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TURKISH YVORDS IN THE LIBYAN OF ARA BIC

ERKAN TÜRKMEN*

It is customary to divide the Ottoman rule in (15 5 1-19 11) into three majör parts: I- The First Ottoman Period (1551-1711). 2- The Kara- manli Dynasty (1711-1835). 3- The Second Ottoman Period (1835-1911). The fırst period, beginning with Murat (1551-1557), covers military reinforcement, unifıcation, construction and political activities against the enemies invading Libya from Europe. The Second Period starting with Ahmed Karamanlı (17 11-17 4 5 ) is, hovvever, considered to be the Golden Era of the Turco-Libyan amalgamation vvhich continued its effect until the last day. The nevvly mixed generation born after the Golden Era, usually called Koroghli by the Libyans (father-side Turks or rarely mother-side Turks) had learnt or at least heard Turkish at home. In the army the case was different; almost ali military terms of Turkish origin vvere used.1 Consequently, Libyan freely borrovved vvords from Turkish. Över the past fifty years Arabic teachers, especially those of other Arabic na- tionalities, have tried to eliminate a great number of these Turkish words.lt is, therefore, essential to üst the remnant before they completely disappear from the contemporary . These borrovved vvords can be categorized as follovvs: 1 — Turkish vvords > Libyan Dialect

2 — Persian vvords > Ottoman > Libyan Dialect

3 — Arabic vvords > Ottoman (here they are either combined vvith Persian or Turkish vvords or lose their actual meanings) > Lib­ yan Dialect The Turkish vvords that are stili used in the villages around can be divided according to the nature of their meanings into these six groups:

* Doç. Dr. Erkan Türkmen, Selçuk University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Ori- ental Languages. ' For suclı terms see Ahmed Ateş, “Arapça Yazı Dilinde Türkçe Kelimeler” (Turkish Words in the VVriıten Arabic), Türk Kültürü Araştırmaları, yıl II, 1965 , pp. 5-25. 228 ERKAN TÜRKMEN

i- Military terms such as “Bilik bashi” 2- Administration as “Kayma­ kam” 3- Some implements or tools as “Chakush” 4- Adjectives, for exem- ple “Doghri” 5- Food and drinks such as “Yahni” 6- Dress as “Yaka”. Below the reader vvill fınd a list of the words under consideration vvith their possible etymologies follovved by a list of abbreviations and sources. Those Turkish vvords that have entered other Arabic (i.e. Egyptian, Iraqi, Syrian ete.) have been removed from the list on the ground that they can be found in any Standard Arabic dictionaries. How- ever, some Turkish vvords that required etymological explanation have been ineluded.

I - TURKİSH WORDSAJVD MEANINGS İN TURKİSH WITH THEIR SOME ETYMOLOGİCAL DE- MEANINGSIN THE LD A : TAILS: yŞ\ abla: abla: “A Lady teacher.” “An elder sister.” < Ağa = “master” + bula = “lady of a house” (see Tar., p. 122; Rad., I, p., 634). Thus ağabula >abla.

uT agha: ağa: “A head of establishment; “Lord, master, elder brother, oldest a lord; noble man.” man in a family” probably from the Turkish ağmak = “to rise up, ascend” See Cl., p. 77, ağ + -a or -e suffix for verbal noun, see Muharrem., p. 183). It is also claimed to be of Mongol- ian origin (see Doerfer., I, p. 131)-

ardakash: arkadaş: “Comrade, friend” In TT. it is “Comrade, fried” (A combina- arkades. In LDA the tion of arka — ‘back’ or rhetori- “ka” and “da” changed their cal, ‘support’ (see K., 1, p. 60) places. + -daş: a suffıx for noun of as- sociatian(see Cl., p. XIII). TURKISH VVORDS IN LIBYAN ARABIC 229

olNl alayat: alay: “A group of soldiers, a regi- “A regiment” (Tar., IV, 1957, p. ment.” 15)-

ujak: ocak: “A heater for making ” (ali “A heater, a stove or hearth” oçok other meanings given by Gülen­ or oçak (see Cl., p. 22). soy see p. 136 do not exist in the LDA.).

^1; üj' onbashi: onbaşı: “Head of a group of ten sol­ Same. diers.”

