acnatsci.org/obis/search2.php/8000 J. T., Fortes, M.D. 3. Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral reef System by McManus, John., et.al 21. http://experts.about.com/e/p/pe/Pearl_oyster.htm 4. Abundance and Seasonality of Siganid Fishes (Teleostei, ) in Cape Bolinao, Pangasinan, 22. http://ourworld.cs.com/gmfontaine/myshells.htm Philippines With Note on Siganus Fuscescens by De La Paz, Reynaldo., etl al. 5. http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Class_GASTROPODA.html 23. www.pesticideinfo.org/List_AquireAll.jsp?Species=1329 6. http://grimwade.biochem.unimelb.edu.au/cone/conetype.html 24. www.tracc.org.my/Borneocoast/PUBLICATIONS/adobe_docs_publications/man-crabs-mar-99.pdf 7. http://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Cypraeidae/Pages/cypraeidae_intro.htm 25. www.reefimages.com/Shrimp/Shrimp.htm 8. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=7542 26. ww.fishlarvae.com/photos.asp?AID=6&GID=101&PID=504 9. http://park.org/Guests/Shells/ 27. www.oceanoasis.org/fieldguide/balanus.html 10. http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/stender/marine/mollusks/gastropods 28. http://www.edge-of-reef.com/echinoidi/ECHEchinometramathaeien.htm 11. http://www.trockenaquaristik.de/tr_illustrationen/astralium_calcar_3 29. yapsfamily.com.ne.kr/Echinodermata/Echinodermata.htm 12. http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/Files/bieler/Serpulorbis-2b 30. www.mnre.gov.ws/biodiversity/popup_Marine.cfm?RecordID=167 13. http://www.fishfools.com/ReefTank-SPS/Inverts/SeaHare.htm 31. articles.uwphoto.no/oversikter/Marine_biology_Echinodermus_Heart_Urchins.htm 14. http://www.marine.csiro.au/caabsearch/caab_search.caab_report?spcode=23226014 32. http://www.wetwebmedia.com/seacukes.htm 15. http://shell.kwansei.ac.jp/~shell/pic_book/family/6320.html 33. species.fishindex.com/species_2787archaster_typicus_white_burrowing_star.html 16. ib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Rajagopal,S 34. Bolinao Seagrass Demonstration Site Species List 17. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB716E/AB716E11.htm 35.www.oceanlight.com/lightbox.php?sp=Pagurus_sp 18. http://www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibrary/showphoto.php?photo=13186

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 4 Page 1

ANNEX 4 COMPILATION OF INFORMATION PREPARED BY FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON FISH HABITAT AND LIFE-CYCLE LINKAGES IN INDONESIA

1. EXTRACT FROM INDONESIA’S DRAFT NATIONAL FISHERIES REPORT

Spawning grounds of demersal species are close to coastal waters of the South China Sea, where eggs can settle on the substrate or adhere to vegetation. Demersal fish spawning grounds are concentrated along the east cost of Sumatra, coastal waters adjacent to the many islands of Riau Province, Bangka and Belitung Islands province, and along the west coast of Kalimantan. Whilst pelagic fish spawning and nursery grounds are scattered in the ‘open waters’ of the South China Sea, specifically from the north of the southern Bangka and Belitung Islands to Natuna Islands in the north (Figures 1 and 2).

103° 10 5 ° 107° 109° 111°

N 4° 4° Natuna MA L A Y SIA

2° 2° LAUT CINA SELATAN #S Pemangkat

#S Pontianak 0° 0°

SUM A T E R A #S Ketapang 2° 2° 40 0 40 80 Km

103° 10 5 ° 107° 109° 111°

Figure 1 Spawning areas of demersal finfish and small pelagic fish species in Indonesia’s South China Sea area (Sumiono and Widodo 2003).

UNEP/GEF/SC 2 S/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 4 Page 2 5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

100 102 104 106 108 110 112

= spawning ground = nursery area nursery areas of

Sardinella

Figure 2 Spawning and nursery grounds of small pelagic fishes in Indonesia’s South China Sea area (Haryati et al. 2003).

2. EXTRACT FROM INDONESIA’S DRAFT NATIONAL SEAGRASS REPORT

Fish

Studies on seagrass fish in Indonesia have gradually increased since the late 1980s. However, in contrast to temperate regions, little is known of the community structure in tropical regions. Seagrass beds at Kotania Bay were inhabited by the most diverse fish fauna (205 species). The second most diverse seagrass fish area studied was at Banten Bay (180 species). The significant character of seagrass fishes in Banten Bay is the domination of economically important species. In the seagrass beds of Grenyang Bay, 8 out of 10 of the most important species are economically significant and form 63.72% of the total individuals of all species. The earliest study of a seagrass fish community was that conducted in the seagrass of Jakarta Bay by Hutomo and Martosewojo. It was dominated by Siganus canaliculatus. The domination of siganid in the Indonesian seagrass fish community is common, except for that of Lombok Island, which is dominated by syngnathid and labrid species Syngnathoides acoroides and Cheilio enermis.

