Michael Jonas, PhD Chair of Modern History Helmut-Schmidt-University Hamburg, Germany E-mail:
[email protected] Conference: Neutrals at war, 1914-1918. Comparative and transnational perspectives, Amsterdam, 20 Nov 2015 Three Kings Posturing? Royal diplomacy and Scandinavian neutrality in the First World War A. Introduction One of the major events for the neutral powers of Northern Europe in the initial stages of the First World War was a meeting at Malmö in Southern Sweden on the 18th and 19th of December 1914. This gathering, promptly known – and even contemporarily staged – as the Three Kings’ Meeting (Swed. Trekungamötet), brought the Swedish king, Gustav V of Sweden, together with his counterparts Haakon VII of Norway and Christian X of Denmark. The meeting was accompanied by political talks among the foreign ministers of the three Scandinavian states, Knut Wallenberg for Sweden, Nils Ihlen for Norway and Erik Scavenius for Denmark. The summit was widely reported, almost amounting to a minor sensation in both the national, the Scandinavian and the international press. It had a twofold aim, legitimising the governments’ neutral policies in the war in their respective domestic arenas and coordinating Scandinavia’s widely differing neutrality policies and political orientations vis-à- vis the major belligerent powers. Malmö built upon previous efforts at collaborating on neutrality policy – like the negotiations prior to releasing neutrality regulations in late 1912 – and was followed by a second meeting of the monarchs in November 1917 in Kristiania and regular consultations at ministerial level. All this suggests an importance that contemporaries clearly sensed. In the course of the 20th century, however, historiography relegated the meeting more or less to the side-lines, along with the more general indifference towards the Scandinavian experience of the First World War in both research and the public.