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Chinese Metaphors in Political Discourse

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Chinese Metaphors in Political Discourse CHINESE METAPHORS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE: HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CRITICIZES THE INDEPENDENCE OF TAIWAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY XIAOJING CHENG DISSERTATION ADVISOR: DR. ELIZABETH M. RIDDLE BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JUNE 2009 CHINESE METAPHORS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE: HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CRITICIZES THE INDEPENDENCE OF TAIWAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY XIAOJING CHENG APPROVED BY: ______________________ _________________ Committee Chairperson Date ______________________ _________________ Committee Member Date ______________________ _________________ Committee Member Date ______________________ _________________ Committee Member Date ______________________ __________________ Dean of Graduate School Date BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JUNE 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude first goes to my advisor, Elizabeth Riddle, for her constant support and encouragement during the course of my study at Ball State. She has also walked me through all stages of analyzing and writing of this dissertation. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this dissertation could not have reached its present form. Second, I would like to thank my committee members, professors Mary Theresa Seig, Jackie Grutsch McKinney, and Guohe Zheng for their helpful comments on the present work. I am also greatly indebted to the professors Herbert Stahlke and Christopher Ely, who have instructed and helped me in both academic and personal ways. I heartily thank my wonderful friends, Yuli Wang, Xue Qiao, Yuyan Wei, Wei Ma, Yuanyuan Liu, and my consultants, Xu Xie and Feng Cai, for their encouragement and valuable suggestions during the course of writing. Lastly, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my beloved family for their love and great confidence in me through all these years. I could not have done this without them. DEDICATION To my parents in recognition of their unconditional love ABSTRACT DISSERTATION/THESIS/RESEARCH PAPER/CREATIVE PROJECT: Chinese Metaphors in Political Discourse: How the Government of the People’s Republic of China Criticizes the Independence of Taiwan STUDENT: Xiaojing Cheng DEGREE: Doctor of Philosophy COLLEGE: Sciences and Humanities DATE: June, 2009 PAGES: 306 This dissertation discusses various underlying conceptual metaphors used to describe the issue of Taiwan’s independence in the PRC media in light of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The conceptual metaphors underlying linguistic expressions that are used to depict the independence issue in Chinese for a total number of nineteen concepts are examined. It is also argued that the conceptual bases for some chengyu, fixed expressions in Chinese, can be explained within Conceptual Metaphor Theory, but others cannot since some of the conceptual mappings constructed are context specific. The secondary metaphors found in some chengyu are based on the original association of one domain with another in the allusion or historical story. In short, this study provides empirical evidence for Conceptual Metaphor Theory in that the use of metaphor is extremely prevalent in at least one genre of Chinese political writing. It also examines Chinese chengyu from a cognitive point of view. Table of Contents Page Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Rationale 1 1.2. Historical Background of 4 the Independence of Taiwan 1.3. Significance 10 1.4. Organization 11 1.5. List of Abbreviations 12 Chapter 2 Literature Review 13 2.1. Early Research on Metaphor 13 2.2. Linguistic Theories of Metaphor 18 2.3. Metaphor vs. Other Figures of Speech 33 2.4. Metaphor Research on Chinese 38 2.5. Metaphor in Political Discourse 45 Chapter 3 Methodology 54 3.1. Data 54 3.2. Research Method 56 Chapter 4 Frequency and Results 66 4.1. Types of Concepts 66 4.2. Metaphorical Expressions 67 4.3. 成语 Chengyu ‘set phrase’ 87 Chapter 5 成语 Chengyu ‘set phrase’ and Metaphor 88 Chapter 6 Discussion 113 6.1. Operation and Development of Politics 113 6.1.1. Business Metaphors 113 6.1.2. Journey Metaphors 124 6.2. Power and Power Balance in Politics 143 6.2.1. Animal Metaphors 143 6.2.2. Natural Forces Metaphors 151 6.2.2.1. Wind Metaphors 152 6.2.2.2. Water Metaphors 155 6.2.3. Physical Elements Metaphors 159 6.2.3.1. Weather Metaphors 159 6.2.3.2. Temperature Metaphors 166 6.2.3.3. Fire Metaphors 170 6.3. Central Debate between 175 the Mainland and Taiwan 6.3.1. Human Body Metaphors 175 6.3.2. Family Metaphors 185 6.3.3. Love and Marriage Metaphors 193 6.4. Animal-like Politicians and Behavior 196 (Animal Metaphors) 6.5. Sustenance and Growth of Politics 212 6.5.1. Plant Metaphors 212 6.5.2. Food Metaphors 225 6.5.3. Illness Metaphors 236 6.5.4. Death Metaphors 244 6.6. Negatively Viewed Politics 251 6.6.1. Show Metaphors 251 6.6.2. Gambling Metaphors 258 6.6.3. Game Metaphors 264 6.6.4. War Metaphors 273 6.6.5. Poison Metaphors 280 6.6.6. Chinese Martial Arts Metaphors 283 6.6.7. Religious Metaphors 287 Chapter 7 Conclusion 294 References 299 Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter introduces the rationale for conducting this research, the historical background of the target political issue, and the organization of the dissertation. 