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Home , Chen Qiang (actor), Lin Fengmian, Liu Xun (Later Liang), Li Songsong, Wu Shaoxiang, Zhang Yanhan

Index

Note: “f ” with a page number indicates a figure. Anti–Spiritual Pollution Campaign, 81, 101, 102, 132, 271 Apartment (gongyu), 270 “...... ” ( Qiulin), 25f Apartment art, 7–10, 18, 269–271, 284, 305, 358 ending of, 276, 308 A Cheng, 94f internationalization of, 308 A Xian, 276 legacy of the guannian artists in, 29 A Zhen, 142f named by Gao Minglu, 7, 269–270 Absolute Principle (Shu Qun), 171, 172f, 197 in 1980s, 4–5, 271, 273 Absolution Series (Lei Hong), 349f privacy and, 7, 276, 308 Abstract art (chouxiang yishu), 10, 20–21, 81, 271, 311 space of, 305 Abstract , 22 temporary nature of, 305 “Academic Exchange Exhibition for Nationwide Young women’s art and, 24 Artists,” 145, 146f Apolitical art, 10, 66, 79–81, 90 Academicism, 78–84, 122, 202. See also New academicism Appearance of Cross Series (Ding Yi), 317f Academic realism, 54, 66–67 Apple and thinker metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182 Academic socialist realism, 54, 55 April Fifth Tian’anmen Demonstration (Li Xiaobin), 76f Adagio in the Opening of Second Movement, Symphony No. 5 April Photo Society, 75–76 (Wang Qiang), 108f exhibition, 74f, 75 Adam and Eve (Meng Luding), 28 Architectural models, 20 Aestheticism, 2, 6, 10–11, 37, 42, 80, 122, 200 Architectural preservation, 21 opposition to, 202, 204 Architectural sites, ritualized space in, 11–12, 14 Aesthetic principles, Chinese, 311 Art and Language group, 199 Aesthetic theory, traditional, 201–202 Art education system, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24 After Calamity (Yang Yushu), 91f Art field (yishuchang), 125 Agree to the Date November 26, 1994 as a Reason (Zhang Art for art’s sake, 66, 79, 80, 82, 96, 97, 130, 271 Keduan et al.), 289f apartment art, 271 , 97 No Name group, 4, 10, 85, 91 , 24, 97, 284, 298 Stars group, 92 Alienation, 6, 7, 65, 138, 214, 248 Art for Life, 46 authoritarianism and, 132 “Art for the life of the masses,” 36–38, 40–42, 41f in capitalist society, 6, 138 Artists Association (Soviet Union), 44 modernization and, 19, 132, 237 Artists Association (Heilongjiang province), 173 Western, 138 Artists’ groups. See also individual groups by name Alternative spaces, art in, 210, 270. See also Apartment art; huahui, 4, 66, 82, 84, 97, 273 nature and function of, 135–139 Altman, Natan, 45 Artists’ villages, 273, 276–278, 277f Amateur avant-garde, 82, 84, 97, 106, 271–273 Art Monthly, 81 Analysis (Wang Luyan, Chen Shaoping, Gu Dexin), 287 Art Plan #2 (Zhang Peili), 243, 244f, 245 Analysis Group, 28, 273, 287. See also New Mark Group Art revolutions, 36–38, 40–42 Analysis, 287 Artworks Become Trash, 8:30 p.m.–10:00 p.m., November 9, Anti-art (fanyishu), 96, 114, 137, 200, 202–204, 206 1987 (Huang Yongping), 206, 206f Anti–Bourgeois Liberalism Campaign, 27, 139, 145, 147 , 66 Anti-idealism, 315 Assignment No. 1: Copying the “Orchard Pavilion Preface” 1,000 Antinarration, 266 times (Qiu Zhijie), 312f, 313 Antiportraiture, 75 Audience, art’s relation to, 228, 236–237, 242, 245, 246, 264, 269 August 18 (Zhao Wenliang), 85f, 86f Bourgeois liberalism, 27, 132, 136, 139, 145, 147 Authoritarianism, 132, 136, 231, 266 Bread (Song Dong), 299f Avant-garde, Chinese, 4–9, 137–139, 166, 372n16, 373n9 Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, The (Geng Jianyi), 346f commercialism and, 28, 67, 201, 276 Brown Book #1 (Zhang Peili), 243, 243f cultural, 34–35, 44, 63, 65, 217 Brushwork, 330 emergence of, 34 Buddhism. See Chan Buddhism ending of, 42, 44, 45, 65 Building No. 5 (Geng Jianyi), 305, 306f groups, 27, 135–139, 175 Bürger, Peter, 2, 5, 6, 200 idealism of, 42, 138, 139 BYY group, 114, 118 ideology, 4–5 exhibition, 117f literary movements, 36 opposition to, 81, 276 Cai Guoqiang, 14, 14f, 114 political, 42 Cai Jin, 284 proletarian, 35, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 43, 44–45 , 3, 36, 37, 78 Soviet, 41, 45, 46, 372n17 Cailiao (substance), 269 space of, 4–5, 7–8, 305 Calinescu, Matei, 2 transitional, 169–175 Calligraphy, 202, 339f and Western avant-garde, 