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Sinitic Languages of Northwest China: Where Did Their Case Marking Come From?* Dan Xu
Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from?* Dan Xu To cite this version: Dan Xu. Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from?*. Cao, Djamouri and Peyraube. Languages in contact in Northwestern China, 2015. hal-01386250 HAL Id: hal-01386250 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01386250 Submitted on 31 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from?* XU DAN 1. Introduction In the early 1950s, Weinreich (1953) published a monograph on language contact. Although this subject drew the attention of a few scholars, at the time it remained marginal. Over two decades, several scholars including Moravcsik (1978), Thomason and Kaufman (1988), Aikhenvald (2002), Johanson (2002), Heine and Kuteva (2005) and others began to pay more attention to language contact. As Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 23) pointed out, language is a system, or even a system of systems. Perhaps this is why previous studies (Sapir, 1921: 203; Meillet 1921: 87) indicated that grammatical categories are not easily borrowed, since grammar is a system. -
Piggyback GAN: Efficient Lifelong Learning for Image Conditioned Generation
Piggyback GAN: Efficient Lifelong Learning for Image Conditioned Generation Mengyao Zhai1, Lei Chen1, Jiawei He1, Megha Nawhal1, Frederick Tung2, and Greg Mori1 1 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada 2 Borealis AI, Vancouver, Canada {mzhai, chenleic, jha203, mnawhal}@sfu.ca, [email protected], [email protected] Task 1 Task 2 Task … Task 1 Task 2 Task … conditional target conditional target conditional generated conditional generated images images images images images images images images (a) Ground truth (b) Sequential Fine-tuning conditional generated conditional generated conditional generated conditional generated images images images images images images images images add few additional parameters (c) Train a separate model for each task (d) Piggyback GAN Fig. 1. Lifelong learning of image-conditioned generation. The goal of lifelong learning is to build a model capable of adapting to tasks that are encountered se- quentially. Traditional fine-tuning methods are susceptible to catastrophic forgetting: when we add new tasks, the network forgets how to perform previous tasks (Figure 1 (b)). Storing a separate model for each task addresses catastrophic forgetting in an inefficient way as each set of parameters is only useful for a single task (Figure 1(c)). Our Piggyback GAN achieves image-conditioned generation with high image quality on par with separate models at a lower parameter cost by efficiently utilizing stored parameters (Figure 1 (d)). Abstract. Humans accumulate knowledge in a lifelong fashion. Modern deep neural networks, on the other hand, are susceptible to catastrophic forgetting: when adapted to perform new tasks, they often fail to pre- serve their performance on previously learned tasks. -
French Names Noeline Bridge
names collated:Chinese personal names and 100 surnames.qxd 29/09/2006 13:00 Page 8 The hundred surnames Pinyin Hanzi (simplified) Wade Giles Other forms Well-known names Pinyin Hanzi (simplified) Wade Giles Other forms Well-known names Zang Tsang Zang Lin Zhu Chu Gee Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Xi Zeng Tseng Tsang, Zeng Cai, Zeng Gong Zhu Chu Zhu Danian Dong, Zhu Chu Zhu Zhishan, Zhu Weihao Jeng Zhu Chu Zhu jin, Zhu Sheng Zha Cha Zha Yihuang, Zhuang Chuang Zhuang Zhou, Zhuang Zi Zha Shenxing Zhuansun Chuansun Zhuansun Shi Zhai Chai Zhai Jin, Zhai Shan Zhuge Chuko Zhuge Liang, Zhan Chan Zhan Ruoshui Zhuge Kongming Zhan Chan Chaim Zhan Xiyuan Zhuo Cho Zhuo Mao Zhang Chang Zhang Yuxi Zi Tzu Zi Rudao Zhang Chang Cheung, Zhang Heng, Ziche Tzuch’e Ziche Zhongxing Chiang Zhang Chunqiao Zong Tsung Tsung, Zong Xihua, Zhang Chang Zhang Shengyi, Dung Zong Yuanding Zhang Xuecheng Zongzheng Tsungcheng Zongzheng Zhensun Zhangsun Changsun Zhangsun Wuji Zou Tsou Zou Yang, Zou Liang, Zhao Chao Chew, Zhao Kuangyin, Zou Yan Chieu, Zhao Mingcheng Zu Tsu Zu Chongzhi Chiu Zuo Tso Zuo Si Zhen Chen Zhen Hui, Zhen Yong Zuoqiu Tsoch’iu Zuoqiu Ming Zheng Cheng Cheng, Zheng Qiao, Zheng He, Chung Zheng Banqiao The hundred surnames is one of the most popular reference Zhi Chih Zhi Dake, Zhi Shucai sources for the Han surnames. It was originally compiled by an Zhong Chung Zhong Heqing unknown author in the 10th century and later recompiled many Zhong Chung Zhong Shensi times. The current widely used version includes 503 surnames. Zhong Chung Zhong Sicheng, Zhong Xing The Pinyin index of the 503 Chinese surnames provides an access Zhongli Chungli Zhongli Zi to this great work for Western people. -