1. 1. Rationale Previous studies of Chinese metaphor within Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) mainly focus on semantic and pragmatic features of metaphor outside of a discourse context. For example, Yu (1998) provides a general explanation of samples of Chinese metaphors in the framework of CMT of Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999, 2003) and Lakoff (1993), but his discussion is based on data separate from specific contexts. However, Cameron and Low (1999, p. 25) argue that since “the processing of metaphorical language takes place in the context of the discourse”, it is necessary to take account of the context where a metaphor appears as the basis for a well-constructed theory and analytical approach. They point out that since current metaphor theory is “not explicitly related to specific discourse context”, it may appear to work in context-free language in explaining comprehension or production, but the context is always present; it is impossible to talk about metaphor without context. In recent years, both in English and Chinese, there has been increasing discussion of the use of metaphor in specific discourse types such as in news reporting and presidential campaign rhetoric. Wei (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005) discusses metaphors in political discourse in Taiwan, and Li (1993) studies the use of metaphor in Chairman Mao Zedong’s essays, but Wei’s studies are limited to Taiwanese political discourse, and Li’s focuses on the rhetorical rather than linguistic features of metaphor. The present study of the linguistic nature of Chinese political metaphors from the People’s Republic of China in extended discourse contexts and in the specific genre of newspaper writing should help to expand the range of the available research. Specifically, this dissertation will contribute to the study of metaphor in political discourse in Chinese by analyzing metaphors collected from 760 newspaper and magazine articles published in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) between 1997 to July 2007 which discuss a current political issue—the debate between the governments of the PRC and Taiwan on whether Taiwan should be independent or not. The purpose of this dissertation is to show how conceptual metaphors are used in political discourse in Chinese on the issue of Taiwan independence. It draws on the theoretical CMT framework developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999, 2003), Lakoff (1993), and Kövecses (2001) among others, as well as Charteris-Black’s Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) (2004, 2005). Specifically, it attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) What conceptual metaphors are used in the PRC discussion of this particular issue in print media and what is their relative frequency? (2) How best may the conceptual metaphors be categorized? (3) What are the consequences of the analysis for Conceptual Metaphor Theory? The consequences of my analysis for Conceptual Metaphor Theory are also discussed. In the current political situation, the PRC government is embracing a unification policy, arguing that Taiwan and the Mainland China share the same cultural and ethnic roots and the unification of the two parts is justified by the earlier history of China; therefore, Taiwan is part of China as one of its provinces, and it should not be granted independence. In Taiwan, the issue 2 of independence has involved a growing consciousness of national identity. Former president Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) took various steps to promote Taiwan’s independence, arguing that cultural identity is not equal to political identity, and that the decision regarding Taiwan’s status should be made by the people. Because of his pro- independence point of view and policies, there were many heated debates between the governments of the PRC and Taiwan when he was in office. However, in the most recent presidential campaign, the Kuomingtang Party (KMT), which favors unification with the Mainland, defeated the DPP, and its candidate, Ma Ying-jeou, became president in 2008. This has led to reduced rhetoric on the issue of Taiwan’s independence in the Mainland media, although it still occurs. As a basis for the research, a corpus was generated with 760 newspaper and magazine articles published in the Mainland media on this topic. In this corpus, a wide range of metaphors are drawn from a variety of areas such as animals, colors, the human body, and Chinese martial arts. I selected those that were pertinent to describing the issue of the independence of Taiwan and occurred more than 20 times.
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