\y. boya: boya: Same. “Paint, dye, colour.” From the old Turkish form ‘bodug’. (see Dizin., p. 98). paşa: L-ilj basha: “The highest title of civil and mili­ “The highest title of civil and tary officials, general” (two etymo- military officials.” logical explanations are possible. It is either a distorted form of Persian vvord Padshah (oLîol*) — “the king” (see Stein., p. 147 and Rasanen., p. 381). or from baş = “head” + ağa — “ master”) In the 13 century this word vvas used by Veled son of as paşa (see Divan-i Türkiyi, Sultan Veled, , p. 14). ._jli J - l bash shavush: baş çavuş: “A chief sergeant” (since ther is “Sergeant” (

bishvash: yavaş: '“Slovvly, silently” (The fırst con- “Slovv” actually “mild, gentle and sonant ‘y ’changed into voiced peaceful” (see Cl., p. 880) and labial ‘b’ that preceded ‘sh’ for (DT., III p. 10-11). easy pronunciation). Hovvever, the orinigal form ‘yavash ’ is also seen in the LDA.

■ü'V birdak: bardak: “A cup or glass; mug”. “A glass or cup.” (The old Tur­ kish form was “bart” (see DT., Ip. 241) and (Cl., p. 358).

j. barghal: bulgur: “ Boiled and pounded vvheat Same. or bariey; dish made of same.” (see Stein., p. 198). lJ ’J- birinji: birinci: “First.” “ First” < bir = “one” + -inci — ordinal suffix.

bastirma: pastırma: “Pressed meat cured vvith Same. garlic and other sipices”. From the verb bastırmak = “to press” + -ma = the deverbal n. sufllx.

boghja: bohça: “A bundle, bundle in a “A bundle” < boğ = “a bundle” vvrapper” pl. is ‘buckaj’ (see + -ça (Per.) = an affix to form Ateş., p. 11). diminitives (see “boğ” Cl., p. 311). Ali Imam’s etymology is far from being correct because he says it comes from “bub- bles on vvater” + -ça (see ibid., p. 89)- t u r k i s h v v o r d s in l i b y a n a r a b i c 231

bek: : “Chief, Mr., husband.” “A prince, head of a elan, hus­ band, a noble or head of a kingdom” (see DT., Dizin, p. 78; Cl., p. 322, Cl., claims it to be of Chinese oringin ‘po’.

bakraj: bakraç: “A pot for boiling coffee”. “A copper cauldron for vvater or The final letter “ch” changed milk, copper bucket.” into “j ” as usual. bakır = “copper” + -aç =deno- minal suffix, (see Muharrem., p. 167). «W; balta: balta: “An ax or hatchet.” Same. From and old form “bal- du” O-lL) (see DT., I, p. 14 and 418. For other details see Cl., p. 333).

burek: börek: “Dishes made from dough, “Flaky pastry vvith layers of filled vvith chopped meat or eheese or other filling.” (Red- minced meat.” house, p. 196). There are variet- ies of börek in other Turkic dia- lects (see T.D .S., p. 110). bilikbashi: bölükbaşı: “Head of an army division.” Same. A noun from bölmek= “to divide” (see DT., I, p. 383) + baş= “head”.

Jjy barek: bayrak: “A flag or banner.” “Flag, banner, Standard”. From batrak (see Dizin., p. 17) for other details). see DT., 11, p. 205 and CL, p. 307).

damgha: damga: “A stamp, a seal or mark of Same. For detail (see Doerfer., ovvnership.” n> P- 933; Cl., p. 504; DT., 1, p. 424). 232 ERKAN TÜRKMEN iS/-)* doghri: doğru: “Straight” for distances. “Straight, direct, right, correct, honest, true and tovvards”. From toğuru: “to go straight.” (see Cl., p. 465).

«-1 j i dosha: dövüş: “A guarrel, conflict and “Fight” verbal noun of the verb noise” . The vvhole vowel dövüştürmek = “to fight”. For the harmony has been broken old form töğüşmek. (see DT., 11, under the Ar. influence. p. 106).

ı3> - sanzak: sancak: “A flag, subdivision of “Flag, banner, star boardside of, a province” (see Shir., p. a ship, subdivision of a pro­ 1 14 foot note). vince” From the verb sançmak = “to pierce to poke in earth (as flag)” + -ak (the suflıx for v.n., see Muharrem., p. 167).

