Tesis Doctoral Año 2016

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Tesis Doctoral Año 2016 TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2016 EL PREMIO NOBEL DE LA PAZ EN EL CONTEXTO DE LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES 1901-2015 EUGENIO HERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA LICENCIADO EN DERECHO DOCTORADO UNIÓN EUROPEA DIRECTOR: JAVIER ALVARADO PLANAS I TABLA DE CONTENIDO Introducción. ...................................................................................................................... 1 Alfred Nobel: sus relaciones con la física, la química, LA fisiología o la medicina, la literatura y el pacifismo ...................................................................................................... 4 Alfred Nobel: la física y la química .................................................................................................. 6 Nobel y la medicina ........................................................................................................................ 6 Nobel y la literatura ........................................................................................................................ 7 Nobel y la paz .................................................................................................................................. 8 Nobel filántropo ............................................................................................................................. 9 Nobel y España ............................................................................................................................. 10 El testamento y algunas vicisitudes hacía los premios ................................................................. 12 La Fundación Nobel. El Instituto Nobel ......................................................................................... 17 La ceremonia y contenido del premio .......................................................................................... 19 El Comité, suplentes, secretario, asesores y nominadores .......................................................... 21 Una división de la historia del premio Nobel de la Paz ................................................................ 23 1901‐1913. La Unión Inter‐parlamentaria, el derecho internacional y la política ............... 27 Noruega, contexto internacional .................................................................................................. 27 Comité, nominaciones y premios ................................................................................................. 32 El premio se inicia en la política ................................................................................................... 51 1914‐1918. La Primera GuerrA Mundial ............................................................................ 60 1919‐1939 El período de entreguerras. la Sociedad de Naciones y los tratados de paz ..... 66 Noruega contexto internacional ................................................................................................... 66 El Comité, las nominaciones y los premios ................................................................................... 69 El premio y la Sociedad de Naciones .......................................................................................... 100 1939‐1945. La II Guerra Mundial ..................................................................................... 103 1946‐1960 La postguerra: el premio a los vencedores ..................................................... 106 Noruega, contexto internacional. ............................................................................................... 106 Comité, nominaciones y premios ............................................................................................... 108 1961‐1974 Hacia la reconciliación ................................................................................... 127 Noruega contexto internacional ................................................................................................. 127 Comité y premios ....................................................................................................................... 128 1975‐2000 La internacionalización .................................................................................. 146 Noruega, contexto internacional ................................................................................................ 146 Comité y premios ........................................................................................................................ 148 2001‐2015. El premio en el siglo XXI. Todo vale ............................................................. 174 Contexto internacional ............................................................................................................... 174 El Comité y los premios .............................................................................................................. 176 Cambios en un siglo ........................................................................................................ 208 Los premios 1901‐1915 y 2001‐2015 ......................................................................................... 208 El premio interviene ....................................................................................................... 213 El Nobel y los derechos de los negros ........................................................................................ 213 El Nobel en el conflicto árabe‐israelí .......................................................................................... 222 El premio Nobel y el Islam ......................................................................................................... 227 El Nobel y el comunismo ............................................................................................................ 236 II El premio y la energía nuclear .................................................................................................... 248 El Nobel en América Latina ......................................................................................................... 254 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................... 260 Un Comité político ...................................................................................................................... 260 Unos premios políticos ............................................................................................................... 261 Los informes ¿Un trabajo inútil? ................................................................................................ 262 El Comité incumple desde el principio la voluntad de Nobel ..................................................... 263 El concepto de paz ...................................................................................................................... 264 El Comité se premia a sí mismo .................................................................................................. 265 Estados Unidos, anticomunismo y religión ................................................................................. 266 Relación con la actualidad .......................................................................................................... 270 Evolución de los premios ............................................................................................................ 270 Noruega también concede otro premio de prestigio el Rafto ................................................... 271 Las campañas .............................................................................................................................. 271 Bibliografía ..................................................................................................................... 273 Anexo I ........................................................................................................................... 281 El Comité Nobel. ......................................................................................................................... 281 ANEXO II ......................................................................................................................... 291 Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Paz .......................................................................................... 291 1 INTRODUCCIÓN. Refiere Heffermehl1, que en una entrevista al The New York Times, el presidente del Comité Nobel Francis Sejersted, (1991-2000) admitía que “otorgar un Premio de la Paz, para decirlo sin rodeos, es un acto político”, y que por su parte Jagland, presidente del Comité (2009- 2014), no tenía reparo en afirmar que, “ninguno de los premiados desde el año 2000 podría haber sido designado si el Comité hubiera seguido el testamento literalmente” 2. En un artículo sobre el Comité Nobel Noruego, Øyvind Tønnesson3 tiene claro que, decidir quien ha hecho más por la paz es “una cuestión eminentemente política”, mientras que para Ronald R. Krebs, es el “más politizado de los premios4. Muchos años antes, en 1907 el artículo de un periódico noruego, en relación al premio concedido a Louis Renault, afirmaba que el “laureado francés es un instrumento de la política exterior de Noruega”5. El mismo carácter de forma solapada se reconoce en nuestros días, en la medida que el propio gobierno noruego no se olvida del Comité Nobel y lo inserta como parte del entramado de su política exterior. Así la Oficina de Información Diplomática de este país en el año 2013 se expresa en los siguientes términos: “La política exterior noruega se caracteriza
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