Accelerated WGAN Update Strategy with Loss Change Rate Balancing
Accelerated WGAN update strategy with loss change rate balancing Xu Ouyang Ying Chen Gady Agam Illinois Institute of Technology {xouyang3, ychen245}@hawk.iit.edu, [email protected] Abstract Optimizing the discriminator in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to completion in the inner training loop is computationally prohibitive, and on finite datasets would result in overfitting. To address this, a common update strat- egy is to alternate between k optimization steps for the dis- criminator D and one optimization step for the generator G. This strategy is repeated in various GAN algorithms where k is selected empirically. In this paper, we show that this update strategy is not optimal in terms of accuracy and con- vergence speed, and propose a new update strategy for net- works with Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) group related loss functions (e.g. WGAN, WGAN-GP, Deblur GAN, and Super resolution GAN). The proposed update strategy is based on a loss change ratio comparison of G and D. We demonstrate Figure 1. Comparison of the Frenchet Inception Distance (FID) that the proposed strategy improves both convergence speed for WGAN and the proposed adaptive WGAN with different co- and accuracy. efficient λ on the CIFAR10 dataset. A lower FID means better performance. The parameters nd and ng show the fixed number of update steps in WGAN for the discriminator and generator re- 1. Introduction spectively. GANs [8] provide an effective deep neural network framework that can capture data distribution. GANs are GANs minimize a probabilistic divergence between real and modeled as a min-max two-player game between a discrim- fake (generated by the generator) data distributions [22]. -
Is Shuma the Chinese Analog of Soma/Haoma? a Study of Early Contacts Between Indo-Iranians and Chinese
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 216 October, 2011 Is Shuma the Chinese Analog of Soma/Haoma? A Study of Early Contacts between Indo-Iranians and Chinese by ZHANG He Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Pimsleur Mandarin Course I Vocabulary 对不起: Dui(4) Bu(4) Qi(3)
Pimsleur Mandarin Course I vocabulary 对不起 : dui(4) bu(4) qi(3) excuse me; beg your pardon 请 : qing(3) please (polite) 问 : wen(4) ask; 你 : ni(3) you; yourself 会 : hui(4) can 说 : shuo(1) speak; talk 英文 : ying(1) wen(2) English(language) 不会 : bu(4) hui(4) be unable; can not 我 : wo(3) I; myself 一点儿 : yi(1) dian(3) er(2) a little bit 美国人 : mei(3) guo(2) ren(2) American(person); American(people) 是 : shi(4) be 你好 ni(2) hao(3) how are you 普通话 : pu(3) tong(1) hua(4) Mandarin (common language) 不好 : bu(4) hao(3) not good 很好 : hen(3) hao(3) very good 谢谢 : xie(4) xie(4) thank you 人 : ren(2) person; 可是 : ke(3) shi(4) but; however 请问 : qing(3) wen(4) one should like to ask 路 : lu(4) road 学院 : xue(2) yuan(4) college; 在 : zai(4) at; exist 哪儿 : na(3) er(2) where 那儿 na(4) er(2) there 街 : jie(1) street 这儿 : zhe(4) er(2) here 明白 : ming(2) bai(2) understand 什么 : shen(2) me what 中国人 : zhong(1) guo(2) ren(2) Chinese(person); Chinese(people) 想 : xiang(3) consider; want to 吃 : chi(1) eat 东西 : dong(1) xi(1) thing; creature 也 : ye(3) also 喝 : he(1) drink 去 : qu(4) go 时候 : shi(2) hou(4) (a point in) time 现在 : xian(4) zai(4) now 一会儿 : yi(1) hui(4) er(2) a little while 不 : bu(4) not; no 咖啡: ka(1) fei(1) coffee 小姐 : xiao(3) jie(3) miss; young lady 王 wang(2) a surname; king 茶 : cha(2) tea 两杯 : liang(3) bei(1) two cups of 要 : yao(4) want; ask for 做 : zuo(4) do; make 午饭 : wu(3) fan(4) lunch 一起 : yi(1) qi(3) together 北京 : bei(3) jing(1) Beijing; Peking 饭店 : fan(4) dian(4) hotel; restaurant 点钟 : dian(3) zhong(1) o'clock 几 : ji(1) how many; several 几点钟? ji(1) dian(3) zhong(1) what time? 八 : ba(1) eight 啤酒 : pi(2) jiu(3) beer 九 : jiu(3) understand 一 : yi(1) one 二 : er(4) two 三 : san(1) three 四 : si(4) four 五 : wu(3) five 六 : liu(4) six 七 : qi(1) seven 八 : ba(1) eight 九 : jiu(3) nine 十 : shi(2) ten 不行: bu(4) xing(2) won't do; be not good 那么 : na(3) me in that way; so 跟...一起 : gen(1)...yi(1) qi(3) with .. -