4, 6, 7, 62–63, 138, 200, 354 Cang Xin, 276, 277, 279, 281f, 284 Western influences on Chinese, 5, 36, 44 Cao Xiaodong, 173, 191 “Awarded Works of the Sixth National Art Exhibition, The” Cao Yong, 130–131, 132, 134f (exhibition), 81 Capitalism, 2, 6, 138 Case Study of Transference, A (Xu Bing), 309f Backwardness, social, 33, 35 Casting (He Yunchang), 19f Bao Jianfei, 237 Castle Series (Ding Fang), 191 Baptism no. 4 (Song Ling), 241, 241f Censorship, 111, 148–151, 154 Barthes, Roland, 315, 319 Central Academy of Fine Art, 48, 79, 111, 154, 175, 194, 272 Baudelaire, Charles, 2 Ceremony (Tang Guangming), 216, 217f Beauty, 78–84, 90, 97 Cézanne, Paul, 317 Beauty industry, 24–25 Chairman Mao Reporting on the Rectification in Yan’an (Luo Behavior art, 278. See also Performance art Gongliu), 43f Bei Dao, 82, 97 Chan Buddhism, 21, 114, 200, 206, 230 and, 114, 125, 204, 206 alleys, 18 Chang (field), 125 East Village, 273, 276, 277f Chen Chengzong, 209f Beijing Artists Association, 91, 96 Chen Conglin, 67, 68, 68f, 192 Beijing Communist Youth Community, 111 Chen Danqing, 70f Beijing Graphic Arts Company, 147 Chen Duxiu, 36 Beijing Oil Study Society, 79 Chen Fan, 94f Beijing opera, 62 Chen Jinrong, 228 Beijing Young Painters Society, 111, 144 Chen Junde, 78f, 79 Bergson, Henri, 170 Chen Lide, 117f, 255–256 Bertolucci, Bernardo, 271 Chen Maozhi, 73f Beyond the Great Wall (Shi Lu), 50, 51f, 231 Chen Qiang, 228 Bhabha, Homi K., 5 Chen Qiulin, 24–26, 25f Big Business: Selling Shrimp (Wu Shanzhuan), 158, 158f, 227f, Chen Shaofeng, 308f 382n26 Chen Shaoping, 82, 275f. See also Analysis Group; New Mark Big Explosion Series (Zheng Lianjie), 12, 13f Group Big head painting, 74, 75, 264 Analysis, 287 Black Cover Book, 298 and Analysis Group, 28, 273 Black Union of Southwest Lu, 126 apartment art, 287, 298 Black-White Creative Society, 112 Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287 Bloodline: Big Family No. 2 (Zhang Xiaogang), 265f, 266 tactile art, 202, 234–236, 269 Bo Yi, 91 The Works of the New Mark Group No. ,1 318–319f Bo Yun, 97 Chen Shizeng, 40 Body art, 278. See also Human body; Performance art Chen Tiegeng, 47 Bois, Yve-Alain, 314 Chen Yanyin, 287, 288f, 289f Book from the Sky, A (Xu Bing), 27, 201, 219, 228–230, 229f Chen Yiming Book of Changes. See Yi jing illustrations for “Maple,” 68, 68p, 72f, 73f Bound, Unbound (Lin Tianmiao), 303, 313, 313f

394 Index Chen Zhen, 185, 186f, 188 Commercial art, 76, 197 Cheng Li, 130 Commercialism, 7, 28, 227, 259, 315 Cheng Xiaoyu, 182–183, 182f Commercial media, 62 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich, 44 Communist Party of , Seventh National Conference, 40 Chi, 224 Concept art (gainian yishu), 199 China Anonymous Painting Society, 128 Concept 21 Group, 232, 233f “China/Avant-Garde” (exhibition) Conceptual art, 2, 7, 114, 118, 197, 199 artists’ preparation for, 127 in Chinese context, 199 bomb threats, 163–164 in ’85 Movement, 106, 108 budget, 153f Western, 199, 200, 201, 355 catalogue, 154, 155f Concise History of Modern Painting, A (Read), 206 censorship, 96, 111, 148–151, 154, 162, 227 Confucian pragmatism, 3 commemorative event (2009), 141, 142f, 143f Confucius, 37, 356 curatorial team, 148, 150, 246 Consumerism, 25, 219, 276 English title, significance of, 166 recontextualization of, 219, 221, 223–225, 227 exhibition plan (1987), 144–145, 147 Contemporaneity, 1, 4, 9, 213 exhibition poster (Yang Zhilin), 156f Conference, 256 fundraising, 151–152, 154, 382n17 Continual revolution, 34 Gao Minglu and, 136, 141–148, 142f, 150 –154, 155f, 156, Conversation with Water (He Yunchang), 282, 283f 157f, 166, 382n17 “Convex/Concave” (exhibition), 108 gunshots at, 29, 96, 142, 143–144, 158, 161–162, 161f, 166, poster, 110f 382n26 Corruption, governmental, 28, 40, 151 influence of, 27–28, 143 Country Project, The (Song Yongping et al.), 214, 215f invitation, 146f Countryside, cultural activities in, 207 logo, 156, 156f, 157f, 173 Covered by Red (Dai Guangyu), 307f media coverage, 161f, 166 Critical realism, 53 opening, 156, 157f, 158 Cross, symbology of, 176, 197 organizational committee, 135f, 136, 141, 148, 150–151, Cross Series (Ding Yi), 