JijS'Li shakush: çekiç: “A hammer.” “Same” it is not of Per. origin as shovvn by Ali Misrati see. p. 257. It is from çekuk = “ a ham­ mer (see DT., 11, p. 297). Other forms in Turkic Dialects are çeküç/ çeküş/ çöküç/ çöküş/ çakuş (for further details, see Cl., P- 4 i 5)-

shavurma: çevirme: “Well fried and roasted “Lamb or chicken roasted by meat.” skevvers” (see Y .T .S., p. 53). From the verb çevirmek = “to tum up.”

shavush bashi: çavuşbaşı: “The principal military offı- “Head sergeant, guart, chief of cer, a sergeant.” the corps of halberdiers of the sultan’s bodyg ard”. For the Turkish meaning of the vvord see başçavuş here. t u r k i s h v v o r d s i n l i b y a n a r a b i c 233

Li J - } ^ shavush shavush: This form is not used in İT . “Sergeant of sergeants.”

shekmaja: çekmece: “A dravver.” “A drawer, ornamental casket.” Noun from the verb çekmek = “to dravv or pull”.

shanta: çanta: “A bag, case, handbag.” “ bag, case, valise ete.” It is not found in Stain or Burhankati. The other forms are çantay (DS., III, p. 1071). Çağ. çontay (see ŞS., p. 159).

%ı % £ sheyle beyla: şöyle böyle: “Ali, al that comes, let ali “so so, more or less” (şöyle — “like that” + böyle = “like this” It is interresting to notice that in Türkmen dialect it used as şöyle beyle.2 sakali: sakallı: “A bearded man, an old “Bearded” Adj. from the noun man” (see Shir., p. 154). sakal = “beard” (deverbel n. from saka = “something hanging dovvn” i.e. ‘beard’ (see Cl., p. 808).

*1 tolma or : dolma: “ Stuffed vegetable” (Ali M is­ “Stuffed vegetable, lamb or even rati. p. 234). chicken” vvith meat or rice” (Dev. n. of doldurmak — “to stuff”. j y U> tabur: tabur: “A line or queue.” “A battalion of 1000 men, lined up people” old form was tabkur = “Lened up soldiers or a line of carriages chained together.”

2 Vide, İlhan Çeneli, Türkmen Türkçesi Sözlüğü, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı, Ankara 1986, p. and 73. 234 ERKAN TÜRKMEN

(see K., II, p. 82 and ŞS., p. 97, Rad., III, p. 978). It is of Mongolian origin.3 yS*> tabbu: tapu: “A land certifıcate”. “VVritten survey of a province, land certifıcate” From tapı — “agreement” (see DT., III, p. 216).

J - . j » topji: topçı: “Cannoneer, gunner, artill- “ Artilleryman” From lob = “a eryman.” ball, ankle-bone or vannon ball” + -çı (N. agental suffıx). See to- bık Cl., p. 437. jilî kashik: kaşık: “A spoon.” “A spoon, literally something hollovved out by scratching” (for other details see Cl., p. 671) < kaşımak = “to scratch”.

Obü kaftan: kaftan: “A long dres for ladies or “Outer govvn or robe vvith long men.” skirts and sleeves usually vvith sash or buttons” (see DT., I, 435; III, p. 109, 287, 298).

■u-î kiyma: kıyma: “Minced meat cooked vvith “Any kind of cooked or un- onion and eggs.” cooked minced meat” < kıymak = “ to chop or mince” (see DT., II, p. 173). Same form is used in Urdu and Persian.

J.IT kat: kat: “Storey of a building.” “Storey of a building, layer, fold, ” (see DT., I, p. 320).

3 See. Tuna, Osman Nedim, “Osmanlıcada Moğolca Kelimeler" TM. XVIII, İstanbul 1972, p. 222. TURKISH WORDS IN LIBYAN ARABIC *35

kabak: kabak: “ Pumpkin.” “Pumpkin, vegetable marrovv, gourd, tasteless unripe melon” (DT., I, p. 382 and Cl., p. 582).

/ kirbaj: kırbaç: “A whip, scourge.” Same. < kır — ‘to scrape’ (see Cl., p. 643) + -baç = a suflix for deverbative noun (see M uhar­ rem., p. 187).