A study on seagrass fish larvae and juveniles was first conducted by Suharti (50) in Kuta Bay, Lombok Island. She collected 53 species. Species belonging to the families Channidae, Ambassidae, Engraulidae and Gobiidae dominated the collected specimens. High numbers of species and individuals were found in bare areas with a lot of broken seagrass leaves, and at the Enhalus acoroides beds.

Hutomo and Martosewojo studied fish fauna in Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides seagrass meadows, which were associated with a multi-lagoonal patch reef (Pari Island) in the Kepulauan Seribu complex. A total of 78 seagrass-associated fish species were collected during the study. However, out of the 32 fish families collected, only six (Apogonidae, Atherinidae, Labridae, Gerridae,

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 4 Page 3 Siganidae and Monacanthidae) could be considered as an important resident group. Hutomo and Martosewojo classified the Pari Island’s seagrass fish into four main categories as follows: • Permanent residents; refers to fishes which spend most of their lives in seagrass beds (e.g., Apogon margaritophorus); • Temporary residents; refers to fishes which spend their lives during their juvenile through adult life cycle in seagrass beds, but spawn outside the seagrass beds (e.g., Halichoeres leparensis, Pranaesus duodecimalis, Paramia quinquelineata, Gerres macrosoma, Monacanthus tomentosus, Monacanthus hajam, Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon, Sygnathoides biaculeatus); • Temporary resident; refers to fishes which occur in seagrass beds only during their juvenile stage (e.g., Siganus canaliculatus, S. virgatus, S. chrysospilos, Lethrinus spp., Scarus spp., Abudefduf spp., Monacanthus mylii, Mulloides samoensis, Pelates quadrilineatus, Upeneus tragula; • Occasional residents or transients; refers to the fishes that visit seagrass beds to seek shelter or food.

The 1977 study in the Pari Island was followed by a long-term study of seagrass fish assemblages in Banten Bay, southwest Java Sea. The results from the Banten Bay study supported earlier views that only small numbers of fish species permanently reside in seagrass beds. However, it was also reconfirmed that seagrass beds act as nursery grounds for many economically valuable fish species.

Table 1 Usage of the East Bintan Seagrass Demonstration Site by Juveniles Fish SITES KWL TB TRL MLR PP TT TGB ABK NOTE FAMILY/SPECIES I. Syngnathidae 1. Syngnathus biaculeatus 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 *. 2. Hippocampus kuda ** 1 Important economic II. value 3. strigatus 9 4 6 9 species III.Serranidae 4. Centrogenys vaigiensis 1 8 6 22 13 32 **. IV.Apogonidae Protected 5. Apogon margaritophorus 21 2 15 23 Species

6. Cheilodipterus macrodon 1 7.Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus 3 V. Leiognatidae 8. Leiognathus splendens * 3 VI.Gerridae 9. Gerres filamentosus 3 10. Gerres Oyena 3 2 2 1 VII.Nemipteridae 11. Scolopsis xenochrous 5 12. Pentapodus bifasciatus 1 13. Pentapodus canius 2 VIII.Lutjanidae 14. Lutjanus fulviflamma * 6 15. Lutjanus johni * 3 IX.Lethrinidae 16. Lethrinus harak * 12 17. Lethrinus lentjan * 4 1 6 3 18. Lethrinus omatus * 6 10 X. Mullidae 19. Upeneus tragula * 10 11 2 19 4 1 1 20. Upeneus vittatus * 1 XI.Pomacentridae 21. Abudefduf sexfasciatus 2 22. Neoglyphidodon melas 1 23.Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon 3 24. Dischistodus perspicillatus 3 1 XII.Labridae 25. Choerodon anchorago 2 2 2 26. Halichoeres melanurus 3 3 27. Halichoeres papileonaceus 2 28. Halichoeres chloropterus 1 Sites: KWL : Kawal; TB : Teluk Bakau; TRL : traveler lode; MLR: Malang Rapat; PP; : Pulau Pucung; TT: Tanjung Timah; TGB: Tanjung Berakit; ABK: Abang Kecil (Batam Island)

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 5 Page 1

ANNEX 5 COMPILATION OF INFORMATION PREPARED BY FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON FISH HABITAT AND LIFE-CYCLE LINKAGES IN CAMBODIA