314, 316–317 152, 163, 165 Crow, Thomas, 358 performance art at, 135, 158, 161–164 , 79, 122 police closures, 96, 135f, 142, 154, 156, 158, 160f, 161–166, Cultural Animals (Xu Bing), 305, 308 161f, 164f Cultural consciousness, 34–35 proposals, 149f, 208 Cultural fever, 33 security, 163–164 Cultural pluralism, 213 sponsorship, 144, 147, 164–165 Cultural rectification, 41–42, 47, 55, 58, 65 China City Environment, 147 Cultural Revolution Chinese Aesthetic Study Society, 147 art of, 44, 58, 62–63, 67, 81 Chinese Artists Association, 102, 145, 148, 154, 164, 272 cruelty of, 90–91 Chinese Contemporary Artists’ Work Proposals (Wang Luyan et culture in, 34–35 al.), 287 and educational system, 377n27 Chinese language, 202 ending the avant-garde, 42, 44 characters, 219, 221, 223–224 launching of, 58 Chinese Convention, 227 total of, 65 Chinese Modern Art Research Society, 144, 146 Culture: China and the World Series, 147 Chineseness, 11 Culture Noodles (Song Dong), 285f, 298, 300–301f Chinese Writers Association, 101 Curators, 148 Chinese Youth, 82–83 Current of life painting, 170, 173–175, 191–192, 266, 315 Chizi (Wu Shanzhuan), 269 Cynical realism, 5, 9, 28, 44, 67, 75, 197, 255–256, 263–266, Christensen, Peter G., 137 269, 273, 276–277, 290, 315 Christian iconography, 171, 197 Circle Series (Yu Youhan), 187f Dada, 114, 139, 200, 207. See also Xiamen Dada City Artists Association, 122 Chan Buddhism and, 114, 125, 204, 206 City Series: When Sound Fills Up the City Sky (Ding Fang), 22f Dai Guangyu, 291–295f, 305, 307f Civilization of the north, 171–172 Daily life, 3, 279 Clark, T. J., 358 art from, 5, 21, 24, 37, 118, 201, 203, 221, 290 (see also Class identity, 70 Household art) Class struggle drama, 55 Dao, 125 Closing Down Twice (Zhang Riyao), 164f Daoism, 176, 230 Color theory, 317 David, Jacques-Louis, 181

Index 395 David and Venus (Mao Xuhui), 255, 256f “’88 Chinese Modern Art Conference,” 127 Days (Song Dong), 304f “85.8 New Art” (exhibition), 132 Death of Marat, The (Wang Guangyi), 181, 182f ’85 Movement, The (Gao Minglu), 93f Deconstructionism, 9–11, 27–28, 29, 197, 228–230, 290 ’85 Movement, 23–29, 34, 81, 101–102, 105–186, 203 Decontextualization, 237 academies, role of, 102 Decorative art, 80 as anti-art project, 200 Dematerialization, 200, 201, 228, 269, 332 audience, 138 Democracy Wall, 76f, 82–84, 88, 92, 271 avant-garde mentality, 62 Democracy Wall (Li Xiaobin), 77f, 88 in central China, 118, 122, 125–128 Democracy Wall (Ma Kelu), 89f compared to Western avant-garde, 7, 138 Democratization of art, 42, 380n33 criticism of, 118, 122, 125–126 Deng Pingxiang, 122 on east coast, 106, 108, 111–112, 114, 118 , 3, 14, 34, 65, 70, 255 economics, 135 Derrida, Jacques, 319 exhibitions, 118, 273 Dialogue (Xiao Lu), 160f, 161–162 groups, nature and function of, 135–139 Dialogue with Demolition (Zhang Dali), 18f, 19 humanist tendencies, 169–170, 171, 175, 199 Diary (Li Huasheng), 21, 314 idealism, 138, 139 Diary on Water (He Yunchang), 19, 19f influences on, 105, 111, 128, 139, 171, 272 Digging the Mountain Endlessly (Wang Yingchun), 59f leaders, 106, 236 Digital technology, 20 in the media, 108, 111 Ding Fang, 22, 191, 276, 311 myth adopted by, 269 Castle Series, 191 named by Gao Minglu, 101, 102, 137 City Series: When Sound Fills Up the City Sky, 22f public engagement, 276 Drawing of a Landscape, 189f purpose and function, 101, 106, 135–139, 169, 175 The Enlightenment of the Original Spirit, 191 as revolution in ideas (guannian gengxin), 199–202, 217 The Power of Tragedy, 191 self-identification, 169–170 Red Journey group, 112, 173 and social reform, 171 Self-Transcendence, 191 in southwest and northwest China, 128, 130, 132 The Summons and Birth, 190f, 191 statistics, 103f, 107f, 122, 128 Will and Sacrifice, 191 suppression of, 136 Yellow Earth series, 184 traditionalist-antitraditionalist tension, 101, 136 Ding Yi, 314–317, 317f “’85 New Space” (exhibition), 108f, 139, 237 Disconnection disCONNEXION (Xing Danwen), 20, 20f ’85 New Wave, 34 Dong Chao, 126 ’87 Body Art (Rhinoceros Painting Society), 115f Dong Xaioming, 148 “’86 Last Exhibition, No. 1,” 106, 109f, 135 Dong Xiwen, 50, 51f, 52f, 53, 55 Élan