Appendix A: Soy Adi Kanunu (The Surname Law)
APPENDIX A: SOY ADı KaNUNU (THE SURNaME LaW) Republic of Turkey, Law 2525, 6.21.1934 I. Every Turk must carry his surname in addition to his proper name. II. The personal name comes first and the surname comes second in speaking, writing, and signing. III. It is forbidden to use surnames that are related to military rank and civil officialdom, to tribes and foreign races and ethnicities, as well as surnames which are not suited to general customs or which are disgusting or ridiculous. IV. The husband, who is the leader of the marital union, has the duty and right to choose the surname. In the case of the annulment of marriage or in cases of divorce, even if a child is under his moth- er’s custody, the child shall take the name that his father has cho- sen or will choose. This right and duty is the wife’s if the husband is dead and his wife is not married to somebody else, or if the husband is under protection because of mental illness or weak- ness, and the marriage is still continuing. If the wife has married after the husband’s death, or if the husband has been taken into protection because of the reasons in the previous article, and the marriage has also declined, this right and duty belongs to the closest male blood relation on the father’s side, and the oldest of these, and in their absence, to the guardian. © The Author(s) 2018 183 M. Türköz, Naming and Nation-building in Turkey, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56656-0 184 APPENDIX A: SOY ADI KANUNU (THE SURNAME LAW) V. -
Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation
Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation A/L Krishnan Thiinash Bachelor of Information Technology March 2015 A/L Selvaraju Theeban Raju Bachelor of Commerce January 2015 A/P Balan Durgarani Bachelor of Commerce with Distinction March 2015 A/P Rajaram Koushalya Priya Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Hiba Mohsin Mohammed Master of Health Leadership and Aal-Yaseen Hussein Management July 2015 Aamer Muhammad Master of Quality Management September 2015 Abbas Hanaa Safy Seyam Master of Business Administration with Distinction March 2015 Abbasi Muhammad Hamza Master of International Business March 2015 Abdallah AlMustafa Hussein Saad Elsayed Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Abdallah Asma Samir Lutfi Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdallah Moh'd Jawdat Abdel Rahman Master of International Business July 2015 AbdelAaty Mosa Amany Abdelkader Saad Master of Media and Communications with Distinction March 2015 Abdel-Karim Mervat Graduate Diploma in TESOL July 2015 Abdelmalik Mark Maher Abdelmesseh Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Master of Strategic Human Resource Abdelrahman Abdo Mohammed Talat Abdelziz Management September 2015 Graduate Certificate in Health and Abdel-Sayed Mario Physical Education July 2015 Sherif Ahmed Fathy AbdRabou Abdelmohsen Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdul Hakeem Siti Fatimah Binte Bachelor of Science January 2015 Abdul Haq Shaddad Yousef Ibrahim Master of Strategic Marketing March 2015 Abdul Rahman Al Jabier Bachelor of Engineering Honours Class II, Division 1 -
The Analects of Confucius
The analecTs of confucius An Online Teaching Translation 2015 (Version 2.21) R. Eno © 2003, 2012, 2015 Robert Eno This online translation is made freely available for use in not for profit educational settings and for personal use. For other purposes, apart from fair use, copyright is not waived. Open access to this translation is provided, without charge, at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23420 Also available as open access translations of the Four Books Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23421 Mencius: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23423 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23422 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23424 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i MAPS x BOOK I 1 BOOK II 5 BOOK III 9 BOOK IV 14 BOOK V 18 BOOK VI 24 BOOK VII 30 BOOK VIII 36 BOOK IX 40 BOOK X 46 BOOK XI 52 BOOK XII 59 BOOK XIII 66 BOOK XIV 73 BOOK XV 82 BOOK XVI 89 BOOK XVII 94 BOOK XVIII 100 BOOK XIX 104 BOOK XX 109 Appendix 1: Major Disciples 112 Appendix 2: Glossary 116 Appendix 3: Analysis of Book VIII 122 Appendix 4: Manuscript Evidence 131 About the title page The title page illustration reproduces a leaf from a medieval hand copy of the Analects, dated 890 CE, recovered from an archaeological dig at Dunhuang, in the Western desert regions of China. The manuscript has been determined to be a school boy’s hand copy, complete with errors, and it reproduces not only the text (which appears in large characters), but also an early commentary (small, double-column characters). -
