Chinese Nutrition Therapy (ISBN 978-3-13-130962-4) © 2008 Thieme Verlag VI Contents

V Contents

About this Book ...... XI

1 Theory...... 1

A Introduction to the Basic Cold...... 15 Principles of Traditional Chinese Dampness ...... 16 Medicine and Chinese Dietetics . . . 3 Heat ...... 16 Dryness (Zao) ...... 16 Yin and Yang ...... 3 Internal Factors, “The Five Minds (Emotions)” (Wu Shi)...... 16 Therapeutic Principles of TCM...... 7 Yin And Yang are Opposites ...... 7 Traditional Chinese Nutrition Theory...... 17 Yin And Yang are Divisible but Inseparable The Qi Energy Concept of TCM ...... 17 (Yin Yang Ke Fen Er Bu Ke Li)...... 7 Congenital Constitution Essence (Jing) . . . . 17 Gu Qi (Drum Qi, or Food Qi) ...... 18 Yin And Yang are Rooted in Each Other Ancestral (Air) Qi (Zong Qi)...... 18 (Yin Yang Hu Gen) ...... 7 Yin And Yang Counterbalance Each Other Function of the Triple Burner (San Jiao) . . . . 20 (Yin Yang Zhi Yue) ...... 7 Yin And Yang Mutually Transform Each B Methodology of Nutritional Other ...... 8 Therapy ...... 21 The Five Phases (Wu Xing)...... 9 Energetics of Food ...... 21 The Five Basic Substances ...... 10 Energetic Thermal Nature...... 22 Life Force—Qi ...... 10 Hot ...... 23 Function ...... 10 Dysfunction ...... 10 Warm ...... 23 Congenital Essence—Jing ...... 11 Neutral...... 23 Function...... 11 Cool ...... 23 Dysfunction ...... 11 Cold ...... 23 Blood—Xue ...... 12 “Yang Foods” ...... 24 Function...... 12 Qi Vacuity ...... 24 Dysfunction ...... 12 Yang Vacuity ...... 24 Spirit—Shen ...... 13 “Yin Foods” ...... 24 Function...... 13 Yin Vacuity ...... 24 Dysfunction ...... 13 Yang Repletion ...... 24 Body Fluids—Jin Ye ...... 13 Function...... 13 The Five Flavors (Wu Wei) ...... 25 Dysfunction ...... 13 Sweet Flavor...... 26 Acrid Flavor ...... 26 Causes of Diseases ...... 15 Salty Flavor...... 27 External Bioclimatic Factors or Impediments ...... 15 Sour Flavor ...... 27 Wind...... 15 Bitter Flavor ...... 27

Flavor Association with Organ Networks . . 29 Frying and Roasting ...... 32 Example: Carrot ...... 30 Steaming ...... 32 Qi Movement Caused by Food: Grilling/Broiling/Barbecue ...... 32 Food Direction ...... 30 Boiling/Simmering ...... 32 Upbearing Movement ...... 30 Cooking with Alcohol ...... 33 Floating Movement ...... 30 Downbearing Movement ...... 30 Boiling with Plentiful Water ...... 33 Falling Movement ...... 30 Cooking with Cooling Ingredients (e.g., Fruit, Sprouts) ...... 33 Influencing the Thermal Nature of Foods . . 31 Slow, Gentle Frying (Braising) ...... 33 Cooling Cooking Methods ...... 31 Salting (Pickling in Brine) ...... 33 Warming Cooking Methods ...... 31 Smoking ...... 33 Seasoning ...... 33 Cooking Methods in Detail...... 32 Baking ...... 32 Meal Preparation in Tune with the Five Blanching ...... 32 Phases (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) .35

