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The Phonetics and Phonology of Arabic Loanwords in Turkish: Residual Effects of Gutturals

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The Phonetics and Phonology of Arabic Loanwords in Turkish: Residual Effects of Gutturals The Phonetics and Phonology of Arabic Loanwords in Turkish: residual effects of gutturals Shadiya al-Hashmi Doctor of Philosophy University of York Language & Linguistic Science November 2016 Abstract This thesis takes the adaptation of Arabic loanwords into Turkish as a case to reflect on and contribute to the ongoing debate of loanword phonology of the Perceptual approach (Boersma, 2009; Peperkamp & Dupoux, 2003; Peperkamp et al., 2008; Silverman, 1992), Phonological approach (LaCharité & Paradis, 2005; Paradis, 1995; Paradis & LaCharité, 1997, 2001, 2008; Peperkamp et al., 2008; Silverman, 1992) and a medial hybrid model of both phonetics and phonology (Kenstowicz & Suchato, 2006; Shinohara, 2004; Smith, 2006; Chang, 2008 and Dolus, 2013). The thesis includes two types of data: corpus-based and experimental. The corpus of the Arabic loanwords into Turkish comprises 1118 words from which vowel mappings and residual effects of gutturals on neighbouring vowels were identified. Based on the concept of uniformitarianism (Murray, 2013) present-day sound changes must have been governed by the same principles or laws which operated in the past. Thus, one of the goals of this work is to model the grammar of Osmanlica speakers in the perception of modern day Turkish speakers of the residual effects of vowels neighbouring gutturals. In these effects the Arabic vowels /a/ and /u/ are adapted as /a/ and /u/ in Turkish vowels neighbouring guttural sounds (emphatics, uvulars and pharyngeals); however, the vowel /i/ is borrowed as /!/ only surrounding emphatics and the uvular q and as /i/ elsewhere. It was concluded that the corpus data patterns can be best accounted for by using a hybrid model of phonetics, phonology (of both source and native language) and with the effects of orthography. In addition, the role of bilinguals as the active borrowers in the adaptation process is especially corroborated. 2 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Contents ........................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... 6 List of figures ...................................................................................................................................10 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................12 Declaration.......................................................................................................................................13 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................14 2 Background and Literature review ............................................................................................17 2.1 Turkish background ........................................................................................................ 17 2.1.1 Genetic affiliation of Turkish and geographical location of where it is spoken............. 17 2.1.2 Historical account of Turkish and Arabic loanwords in Turkish .................................. 19 2.1.3 Sound system of MST ................................................................................................ 25 2.1.4 Vowel Harmony ......................................................................................................... 30 2.2 Arabic background ......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Genetic affiliation of Arabic and geographical location of where it is spoken .............. 33 2.2.2 Arabic development and diglossia .............................................................................. 35 2.2.3 Sound system of MSA ................................................................................................ 36 2.2.4 Emphasis spread ......................................................................................................... 43 2.2.5 ‘Imala......................................................................................................................... 45 2.3 Arabic Loanwords into Turkish background ................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Sound system of ALT ................................................................................................. 47 2.3.2 Historical mergers within the guttural class: sound change .......................................... 48 2.4 Current models of loanword adaptation ......................................................................... 51 2.4.1 Phonetics, Phonology or both? .................................................................................... 51 2.4.2 Role of orthography.................................................................................................... 63 2.4.3 The agents of loanword adaptation: who does the borrowing? ..................................... 65 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 67 2.5.1 Approach used in the current work ............................................................................. 67 3 Arabic loanwords into Turkish corpus data ...............................................................................70 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 70 3.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 70 3.3 Arabic loanwords in Turkish corpus data ........................................................................ 72 3.3.1 Mapping of long vowels ............................................................................................. 72 3.3.2 Mapping of short vowels ............................................................................................ 75 3 3.4 Stratification task ............................................................................................................ 85 3.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 88 4 The Perceptual Study ................................................................................................................95 4.1 Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................... 97 4.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 98 4.2.1 Stimuli ....................................................................................................................... 98 4.2.2 Participants............................................................................................................... 100 4.2.3 Rationale and procedure ........................................................................................... 103 4.3 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 105 4.3.1 Raw data .................................................................................................................. 105 4.3.2 Logistic regression of PAT data ................................................................................ 111 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 124 4.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 128 5 Simulated Borrowing- Audio only data ................................................................................... 129 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 129 5.1.1 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 130 5.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 132 5.2.1 Recording and Stimuli .............................................................................................. 132 5.2.2 Participants............................................................................................................... 142 5.2.3 Rationale and procedure ........................................................................................... 144 5.3 Data analysis ................................................................................................................ 146 5.3.1 Results and discussion .............................................................................................. 146 5.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 178 5.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 185 6 Simulated Borrowing: audio, audio-written and written data ..................................................
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