Bo-Qing Xu Biography
Bo-Qing Xu_Biography Bo-Qing Xu is a Changjiang Scholar Professor of Chemistry and serves as the Director at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of Tsinghua University. He completed his doctorate in physical chemistry of heterogeneous catalysis at Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP, Chinese Academy of Sciences) in 1988, as a jointly educated Ph.D. of DICP and Hokkaido University of Japan. He then worked as a research associate at DICP. In December 1991, he joined the faculty of the School of Chemical Engineering at Dalian University of Technology (DUT) and became a full Professor in late 1992. From March 1995 to April 1998, he worked as a visiting scientist fellow at the Catalysis Center in Northwestern University (USA) and at the School of Chemical Engineering in Georgia Institute of Technology. He joined Tsinghua University in May 1998 and had been as a short-term visiting professor at UC Berkeley (2002) and Hong Kong Baptist University (2003). He has served as the vice-president of the Chinese Catalysis Society in 2012-2017, associated editor of ACS Catalysis since February 2014, editorial advisory member of Current Catalysis (2011-), Chinese Journal of Catalysis (2001-), Chinese Journal of Fuel Chemistry (2009-) and Chinese Journal of Environmental Science & Technology (2008-). He was an editorial advisory member of Applied Catalysis A-General (2005-2008) and a gust editor of Topics in Catalysis (2003). He was also an International Advisory Board member of the international Acid-Base Catalysis Group (2001-2013). His main research interest is on the physical chemistry aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Nanostructure Materials for sustainable energy and environments. -
The Treatment of Constraint According to Applied Channel Theory 59
Journal of Chinese Medicine • Number 113 • February 2017 The Treatment of Constraint According to Applied Channel Theory 59 The Treatment of Constraint According to Applied Channel Theory Introduction us to the second important concept of Applied By: Wang Ju-yi Commonly-used concepts in Chinese medicine can Channel Theory - channel qi transformation. and be difficult to comprehend, not only for practitioners Channels are involved with the movement of the Jonathan W. who do not know the Chinese language, but also for body’s qi, blood and fluids. They govern the processes Chang those who are native speakers of Chinese. As the most of nourishment, metabolism, growth and eventual fundamental concepts of Chinese medicine originated decline of the viscera, orifices and tissues of the entire Keywords: over two thousand years ago, modern practitioners body. The channels are essential for controlling and Acupuncture, face an arduous task. In order to grasp these classical regulating the processes of absorption, metabolism Chinese concepts, Dr. Wang Ju-yi believes that we should try and transformation of qi, blood, fluids and nutrients. medicine, to understand how the ancient doctors perceived the All physiological and pathological processes involve applied channel world. To do this, Dr. Wang has developed the habit of qi transformation. It is important to note that each theory, channel researching the etymology of Chinese medical terms. channel has its unique physiology (discussed in palpation, By analysing their original meaning, we can come more detail later in this article) and when there is constraint, yu, to understand how classical physicians used these an impediment in channel physiology, an abnormal 郁, depression, terms to describe the physiological and pathological change will appear in the channel that can be physically stagnation phenomena they observed in their patients. -
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