2 Chinese Dietetics in Practice...... 37

Basic Recommendations of Nutrition and Seasonal Rhythms ...... 45 Chinese Dietetics ...... 39 Spring...... 45 The Path to Healthy Eating Habits ...... 39 Summer (Hot Season) ...... 45 Inner Attitude and Environment ...... 39 Autumn ...... 46 Eating with Enjoyment and in a Relaxed Winter (Cold Season)...... 46 Atmosphere ...... 39 General Recommendations ...... 39 Nutrition and Pathogenic Factors ...... 47 Cooking Methods ...... 39 Cold ...... 47 Food Quantity ...... 40 Heat ...... 47 Food Quality ...... 40 Flavor ...... 40 Dampness ...... 47 Energetic Thermal Quality ...... 40 Dryness ...... 47 External Wind ...... 47 Special Significance of the Earth Phase . . . . 42 Wind–Cold ...... 48 “Strengthening the Inner Center”...... 42 Wind–Heat ...... 48 Internal Wind ...... 48 Nutrition and Daily Rhythms ...... 44 Breakfast ...... 44 Nutrition and the Human Life Cycle ...... 49 Lunch ...... 44 Children and Young People ...... 49 Evening Meal/Dinner...... 44 Midlife ...... 49 Older People...... 49

3 Practical Application of Chinese Dietetics ...... 51

A General Applications of Chinese ¢ Stomach Qi Vacuity (Wei Qi Xu) ...... 73 Dietetics...... 53 ¢ Stomach Yin Vacuity (Wei Yin Xu) ...... 74 ¢ Stomach Qi Vacuity with Cold Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional (Wei Qi Xu Han)...... 75 Advice ...... 53 ¢ Food Stagnating in the Stomach The Role of Chinese Nutrition in Traditional (Shi Zhi Wei Wan) ...... 76 ¢ Chinese Medicine (TCM)...... 53 Stomach Fire (Wei Re) ...... 76

General Indications for Chinese Dietetics . . . . 53 Organ Network: ...... 78 Don’t Worry about Dogmatism ...... 54 Bowel (Zang Organ): Lung (Fei), LU ...... 78 Tips for Giving Nutritional Advice ...... 54 Viscera (Fu Organ): Large Intestine General Nutritional Recommendations (Da Chang) ...... 78 (for sharing with patients) ...... 56 Organ Network Lung–Large Intestine ...... 78 Application Areas ...... 56 Nutrition and Organ Network ...... 79 ¢ General Qi Vacuity ...... 57 ¢ General Yang Vacuity ...... 58 Lung Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition...... 79 ¢ General Yin Vacuity ...... 58 ¢ Lung Qi Vacuity (Fei Qi Xu)...... 79 ¢ Yin Repletion (Excess) and Dampness . . . . . 59 ¢ Phlegm–Damp Obstructing the Lung ¢ Yang Repletion (Excess) Conditions ...... 59 (Tan Shi Zu Fei) ...... 80 ¢ Blood Vacuity (Xue Xu) ...... 60 ¢ Lung Yin Vacuity (Fei Yin Xu)...... 82 ¢ Strengthening Defense Qi (Wei Qi) ...... 62 ¢ Supplementing Lung Qi ...... 64 Organ Network: ...... 83 ¢ Dampness and Phlegm Conditions ...... 64 Bowel (Zang Organ): Kidney (Shen), KI ...... 83 Viscera (Fu Organ): Bladder (Pang Guang). . . . 83 Organ Network Kidney–Bladder...... 83 B Application of Chinese Dietetics Kidney Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition. . . . 84 for Specific Conditions ...... 67 ¢ Kidney Qi Vacuity (Shen Qi Xu) ...... 85 ¢ Kidney Yang Vacuity (Shen Yang Xu)...... 85 ...... 67 Network: ¢ Kidney Yin Vacuity (Shen Yin Xu) ...... 86 Bowel (Zang Organ): Spleen/Pancreas (Pi), Kidney Yin Vacuity (Shen Yin Xu), Heart Yin SP ...... 67 Vacuity (Xin Yin Xu), Noninteraction of the Viscera (Fu Organ): Stomach (Wei) ST...... 67 Heart and Kidney (Xin Shen Bu Jiao) ...... 88 Tasks and Functions of Spleen/Pancreas and Stomach...... 67 Organ Network: ...... 90 Governance of Body Fluids and Liquids . . . 68 Bowel (Zang Organ): Liver (Gan), LR ...... 90 Production and Retention of Blood ...... 68 Viscera (Fu Organ): Gallbladder (Dan), GB. . . . 90 Governance of Connective Tissue ...... 69 Organ Network Liver–Gallbladder ...... 90 Special Diet for Spleen/ Nutrition and Organ Network ...... 90 Pancreas–Stomach Network ...... 69 Liver Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition...... 91 Spleen Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition . . . . 69 ¢ Binding Depression of Liver Qi ¢ Spleen Qi Vacuity (Pi Qi Xu)...... 69 (Gan Qi Yu Jie)...... 91 ¢ Spleen Yang Vacuity (Pi Yang Xu)...... 69 ¢ Ascendant Liver Yang Organ Network Spleen/ (Gan Yang Shang Kang) ...... 92 Pancreas–Stomach ...... 71 ¢ Liver Fire Flaming Upward General Causes of Stomach Dysfunction . . 72 (Gan Huo Shang Yan) ...... 94 Stomach Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition . . 73 ¢ Liver Yin Vacuity (Gan Yin Xu)...... 94