vital, 170 Dong Zhuongshu, 278 Elvehjem Museum, 230–232 Door Guardian (Yan Han), 47f Emptiness (xu), 230 Door Guardians (Liu Dahong), 257, 259f, 260 Endurance, 278–280, 282, 284 Door guardians, traditional, 47, 48f Enlightenment, 106, 176, 178, 194 Drawing of a Landscape (Ding Fang), 189f Enlightenment of the Original Spirit, The (Ding Fang), 191 Dream Is Just Dream (Ma Lu), 112f Environmental art, 125, 214 Dreams, 171, 192, 194 Environmental change, 15–16 Duang Xiucang, 127 Environmental Works (Huang Yongping), 210 Duchamp, Marcel, 2, 6, 42, 200–202, 303 Eternal Life (Zhang Xiaogang), 194, 194f Dust (Huang Yongping), 212f, 213 European art, 45, 79, 200. See also Western art Event Taking Place in the Art Gallery of Fujian Province, An, Earth from the Aliens’ Point of View, The (Song Haidong), 163f 207, 208f, 210 Earth Painting, The (Sui Jianguo), 270f “Exhibition for the Celebration of the Establishment of the East, The (Cheng Xiaoyu), 182–183, 182f People’s Republic of China,” 146 “Exhibition of International Art Publications,” 105 Eastern Magazine (Dongfang zazhi), 36 “Exhibition of Vitality,” 130 East and West, 33–34, 48, 101, 213 “Exhibition of Young Artists of Western Inner Mongolia,” 130 synthesis, 37, 38, 79, 353 Existentialism, 27, 176, 278, 354 East German Embassy, 162 Economic reform, 3, 139, 255 Expanding Series, No. 1 (Li Shan), 187f Educating the Children (Zhu Xiaohe), 322f Experience on a Certain Day in 1986 (Song Yonghong), 118, 121f Education system, artistic, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24 Exploration (Cao Yong), 84 Cultural Revolution and, 377n27 Expressionism, 122, 237

396 Index Face of Modern Tragedy No. 1, The (Cao Yong), 132, 134f Frozen North Pole series (Wang Guangyi), 180, 181, 184–185, Face of Modern Tragedy No. 2, The (Cao Yong), 132, 134f 184f Family, 266 Frozen North Pole, No. 30, 180f Fan Di’an, 150, 151, 152, 298 Fu Baoshi, 50, 380n24 Fan Kuan, 191 Fu Xi, 194, 390n4 Fang an. See Projects on paper , Italian, 41, 46 Fang Lijun, 28, 264, 266, 276 New Generation exhibition, 263 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 319 Oil Painting No. 2, 264f Gallery of the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Art, 237 Sketch No. 2, 264f Game (Yang Shufeng), 132f Fang Mengbo, 8 Game-based work, 246 Farm workers, 18 Gan Yang, 147 Fascism, 47 Gang of Four, 72, 76, 88, 255 Father (Luo Zhongli), 70, 71f, 74–75 Gao Gang, 53 Favorsky, Vladimir, 47 Gao Minglu Fei Dawei, 145f, 150 “About Rationalist Painting,” 170 Feminism, 24 apartment art named by, 7, 269–270 Feng Boyi, 8, 298 and “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 136, 141–148, 142f, Feng Guodong, 82, 272 143f, 145f, 150 –154, 155f, 156, 157f, 166, 382n17 Feng Jicai, 152 Contemporary Art Conference, 256 Fengtian Sun Tobacco Company Advertisement (Jin Meisheng), “The ’85 ,” 144 50f The ’85 Movement, 93f Fenzi culture, 25–26 ’85 Movement named by, 101, 102, 137 “Festival of Youth Art in Hubei,” 118, 122 maximalism named by, 10, 313–314 Fifteen Shots—From 1980 to 2003 (Xiao Lu), 162, 162f National Oil Painting Conference, 144 “First Oil Painting Exhibition,” 127 “Protest,” 141, 142f, 143f First Experimental Exhibition (Southern Artists Salon), 118, “The Recent Developing Trends in Oil Painting,” 170 119f, 214, 215f, 278 in U.S. as visiting scholar, 166 First Haircut in the Summer of 1985, The (Geng Jianyi), 237, 239f Zhongguo dangdai meishushi 1985–1986, 103f, 107f, 147 “First National Exhibition of the China Anonymous Painting “Zhuhai ’85 New Wave Large-Scale Slide Exhibition,” 144 Society Group,” 128 Gao Tianmin, 137f “First Perspective Painting Exhibition,” 128 Gao Xiaohua, 68, 69p “Five-Man Exhibition,” 203 Ge Weimo, 148 Five Series of Repetitions (Xu Bing), 228, 228f, 332 Gendered space, 14, 23–26 Five Warriors on Langya Mountain (Zhan Jianjun), 54, 54f Geng Jianyi, 197, 236, 237, 246 Fixing the Golden Tooth for the Great Wall (Zhan Wang), 14–15, and apartment artists, 284 15f The Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, 346f Flags (Wang Jiping), 120f Building No. 5, 305, 306f Folk art, 47, 48, 55, 128, 257 fang an art, 287 Folk realism, 44–45 The First