Grønlandssaken

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Grønlandssaken Finn H. Eriksen GRØNLANDSSAKEN DANSK GRØNLANDSPOLITIKK OG NORSKE REAKSJONER 1909- 1933 Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie Universitetet i Oslo Vårsemesteret 2010 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE Forord 4 Kapitel 1. Innledning 5 Tema og problemstillinger ................................................................................................. 5 Oppgaveavgrensing ............................................................................................................ 6 Teoretisk og metodisk tilnærming ...................................................................................... 7 Kilder .................................................................................................................................. 9 Litteratur og tidligere forskning ....................................................................................... 10 Oppgavestruktur ............................................................................................................... 14 Kapitel 2. Den utenrikspolitiske påvirkning 1909 - 1921 16 Det tidlige danske herredømme i Grønland ..................................................................... 16 Det amerikanske forslaget ................................................................................................ 18 Den norske reaksjonen på danskenes anmodning – Ihlens erklæring .............................. 27 Den britiske regjerings særmerknader i forholdet dansk Vestindia og Grønland ............ 30 De andre stormaktenes erklæringer .................................................................................. 31 En norsk skriftlig erklæring? Opptakt til strid ................................................................ 34 Oppsummering ................................................................................................................. 39 Kapitel 3. Striden om næringsrettighetene i Grønland 1921 - 1923 42 Det norske forbeholdet ..................................................................................................... 42 Dansk usikkerhet .............................................................................................................. 43 Dansk forsøk på oppklaring ............................................................................................. 49 De næringsmessige interesser og monopolet ................................................................... 52 Den offentlige debatt ........................................................................................................ 54 Stormaktene tolker sine svar ............................................................................................ 56 Direkte forhandlinger konstitueres ................................................................................... 59 Oppsummering ................................................................................................................. 61 Kapitel 4. Østgrønlandstraktaten 1923-1924 63 En overenskomst legges til grunn .................................................................................... 64 Forhandlingsalternativene ................................................................................................ 66 Forhandlingene kommer i gang ........................................................................................ 68 Forhandlingene sluttføres ................................................................................................. 73 De norske reaksjonene ..................................................................................................... 76 De danske reaksjonene ..................................................................................................... 78 Danske utenomparlamentariske synspunkter ................................................................... 87 Avispolemikken mellom Danmark og Norge .................................................................. 89 Ny interesse fra stormaktene ............................................................................................ 92 Det juridiske perspektiv ................................................................................................... 93 Den folkerettslige tolkning av avtalen ............................................................................. 95 Oppsummering ................................................................................................................. 99 Kapitel 5. Traktatens virkninger 1926 - 1933 103 Voldgiftskonvensjonen ................................................................................................... 103 I Myggbukta ................................................................................................................... 106 Politimyndigheten .......................................................................................................... 110 2 Okkupasjonen ................................................................................................................. 112 Domsslutningen .............................................................................................................. 114 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................... 122 Kapitel 6. Avslutning 124 Hvorfor ønsket Danmark suverenitet i Grønland? ......................................................... 124 Hvordan greide Danmark å hevde sin suverenitet over Grønland? ............................... 127 Inuittenes forhold til danskene i Grønlandsprosessen .................................................... 130 Spilte Grønland en nasjonalistisk rolle i dansk politikk? ............................................... 131 Dommen ......................................................................................................................... 133 Litteratur 136 Andre kildehenvisninger ................................................................................................ 138 Forkortelser og synonymer DRA - Rigsarkivet i København FRUS - Foreign Relations of United States - Web-sider i National Archives, Washington KGH - Kongelig Grønlandske Handel NB - Nasjonalbiblioteket i Oslo RA - Riksarkivet i Oslo I oppgaven har jeg benyttet termen ambassadør i de tilfellene kildematerialet har benyttet minister, gesand, sendemann eller envoyé for å hindre misforståelser. De grønlandske innfødte har blitt kalt eskimoer, grønlendere og fra 1960-årene inuitter som de innfødte også benevner seg selv. I oppgaven kan jeg ha brukt alle tre termene sett i hvilken kontekst termen er relevant. Andre termer som er benyttet synonymt og som tilnærmelsesvis betyr det samme er suverenitet, overherredømme og høyhetsrett. Termene er brukt slik det passer best i syntaksen. Denne oppgaven består av ialt 261 000 tegn. tilsvarer 112 standardsider av 2300 tegn som er normen. 3 Forord Nå er et langt lerret ferdig bleket, eller kanskje bør jeg si fargelagt. Etter mange år er jeg faktisk ferdig med en masteroppgave som egentlig startet med et ønske å lære litt om vitenskapelig metode generelt. Det endte altså opp med et fullt studium i historie. Oppholdet på Blindern har gitt meg mye kunnskap og innsikt i et miljø jeg ikke kunne ha opplevd på annen måte i min alder. Det har vært travle og arbeidsintensive år, særlig de siste, men aldri strevsomme og stressende. Det hadde vært for høy pris å betale for en avansert hobby. Jeg har gjort dette for å vise at eldre studenter med et fullt programstudium kan holde ut til siste målpassering. Det er faktisk en politisk parole at eldre bør engasjere seg i akademiske og intellektuelle sysler så lenge mulighetene ligger til rette for den enkelte. Jeg tror det også er helsefremmende, og således til glede for statskassen, både på kredit og debet-siden. Når det gjelder oppgaven er det ikke så mange andre jeg har behov for å takke enn meg selv for at jeg lot meg lokke med på dette prosjektet, og at jeg holdt ut. Jeg vil imidlertid ikke på noen måte underskatte Carl Emil som har vært min ”lesekonsulent” og gjort meg oppmerksom på feil og mangler jeg burde se nærmere på. Takk skal du ha, Carl Emil. Jeg vil også takke veileder Øystein Sørensen for hyggelige kommentarer og ønske om lykke til med innlevering og bedømning av oppgaven. Det har nok også vært andre hjelpere jeg tenker på, men ingen nevnt, ingen glemt. Takk Blindern, og kanskje på gjensyn. Bærum, mai 2010 FHE 4 Innledning I Danmarks historie er Grønland kun at ligne ved en beskeden lap i et broget kludetæppe. Tæppet er gennem århundrerne gået op i de fleste sømme og stykvis faldet fra hinanden. Grønland hænger dog ved endnu med tråde, der er mer slidestærke end dem, hvormed de fleste andre er og var fæstnet til tæppet. 1 Dette skriver Finn Gad i sin innledning til ”Grønland” og beskriver dermed at Grønland på en særlig måte har vært knyttet til Danmark, tross mange politiske stormer gjennom de siste 100 år som har prøvd å vriste dette iskontinentet fra Danmark. Øygiganten har vært gjenstand for store verdensomspennende forsøk på ”byttehandler”, diplomatiske artikulasjoner, handelsmessig berøringer fra inn- og utland, og ikke minst okkupasjon. Men Grønland har ”blevet ved” Danmark til tross for disse pådrag av fraksjonsforsøk. Der danske biland og kolonier ikke har blitt avhendet enten ved krig eller valg, har de fleste andre blitt solgt fordi utbyttet ikke har vært tilfredsstillende ulikt med Norge, Island, Slesvig og Holstein. Det synes merkelig at Danmark har holdt Grønland i sin favn over flere århundrer, denne giganten
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