Ji-/ koroghli: köroğlu: “A name of a family in Lib­ Köroğlu is name given by a hus- ya drescended from a Tur- band to his vvife in Turkish, c.f. kish father (rarely mother)”. “the Missus”. t S jf kübri: köprü: “A bridge” In other Arabic Same.

kürek: kürek: “A showel, a long showel From the old form kurgek' == for handling bread at a bak- “shovvel” (see DT., II, 289). ery” Also in the LDA a proverb jUl •Iİj j j S' j* — from showel to the hell i.e. go to hell”. neyse: < -j neyse: “Hovvever” < n e + ise = “whatever “ Don’t worry, let things go it is, or never mind.” as they are.” yorgan: 01i-J} worghan: Same. (see DT., I, p. 197 where “A quilt” initial “y ” has the old form is given as yoşur- been changed into “w” in karı.) LDA. yamishi: yemiş: “Dry fruit such as dried “Fruit; among public ‘fıg’” (For grapes or figs” (see Misrati other details see Cl., p. 938). P- 233)- 236 ERKAN TÜRKMEN

«il yaka: yaka: “The collar of a shirt”. “A collar, edge, bank” (for the origin of the word see DT., I, 389. 253) o f- y_ yoghurt: yoğurt: An intemational word for Same. For the root of the vvord “curded milk”. (see CL, 907 and DT., I, 182).

yok: yok: “Not available, absent.” “Non-existant, absent, not present.” (see Dizin., p. 153).

II - PERSİAN WORDS: THEİR MEANİNGS IN THEİR MEANİNGS IN THE TURKİSH: LDA.

tjU bara: para: “A coin, money” “p” changed “Money” In Persian para = “a into “b ”. piece of something”. As “mo- ney”it is not used in Per.

j\jj> bervaz: pervaz: “Frame of a window or pic- “Fringe, border, comice” (A Per. ture”. vvord in form but has undergone some semantic changes in Ott­ oman. For Persian see Stein., p. 245).

ojL, biyade: piyade: “A soldier on foot, infantry” Pedestrian, infantry” “Pedestrian” In some other Arabic Dia- commoner in Per. than in Tur­ lects ‘baidak’ and ‘bayadiy’ kish. forms are also used see Ali imam., p. 113.

deste: deste: “Bunch of something, a “I - Dozen 2 - a quire ou paper dozen, number or amount 3 - a bunch of something.” dest betvveen 10 -12” (see Misra­ (Per.) = “hand” thus deste = “a ti., p. 250) handful of something”. t u r k i s h v v o r d s in l i b y a n a r a b i c 237

« jp- khurda: hürde (pl. hurdavat): “Pieces of old iron, serap “Small bit, partide, unimportant metal”. objects” hurdavat: “Rubbish, trash, small pieces” < khurd (Per.) = “small.”

■oU khastekhana: hastehane: “Hospital.” Same. khasta in Persian means “ tired” or “fatigued” while khane = “ house” thus khastekhane — “a house for the tired”. In Ott. it has changed symantically and means “a sick person”. It is interesting to notice that in Ur­ du it means “crisp” ant nan-i khasta will not mean “a sike bread” but “a piece of crisp bread”. khushaf: hoşaf: “ Cold drink of stevved fruid Same. < khosh (Per.) = “nice, with plenty of sugary juice.” tasty” + ab = “vvater”.

•iljyj zambarak: zemberek: “ Spring of a watch” also in “Spring of avvateh, spring door- the Libyan proverb: “he has latch” In Turkish “Zembereği become detached from his boşaldı” = “he has lost his cont- spring” i.e. he has become rol on himself”. In Persian it uncontrolled. means “a cross-bow” (see Stein., p. 623, zamburak).

t ? * janzir: zincir: “A chain, fetters” (see M is­ “A chain” (for other meanings rati, p. 252). see Stein., p. 624).

jby- serdar: serdar: “A head or chief.” Same. < ser (Per.) = “head” + -dar suftbe from the verb dashtan = “to posses”. 238 ERKAN TÜRKMEN t c j** sarsan. serseri: “A wicked person.” “A vagabond, tramp” in Tur­ kish. In Persian it means “folly, vain vvords.” (for detail see Setin., P- 675)- suvam: suvan: “Cavalry, horseman.” Same. In Persian, “art of horse- menship, riding.” (see Stein., p. 705)- sharshaf: çarşaf: “Bed-sheet.” “bed-sheet, vvomen’s outdoor over- garment”. Purely Ottoman usage.

shishma: çeşme: “A fountain, water tap or “Water tap”. In Persian it gener- spring.” ally means” fountain, souree of vvater spring”. < chesfım = “an eye”.

shuwal: çuval: “A sack, a bag.” “A sack; a fat person (slang)” in Perian ju val(see Stein., p. 376).