Haircut in the Summer of 1985, 237, 239f Foolish Man Removing the Mountain, The (), 38, 40, guannian projects, 28 40f Haircut, No. 4—Fashion and Style in the Summer of 1985, Formalism, 2, 84, 316 183f 49,368 Square Millimeters (Song Tao), 314, 332, 333–338f How Could a “ ” Character Be Enough?, 347f Forum, 84 Investigative Forms, 246 Foster, Hal, 58 Investigative Forms—Huang Yongping, 248–250f Founding Ceremony of the Nation, The (Dong Xiwen), 50, 52f, 53 King and Queen no. 3, 240f, 241 (Duchamp), 6 neo-guannian art, 269 Four Masters, 36 Pool Society, 106, 236, 237 Four Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter (Liu Reasonable Relationship, 248 Dahong), 260, 260–261f Second State, 245, 245f, 264 Fragment: Ma Liuming (Ma Liuming), 280f Tap Water Factory: A Mutually Voyeuristic Installation, 246, Free Discussion on Literature (Sun Zixi), 152 247f Freedom, individual, 66, 82, 94, 101, 112, 128, 130, 138, 170, Two People under the Lamplight, 178, 178f 287 Yang’s Taiqi Series No. 1, 241 body as medium for, 278–280, 282, 284 Ghosts Pounding the Wall (Xu Bing), 14, 201, 228, 230–232, Freud, Sigmund, 126 231f Frozen land metaphor, 182–185 Giddens, Anthony, 15

Index 397 Giovale, Franco, 271, 271f Guishan Series (Mao Xuhui), 192 , 14–16, 22, 23–24, 255, 361 Guishan Series: Encounter on Red Soil, 192, 193f and art, 200, 217, 263, 273, 315 Gun ownership laws, 158 Golden Sunshine (He Yunchang), 282, 282f Guo Jin, 264 Goodbye (Li Shan), 159f Guo Wei, 264 Go to the Front (Hu Yichuan), 41f Graffiti art, 18 Habermas, Jürgen, 2 Grain Rain (Li Huasheng), 21f Haircut, No. 4—Fashion and Style in the Summer of 1985 (Geng Gray Cover Book, 298 Jianyi), 183f Gray humor, 28, 106, 219, 236–237, 241 Hamilton, Richard, 197 Great Castigation series (Wang Guangyi), 257 Hamlet in Heaven, 109f Great Castigation Series: Coca-Cola, 262f, 263 National Academy of Art, 78, 79, 236 Great Castigation Series: Marlboro, 258f Hanmo Art Gallery, 305, 308 Great Leap Forward, 54 “Hanmo Art News,” 308 Great Rectification in Yan’an Yan’an( zhengfeng yudong), 41– “Haowangjiao Modern Art Exhibition,” 130 42. See also Cultural rectification Happenings, 122 Great Wall, 50, 231–232, 233f Hatching Eggs (Zhang Nian), 158, 159f Beyond the Great Wall (Shi Lu), 50, 51f, 231 He Chengyao, 14, 14f Ghosts Pounding the Wall (Xu Bing), 14, 201, 228, 230–232, He Duoling, 176, 177f, 192 231f He Mole, 272 as ritual space, 12, 14–15 He Yunchang Great Wall Art Museum, 154 Casting, 19f Great Wall Fast Food Company, 154 Conversation with Water, 282, 283f Greenberg, Clement, 2, 6, 9, 42, 45, 311, 353 Diary on Shanghai Water, 19, 19f Groping (Lin Fengmian), 37 Golden Sunshine, 282, 282f Gu Cheng, 82, 97 performance art, 19, 276, 279, 284 Gu Dexin, 275f, 315. See also Analysis Group; New Mark The Trusting Man Who Drowned While Holding the Column, Group 284, 284f Analysis, 287 Heidegger, Martin, 354 and Analysis Group, 28, 273 “ First Oil Painting Exhibition,” 122 apartment art, 287, 298 Henan Provincial Agricultural Gallery, 122 conceptual art activities, 326, 328 Heroic and Indomitable (Quan Shanshi), 54, 54f and New Mark Group, 28, 273 Heroic cynicism, 255 Pinching the Flesh: Object as Living Life, 314, 326, 327–328f, Heroic realism, 38, 46, 54 328, 332 History of and a Concise History of Modern Painting in “Seven-Man Exhibition,” 272 a Washing Machine for Two Minutes (Huang Yongping), Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287 207f tactile art, 202, 234–236, 269 History of , A (Wang Bomin), 206 Untitled, 326f “Home: Bingyi and Leihong Recent Works” (exhibition), 10 The Works of the New Mark Group No. ,1 318–319f Homeland, Homeland! No. 1 (Qu Leilei), 94, 95f Wuti, 326 Hong Hao, 343f Gu Wenda, 27–29, 106, 188, 200, 206, 233–234, 236, 349, 354 Hong Yi, 330 language art, 202, 219 Hongxia Apartments, 305 monumental ink painting, 182 Honisch, Dieter, 271 Mythos of Lost, 188f Horkheimer, Max, 2 Pseudo-Characters Series—Silence, 234f Hou Hanru, 150, 166, 298 scholarly painting, 188 Hou Yimin, 54, 55f Self-Portrait with a Window Behind, 180, 180f Hou Zhen, 125 A World in Calm Observation, 234f Household art, 24, 298, 303, 305, 308 Gu Yuan, 44, 305 How Could a “ ” Character Be Enough? (Geng Jianyi), 347f Guan Ce, 173, 191 Hu Shi, 3, 357 Guan Naixin, 96 Hu Yaobang, 82–83 Guan Wei, 96 Hu Yichuan, 41f, 47, 236 Guang Tingbo, 280f Hua Dong, 109f Guangxu (emperor of China), 35 Hua Guofeng, 65 Guangzhou Zhongshan University, 214 Huahui (painting societies), 4, 66, 82, 84, 97, 273 Guannian (idea) art, 27–29, 201–202, 269 Huang Bingyi, 11f neo-guannian art, 199–202, 269 Huang Rui, 11, 96