¢ Liver Blood Vacuity Nutrition and Organ Network ...... 97 (Gan Xue Xu) ...... 95 Heart Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition . . . . . 98 ¢ Heart Yang Vacuity (Xin Yang Xu) ...... 98 Organ Network: ...... 97 ¢ Heart Blood Vacuity (Xin Xue Xu)...... 99 Bowel (Zang Organ): Heart (Xin), HT...... 97 ¢ Heart Yin Vacuity (Xin Yin Xu) ...... 100 Viscera (Fu Organ): Small Intestine ¢ Heart Fire Flaming Upward (Xiao Chang) ...... 97 (Xin Huo Shang Yan) ...... 101 Organ Network Heart–Small Intestine ...... 97

4 Food Classification...... 103

Vegetables ...... 105 Coriander ...... 121 Bamboo Sprouts ...... 105 Ginger, Fresh or Dried ...... 122 Cabbage ...... 106 Garlic ...... 123 Chinese Cabbage (Napa Cabbage) ...... 106 Mushrooms ...... 124 Cucumber ...... 107 Pepper (Seasoning) ...... 124 Eggplant (Aubergine)...... 107 Salt ...... 125 Green Onions (Spring Onions) ...... 108 Seaweed (General) ...... 125 Leek ...... 108 Soy Sauce ...... 126 Lettuce ...... 109 Sweeteners: Brown or Whole Cane Sugar . . . . 126 Lotus Root ...... 109 Sweeteners: Honey ...... 127 Onion ...... 110 Sweeteners: Malt Sugar–Maltose–Malt Spinach ...... 110 Syrup ...... 127 Sweet Potato ...... 111 Sweeteners: White Sugar ...... 128 Tomato...... 111 Vinegar ...... 128

Grains and Soy ...... 113 Fruit ...... 129 Barley ...... 114 Apple ...... 129 Buckwheat ...... 114 Apricot...... 130 Corn ...... 115 Banana ...... 130 Millet ...... 115 Cherry ...... 131 Oats ...... 116 Grapefruit, Pomelo ...... 132 Rice (White and Brown) ...... 116 Grapes ...... 132 Rye ...... 117 Kiwi ...... 133 Spelt ...... 117 Lemon ...... 134 Soybean, Black...... 118 Orange ...... 134 Soybean, Yellow ...... 118 Peach ...... 135 Wheat ...... 119 Pear...... 135 Pineapple ...... 136 Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments. . . 120 Plum ...... 136 Chili ...... 120 Watermelon ...... 137 Cinnamon ...... 121