*jjj.i shurba: çorba: “Soup, broth.” “ Soup”

« tanjera: tencere: “Vessels for kitchen.” “A sauce pan, a pot” It is more common in Turkish than in Per.

afaram: aferin: “ Live long, bravo” (see Shir., “Well done, bravo”. Same in Per. p. 160) iL ü fushek: fişek: “A cartridge.” “A metallic cartridge, cartouche” İT . usage; in Persian it is Fish- eng (see Stein., p. 930). TURKISH WORDS IN LIBYAN ARABIC 239

viT kufta: köfte: “Meat ball.” “ Meat ball, hamburger” < Per. verb kuftan — “to beat” also used in Urdu and other Arabic dialects.

kilim: kilim: “A rug without pile. “Wowen matting, a rug” The Per. is gilim (see Stein, p. 1096).

kuhna: köhne: “Old, ancient.” “Old, ancient” (see Stein., p. 1067).

<_iL. masha: maşa: “Tongs, pincers.* “Tongs, smith’s forceps, pincers” (see An., VI, p. 3748). iJjU nazik: nazik: “Tender, delicate or fargile.” “Delicate, easily damaged, far­ gile, refmed” (For other details see Stein., p. 1871).

oU nama: name: “A vvriting, a letter, particu- “A letter, a vvriting” (for other larly an official document.” meanings see Stein., p. 1-380). (see Shir., p. 115).

Oli* nishan: nişan: “A sing, mark.” “A sing, spot, mark” < th e verb nıshandan (Per.) — “to mark out”.

•jljtjk handaza: endaze: “Estimate, proportion.” “Estimate, measure” a Persian usage.

j*-. yakhni: yahni: “A rich stew of meat, “Meat stew with onion” (see gravy”. Stein., p. 1529). 24° ERKAN TÜRKMEN

III - WORDS OF ARABİC ORIGIN IN FORM OR MEANINGS:

M EAN IN GS IN TH E LD A: M EAN IN GS IN TURKİSH :

ajzakhana: eczane: “Drugstore, pharmacy”. Ott. usage. In T T . the kh has been changed into “h”. < ajza (Ar.) = “chemical elements” + khane (Per.) = “house”; “a place where medicine is prepared or sold.” jU*-i ikhtiyar: ihtiyar: “An aged man” (see Misrati, “Old man, elder, chief’ Otto- p. 232). man usage. Othervvise in Ar. it means “a selected person”.

usta: usta: “Chief workman, foreman”. Same. A shortened form of Ar. word < ustaz — “the master, experienced person”. In Ott. the last “z” has been dropped.

budala: budala: “Stupid silly”. “Simple, stupid or foolish” Ott. usage. In Ar. it is the plural of badil=* “a pious man”.

«' J.I bashtamirci: baş tamirci: “A chief repairman or tech- Same.

j .\j bash katib: başkatip: “A chief secretary”. Same. < baş (Turk.) — “head” + katib (Ar.) = “secretary”.

Objj tezdan or dizdan: cüzdan: “A vvallet or Container of Same. < cuz (Ar.) = “piece” m oney”. herıce money +-dan (Per.) = “container” (nominal suffıx). TURKISH VVORDS IN LIBYAN ARABIC 241

>~P debsiz: edebsiz: “Disrespectful” (The initial “III-mannered, rude, shameless” front open unrounded vowel

zabun: zıbın: “Traditional uniform of Lib­ “A sleeved quilted underjacket ya”. without coliar, generally for childern.” In Arabic this mean- ing does not exist.

«j Uw sejjade: seccade: “A prayer rug or mat.” Same. Ott. usage from the Ar. word sejde = “act of prostrating”.

^ f arabaji: arabacı: A coach driver.” “Driver of a cart, wagon, coach ete” araba (Ar.) = vvheel” + -cı (For other Turkish dialeets see K., p. 49 and Kırgız p. 39).

fli. kay m makam: : “Govemor of a town.” “ Governor of a tovvn, lovver in rank than vali (provincial gover­ nor)” Ott. usage.

jyÂ. mukander: kambur: “Hump, huchbacked.” “Hunchbacked, crooked, curve of an animal’ back”.