398 Index Huang Yali, 123f Imperial Palace Museum, 148 Huang Yan, 305 , 79 Huang Yongpan, 209f Inaction, 207 Huang Yongping, 22, 200, 202–204, 206, 207–208, 217, 219, Individualism, 24, 65, 97, 138, 174, 202–203, 266 230, 236, 269, 354 and ’85 Movement, 42, 46 Artworks Become Trash, 8:30 p.m.–10:00 p.m., November 9, Stars and, 94 1987, 206, 206f in women’s art, 24 Dust, 212f, 213 Industrialization, 50 Environmental Works, 210 Industrial production, 202–203 An Event Taking Place in the Art Gallery of Fujian In Front of Tian’anmen (Sun Zixi), 55, 57f, 74 Province, 208f Injured Buddha (Chen Lide), 117f, 255–256 History of Chinese Art and a Concise History of Modern Ink-and-wash painting, 188, 350 Painting in a Washing Machine for Two Minutes, 207f Ink painting, 10, 45, 112, 233, 182, 349–351 The Kitchen, April 18–December 18, 1987, 213, 213f modern, 80, 112, 330, 349–351, 350f, 351f move to the West, 28, 29 monumental, 182 No Move Needed, the Objects Themselves Automatically traditional, 28, 36, 38, 45, 81, 349–351 Become Artwork, 210f In Memory (Zheng Ziyan), 89f No Need to Move, Add, or Remove Objects to Make Artworks, “Innovative Painting Exhibition,” 130 211f Installation art, 298 Nonexpressive Painting: Roulette Wheel Series, 203–204, 203f Institutionalization of art, 9–10, 315 Paint [Spray] Gun Series, 203 Institutional theory, 6 Pipe with T Shape, 203 Intellectuals, 70, 75, 118 Proposal for Pulling the National Art Museum of China Away, “International Youth Art Exhibition,” 175 209f In the New Era: Revelations of Adam and Eve (Zhang Qun and Rearrange the Objects to Make Artworks, 211f Meng Luding), 105–106, 105f, 175 rope project, “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 209f Investigative Forms (Geng Jianyi), 246 Roulette with Six Plates, 205f Investigative Forms—Huang Yongping (Geng Jianyi), 248–250f Sharpening Pencils, December 16, 1987–January 25, 1988, Itinerants (Wanderers), 53 213f It Is a Fine Day; That Explains Why It Does Not Rain (Song “Thinking, Making, and Projects in 1987,” 210 Tao), 332 World Factory, 22, 23f It Looks Beautiful—The Second Performance (Wu Yiming), and Xiamen Dada, 114, 125, 202, 236 324–325f “Xiamen Dada: A Kind of ?,” 114, 202, 204, 206 Jameson, Fredric, 2 Hubei Academy of Fine Arts, 123f Jiang Feng, 50, 236 Hubei Artists Association, 118, 122 Jiang Jie, 287, 290f Hui Neng, 206 Jiang Jieshi, 308 Human Beings and Their Clock (Zhang Jianjun), 181, 181f Jiang Qing, 58, 62, 72, 255 Human body, 16, 17f, 18, 19, 182–184, 204, 237, 241, 273, “ Art Week Modern Art Festival,” 112, 113f, 173 276–280, 282, 284 Jiangsu huakan (Jiangsu pictorial), 102 Humanism (Lin Fengmian), 37 Jiangsu school, 380n24 Humanism (renwen, rendaozhuyi), 19, 27, 28–29, 37–38, 65– Artists Association, 127 66, 70, 201, 256 “Jiangxi Second Youth Art Exhibition,” 127 ’85 Movement and, 169–170, 171, 174, 175, 199, 201–202 Jiao Yueming, 209f “Humanism in China” (exhibition), 18 Jie fang ribao (Liberation daily), 135 Hunan Artists Association, 118, 122 Jin Meisheng, 48, 49f, 50, 50f Hunan Young Artists Association, 122 Jin Shangyi, 79, 147 Hundred Days Reform, 35 Jinling school, 380n24 Huntington, Samuel P., 15 Jinshi, 272 Jobless migrants, 276 I (Luo Mingjun), 124f Judd, Donald, 314 Idea art. See Guannian art June Fourth Incident, 27, 28, 29 Idealism, 28–29, 114, 138, 139, 141, 197, 227, 315 June Fourth Movement, 313 Idol (Wang Keping), 94, 95f, 255 I Exist, I Consume, and I Am Happy (Chen Qiulin), 25, 25f Kafka, Franz, 192 Image for Tibet, No. 3, An (Li Yanping), 129f Kan Fenggang, 148 Imitation, 315 Kan Xuan, 287 Imitation: White: 36K, Square Meters: 36cm2, Additional Electric Kandinsky, Wassily, 311 Current: 6V. 5A (Qian Weikang), 286f