Meat and Poultry ...... 138 Dairy Products, Eggs, Oils and Fats ...... 149 Beef...... 138 Butter and Cream ...... 150 Beef Liver ...... 139 Cow Milk...... 150 Chicken ...... 139 Cow Milk Cheese...... 151 Chicken Liver ...... 140 Chicken Eggs ...... 151 Duck ...... 140 Goat and Sheep Milk ...... 152 Lamb, Mutton, Sheep...... 141 Goat and Sheep Milk Cheese ...... 152 Pork ...... 141 Peanut Oil ...... 153 Rabbit/Hare ...... 142 Sesame Oil ...... 153 Venison (Deer)...... 142 Soybean Oil...... 154 Yogurt ...... 154 Fish/Sea Food...... 143 Anchovies ...... 143 Nuts and Seeds ...... 155 Carp ...... 144 Almonds ...... 155 Crab ...... 144 Black Sesame ...... 156 Eel ...... 145 Chestnut ...... 156 Herring ...... 145 Hazelnut ...... 157 Mackerel ...... 145 Peanut ...... 157 Mussels ...... 146 Pine Nuts...... 158 Oysters...... 146 Sunflower Seeds ...... 158 Prawns/Crayfish/Lobster...... 146 Alcoholic Beverages, Coffee and Tea ...... 159 Sardines...... 147 Alcoholic Beverages ...... 159 Squid, Octopus...... 147 Coffee...... 160 Trout...... 148 Tea...... 160 Tuna ...... 148

5 Clinical Examples...... 163

Respiratory Tract Disorders ...... 165 Main Symptom: Nausea and Emesis Main Symptom: Colds ...... 165 (Vomiting) ...... 194 Bronchitis/Chronic Bronchitis ...... 168 Main Symptom: Meteorism (Abdominal Distension) ...... 200 Main Symptom: Cough ...... 171 Main Symptom: Hiccough, Singult Main Symptom: Sore Throat ...... 174 (Sighing, Sobbing)...... 202 Main Symptom: Frontal Sinusitis and Maxillary Sinusitis ...... 176 Obesity/Losing Weight ...... 203 Bronchial Asthma ...... 180 Main Symptom: Overweight ...... 203

Gastrointestinal Disorders ...... 184 Physical and/or Emotional Main Symptom: Diarrhea...... 184 Fatigue ...... 209 Main Symptom: Constipation ...... 187 Main Symptom: Fatigue, Exhaustion, Main Symptom: Epigastric Disorders ...... 190 Burnout ...... 209

Cardiovascular Disorders ...... 217 Acne ...... 226 General Weakness, Urogenital Disorders...... 228 Lack of Energy, Low Blood Pressure...... 217 Main Symptom: Cystitis Main Symptom: Hypertension (Urinary Tract Infections/Inflammation) . . . . . 228 (High Blood Pressure) ...... 219 Incontinence, Enuresis (Bedwetting), Eye Disorders ...... 223 Frequent Micturition (Urination) ...... 216 Inflammation...... 223 Impotence, Weak Libido ...... 217

Gynecological Disorders ...... 230 Skin Disorders ...... 224 Morning Sickness During Pregnancy ...... 230 Neurodermatitis ...... 224

6 Chinese Dietetics At a Glance ...... 235

Foods Classified by Phase/ Phase: Wood Organ Network ...... 237 Organ Network: Liver–Gallbladder ...... 247 Phase: Earth Phase: Fire Organ Network: Spleen/Pancreas, Stomach . . 237 Organ Network: Heart–Small Intestine ...... 250 Phase: Metal Foods from A to Z ...... 252 Organ Network: Lung–Large Intestine ...... 242 Phase: Water Organ Network: Kidney–Bladder ...... 245

7 Glossary...... 265