Some vvords shovvn as of Turkish oringin by Ali Misrati for example:

İ j ^ y r 4İJj İ j «_*-f i - ı j _L»I

ü L t Ç^ji LÎJJİ

have been excluded from the list on the ground that they either do not exist in Turkish at ali or are used vvidely in other Arabic Dialeets. 242 ERKAN TÜRKMEN

Abbreviations and Bibtiography

Ali imam : Shuvastri, Muhammed Ali imam, (Tirmah 1348 shemsi), Waja/ıa-yt Farisi der £uban-i Arabi, Tehran, Enjman-i Intisha- rat-i Milli An. : , Muhammed Shad, Di Mah Khurshidi 1335 (1954 A.D.) (fırst published in 1882), Ferhang-i Anandaraj, Tehran, Kitab Furushi-i Khayam. Ar. : Arabic Atesh : Ahmed Atesh, ibid, p. 5-25. Burhankati : Hüseyin, Muhammed Ibn-i Khalaf Tebrizi (1344 h./1965 A.D.), Burhan-ı Kati, Tehran, Matbuat-i Firedun ‘It was first composed in 1652 A.D. Cl. : Clauson, Sir Gerard (1972), An Etymological Dictionary of Pre- Thirteenth Century Turkish, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Doerfer : Doerfer, Gerhard (1967), Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im JVeupersischen, YViesbaden. Dizin : Dıvanü Lûgat-it-Türk Dizini (1972), Türk Dil Kurumu Yayın­ lan, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi (an index of vvords to be found in the “Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk”). DS. : Derleme Sözlüğü, (1963-65-68-69-72-74-75-77-78) (Ten Vo- lumes), Ankara, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınlan, Türk Tarih Basımevi (a dictionary composed of local dialect vvords used in different tovvns and cities of ). DT. : Kashgar, Mahmud of, Dıvanü Lûgat-it Türk, 1939-40-41 (three volumes), Ankara, Türk Dil Kurumu, translated by Ataly, Basim (based on the manuscript of Mahmud vvho vvrote it for in 1072 in Arabic). It is the earliest avail- able Turkish Dictionary. Gülensoy : Gülensoy, Tuncer (1975), ‘Farsça ve Arapçadaki Türkçe Ke­ limeler Türk Dik ve Edebiyatı, vol. 21, December, p. 127-157 K. : Kadri, Hüseyin Kazım, (1927-28-43-45 four volumes), Türk Lügati, İstanbul, Türk Dil Kurumu. Kırgız : Tay mas, Abdullah (1945), Kırgız Sözlüğü, Ankara, Türk D il Kurumu. KT : Sami, Sahams al-Din (1317 A.H.), Kamûs-î Türkî, İstanbul, Dersaadet Press. t u r k i s h vvo r d s in l ib y a n a r a b ic 243

LDA : Libyan Dialect of Arabic. Misrati : Al-Misrati, Ali Mustafa (1968), Al-sillat Beyn Libya ve Türki- ya, Trablus, Matba’ YVazarat al-Am va Sakafa. Ott. : Belonging to the , Ottoman usage. Per. : Persian Rad. : Radloff, (1960), Versucheines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecle. Resana. : Rasanen, Marti (1969), Versuch eine Etymologischerı Wörterbuchs Der Türksprachen, Helsinki. Redhouse : Redhouse, Sir James (1968), Türkçe-İngilizce Sözlük, Red­ house Press, İstanbul. Stein. : Steingass, F (1970), Persian English Dictionary, Beirut, Libraire Du Liban. Shir. : Divan al-Shir al-Sha’bi (1977), Benghazi, Libya; Menshurat Jamiyat Garyounis, Faculty of Arts. S.Ş. : Süleyman, Sheykh (1298 A.H), Lugat-ı Chaghatay u Türki-yi Osmani, İstanbul, Mihran Matbaası. Tar. : Tarama Sözlüğü, (1943-45-54-57 4 volumes), Türk Dil Kuru­ mu, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. T.D.S. : Derleme Sözlüğü, ( - 1979), Türk Dil Kurumu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. TT. : Turkish of Turkey. Turk. : Turkish. Uygur. : Caferoğlu, A (1689), Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü, Ankara, Türk Dil Kurumu. Y.T.S. : Teni Tarama Sözlüğü, Ankara 1983, Türk Dil Kurumu. Z. : Şükün, Ziya (1967), Ferhang-ı £ iya, İstanbul, Milli Eğitim Basımevi.