Index 399 Kang Mu, 11, 12f Li Shan, 86f, 90, 108, 144, 145f, 185, 188, 271, 271f Kang Youwei, 36, 191 Expanding Series, No. 1, 187f Kant, Immanuel, 321 Goodbye, 159f Kettle of Boiling Water, A (Song Dong), 299f installation art, 158 Kiefer, Anselm, 191 political pop, 256 King and Queen no. 3 (Geng Jianyi and Song Ling), 240f, 241 The Waking Dream, 111f Kitchen, April 18–December 18, 1987, The (Huang Yongping), Water Lily, 90f 213, 213f Yuyuantan Lake School, 88 Kitsch, 9, 10, 42, 50, 257, 353 Li Shuang, 96f academic, 81 Li Songsong, 161 commercial, 7, 9 Li Xianting, 92, 150 double kitsch, 7, 263 Li Xiaobin, 75–76, 76f, 77f, 88 ideological, 7, 353 Li Xiaoshan, 112 Koch, Ulrike, 271 Li Yanping, 128, 129f Kollwitz, Käthe, 40, 47 Li Yongcun (Bo Yun), 94f Komar, Vitaly, 259f Liang Juhui, 291–295f Kong Boji, 79 Liang Qichao, 36, 37, 191 Koons, Jeff, 298 Liang Shiqiu, 40 Kosolapov, Alexander, 262f, 263 Liao Wen, 24 Life, art merging with, 213–217. See also Daily life Land, metaphorical language of, 182–185, 188, 191–192, 194 Life drawing, 90 Land art, 125 Lin Biao, 72, 255 Landscape (), 81f Lin Fengmian, 37–38, 38f, 45–46, 78–79, 102, 236 Landscape (Wu Jian), 22f Lin Jiahua, 208f, 209f Landscape painting, 4, 22, 50, 88, 90, 182 Lin Pu, 305, 308 Language art, 106, 199, 200–202, 219–227, 319, 321, 323 Lin Song, 305, 308 A Book from the Sky, 228–230 Lin Tianmiao, 24, 284, 298, 303, 313f Ghosts Pounding the Wall, 230–232 Lin Yilin, 118, 213, 291–295f Red Humor: Big-Character Posters, 221, 223–224 Linchun, 209f Tactile Art (New Mark Group), 234, 235f, 236 Line-drawing (writing), 321 Lanzhou Workers’ Cultural Palace, 132 Ling Huitao, 382n17 Laozi, Zhuang, and Wife (Zuo Zhengyao), 178, 179f Literary culture, traditional, 127–128 Leading Group of the Cultural Revolution, 58 Literary movements, 36, 75, 169 Leaning toward a Pressure Point (Qian Weikang), 290 Literati painting, 21, 79, 112, 191, 219 Left-wing art movement, 36, 40–41, 46–47 Liu Anping, 163 Left-wing literature and art, 55, 58 Liu Dahong, 257, 259f, 260–261f Left Wing Literature and Art Association, 37 Liu Dong, 147 Left-wing woodcut movement, 236 Liu Haisu, 78, 79 Left Wing Writers Association, 36 Liu Kaiqu, 147, 158 Lei Hong, 349, 349f Liu Shaoqi, 34, 53, 54, 67 Lenin (V. I. Ulyanov), 43 Liu Shaoqi on the Road to Anyuan (Hou Yimin), 54, 55f as symbol, 263 Liu Wei, 263, 264, 265f, 266, 276 Li Bin Liu Xiaochun, 145f illustrations for “Maple,” 68, 68p, 72f, 73f Liu Xiaodong, 28, 29f, 263 Li Fenglan, 59f Liu Xun, 91, 96, 96f, 144, 377n29 Li Guijun, 176, 176f Liu Yian, 171 Li Han, 126, 126f Liu Yulian Li Huasheng, 330f, 349 illustrations for “Maple,” 68, 68p, 72f, 73f Diary, 21, 314 Liu Zhenggang, 130 Grain Rain, 21f “Living in Time” (exhibition), 298 line-drawing (writing), 329–330 Logocentrism, 326 1995.5–1999.7, 331f Long March, 41 2000.3.9, 329f Loose wanderers, 84, 96–97 Li Jian, 108 Love-to-see-and-hear (xiwen lejian) styles, 47 Li Jingyang, 73f Lu Dingyi, 54 , 50 Lu Mingjun, 122 Li Luming, 122 Lu Qing, 24, 284, 341f Li Qun, 46f, 47, 118 Lu Shengzhong, 27

400 Index Lu Xun, 40, 44, 46 metaphysical operations, 319, 321, 323 Lu Xun Academy of Fine Art, 305 named by Gao Minglu, 10, 20, 313–314 Lu Ying, 107f and process, 326, 328–330, 332, 339 Lu Zheng, 36 Western versus, 314 Lu Zuogeng (Lu Yongquiang), 109f Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 45 Luo Gongliu, 43f, 47 May Fourth Movement, 33–35, 42, 46, 65, 171, 357 Luo Mingjun, 124f Meaningless Choice No. 1 (Song Ling), 247f Luo Zhongli, 68–70, 71f, 74–75, 192 Meaninglessness, 203, 207, 228–232, 233f, 273, 315 Modern Art Study Group, 139 “Media Report on Five-Youth Art Exhibition,” 133f “Luoyang Modern Art Field” (exhibition), 125–126, 139 Medical Accident, A (Jiang Jie), 290f Meditation, 11, 192, 201, 314, 326, 328–330, 332, 339 M Art Group, 108, 166, 202, 214, 216, 216f Meishu (Art monthly), 92, 102, 111, 118, 136, 139, 147, 272 manifesto, 214 Meishu sichao (Art trends), 102 Ma Bosheng, 137f Melamid, Alexander, 259f Ma Desheng, 88, 93f, 94, 94f, 96 Meng Luding, 28, 105–106, 105f, 175 Ma Kelu, 82, 86f, 88, 89f, 272 Metaphysical art, 311, 313–316 Ma Liuming, 273, 276, 279–280, 280f current of life painting, 