1. EXTRACT FROM CAMBODIA’S DRAFT NATIONAL FISHERIES REPORT

Yellowtail scad (Atule mate) (Khmer Name Trey Kaun Kum) Yellowtail scad (Atule mate) spawns throughout the year, however, a peak was observed during May 1985 (58.7% of the females in spawning condition) and in April 1986 (26.6% of females in spawning condition). Sex ratios of this species are observed to vary distinctly, such that during December the proportion of females is higher than males (1.38:1) and during May the sex ratio is equal. For the remainder of the year, the proportion of males tends to be higher than females (with ratios ranging from 1:1.1 to 1:1.4).

Selar scad (Selaroides leptolepis) (Khmer Name Trey Si Ki) The majority of selar scad spawn from February to April, as 54.4% of mature female specimens collected during this period were ripe and another 24.3% were spent. From May to June, approximately 21.3% of mature females were ripe, and by July, only 4% of collected mature females contained eggs and 14 % had recently spawned. Selar scad reached an early stage of maturity during September to December in 1985. The sex ratio of this species is nearly equal.

Hard-tail scad (Megalaspis cordyla) (Khmer Name Trey Kantuy Roeung) Surveys of the hard-tail scad in April 1985 found this species in two different habitats. The study concluded that juvenile fish prefer to inhabit shallow water due to the domination of juveniles in catches within this habitat type. In its adult form, this species prefers to inhabit deep-water areas (deeper than 40 m). Juveniles were not caught in water deeper than 30 m.

Stomach content analyses identified a dietary preference for fish (fish fingerlings) and squids. Selar scad were not observed to be feeding actively from July to August 1983, as gonad development during this period was at stage II and most specimens had empty stomachs. This species was observed to be feeding actively from September to December 1985 and February to April 1986, as content analysis of fish caught during these periods indicated that most fish had full stomachs.

Round scad (Decapterus maruadsi) (Khmer Name Trey Kuon Kum) The proportion of mature females was 18% in 1983, 6.5% from September to December 1985, and 40.2% from February to April 1986. Sex ratio (male:female) was 1.68:1 in 1983, 1:1.58 in 1985, and 1.28:1 in 1986. Stomachs were half-full during July 1983 and nearly full in September to December 1985. Analyses identified fish fingerlings and zooplankton as the preferred dietary items for this species.

Jack, Cavalla (Alectis kalla) (Khmer Name – not available) The gonads of this species were at stage II to III from October to December, and by mid-December, only 6% of specimens were at stage I. In 1985, this species spawned from May to June. During this period, 54% of mature females were at stage I or II, and 5.8% were recently spent or at stage VI. The sex ratio at this time was 1.5:1. The stomachs of this species were full from February to April 1986. The main food items identified during stomach content analysis of fish collected from May to June 1986 were detritus, phytoplankton, and copepods.

Trevally (Alectis indicus) (Khmer Name Trey Chen Chas) Analysis of the stomach contents of specimens of this species collected from May to June 1986 indicated a dietary preference for zoobenthos (small crabs were most abundant).

Golden toothed trevally (Scomberoides lysan) (Khmer name Trey Kalang) Studies of this species from February to April 1986 revealed that all the females were at the spawning stage with an equal male to female sex ratio.

UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Annex 5 Page 2 2. INPUTS FROM THE SEAGRASS SUB-COMPONENT FOCAL POINT FOR CAMBODIA

Table 1 Importance of the Kampot Seagrass Demonstration Site to the Life-Cycle of Important Species in Cambodia

Common Name Species Name Seagrass Site Importance of the Site to the Life-Cycle of the Species References RWG-F Demersal Species Nursery Area Spawning Area Feeding Greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Threadfin breams Nemipterus spp Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Lizardfish Saurida spp Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Brownstripe red snapper Lutjanus vitta Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Sixbar grouper Epinephelus sexfasciatus Kampot Yes N/A Yes Interview/Kampot report Other Species Goldenspotted spinefoot Singanus guttatus Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Whitespotted spinefoot Singanus canaliculatus Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Bluespot grey mullet Valamugil sehell Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Humphack grouper Cromileptes altivelis Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Longfin grouper Epinephelus quoyanus Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Orangespotted grouper Epinephelus coioides Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Blacktip grouper Epinephelus faciatus Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Brownstripe red snapper Lutjanus vitta Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Lined silver grunt Pomadasys hasta Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Wrasse Halichoeres kallochroma Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Harrowed Sole Strabozebrians cancellatus Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report Streaked spinefoot Singanus javus Kampot N/A N/A Yes Kampot report