169–175 Ma Lu, 112f land, metaphorical language of, 182–185, 188, 191 Machine, person as, 204 rationalist painting, 169–175 Makchmobk.M, 48 thinker and apple metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182 Malevich, Kazimir, 311, 349 wild earth and minority body metaphor, 191–192, 194 Mao Xuhui, 192, 194, 266 Mexican muralists, 66 David and Venus, 255, 256f Mi Fu, 191 Guishan Series, 192 Middle class, 23–24, 263 Guishan Series: Encounter on Red Soil, 192, 193f Migrants, 16, 17f, 18, 276 influence of, 128, 170, 174 Military, Chinese, 35 Patriarchy, 27 Minimalism, 21, 314 Southwest Art Group, 174 Ministry of Bel-esprit and Beauty, 58 Ministry of Culture, 58, 148, 154, 163 and art, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 45–46, 54, 62, 200, 353, 357– Minority body, metaphor, 192, 194 358 Mirror to Analyze the World—The Last Book of the End of the Cultural Revolution, design for, 34–35 Century, A (Xu Bing), 27 “The Foolish Man Removing the Mountain,” 40 Missing Person Notices (Zhu Fadong), 281f Great Rectification in Yan’an, 41–42, 43–44, 43f Misty poetry, 97 linguistic culture, 219 Modern Art Center, 287 myth of, 260–261 “Modern Art Conference,” 28 utopia, 260–261 “Modern Art Design” (exhibition), 130 Mao Zedong, Double Shadows, Tian’anmen (Yu Youhan), 258f “Modern Art Exhibition” (Chifeng, 1986), 130 Mao Zedong No. 1 (Wang Guangyi), 28, 154, 156, 156f, 197, , 3, 9, 10, 20–22, 81, 315, 355 256–257 bourgeois, 90 “Maple,” 67, 72, 255 with Chinese characteristics, 122 illustrations for (Liu Yulian, Chen Yiming, and Li Bin), 68, early twentieth-century Chinese, 10, 45–46 68p, 72f, 73f Modernity, 11, 21, 22, 33, 35, 194, 201. See also Total modernity Marat, Jean-Paul, 181 Chinese versus Western, 1–4, 353 Marx, Karl, 65, 138, 375n1 cultural, 28, 33, 35, 170, 371n5 Marxism, 6, 37, 41, 354, 358 ’85 Movement artists on, 175–176 Masereel, Frans, 40, 47 and humanism, 169–170 Mass art, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 44–45, 55, 62 transnational, 16 revolutionary, 44, 47, 58 and women’s art, 23–26 Mass culture, 24–25, 255, 257 Modernization, 2, 14, 16, 40, 101, 132, 194, 237 Mass-Produced Nativity (Wang Guangyi), 256, 257f in art, 22, 50, 231 Mass style (dazhonghua), 44 Mondrian, Piet, 311 Material culture, 10, 14–15, 16 Monumental style, 182, 229, 282 Materialism, 2, 7, 10, 14–15, 22 Monument to the People’s Heroes, 88 Mathematical specifications, art based on, 287, 290 Morality, art and, 40, 170, 201 Matisse, Henri, 317 Mou Sen, 276 Maximalism, 20–22, 201, 204, 269, 313–319, 326, 358 Mount Huang, 126–127 legacy of guannian artists in, 29 Movement, characteristics of, 137

Index 401 Müller, Hans, 271 No Need to Move, Add, or Remove Objects to Make Artworks Murray, Michael, 271 (Huang Yongping), 211f Museum age, 9–10 Nonexpressive Painting: Roulette Wheel Series (Huang Yongping), My Things No. 1–5, 2001–2003 (Hong Hao), 343f 203–204, 203f Mythos of Lost (Gu Wenda), 188f Northern Art Group, 106, 144, 170–174, 184, 197, 202, 236, 256, 354 Naive style, 174 manifesto, 171–172 Nanquan Park Gallery, 128 Northern Song painting, 188, 191 Narcissism, 266 Note, Jochen, 271 Narration of meaning, 315 Nothingness (wu), 202–203, 207–208, 210, 212–214, 216, 230 National Agricultural Exhibition Center, 144–145, 145f, 146f “November Exhibition,” 111 National Art Museum of China, 105, 112, 122, 146, 148. See November 26 as a Reason (Pool Society), 248 also “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition Nu Wa, 194 Sixth National Art Exhibition, 67, 81, 151 Nudity in public art, 80, 175 Stars exhibition (1980), 92, 148 National Beiping Art School, 78 Oil Painting No. 2 (Fang Lijun), 264f National History Museum, 105, 263 Oil painting research groups, 79 Nationalism, 26, 40, 45, 53–54, 125, 170, 231, 260, 261, 263 Old Summer Palace, 11–12 “National Oil Painting Conference,” 102, 127, 144 100% (Wang Jin), 16, 17f National soul, 191 Open Air Theater, 128 Native soil writing, 169 Opening the Great Wall (He Chengyao), 14, 14f Naturalism, 194 Opening to the West, 65 Nature consciousness, 194 “Open Sky” (exhibition), 303 “Nature-Society-Man” (exhibition), 75 Opera, 62 Neo-avant-garde, 5, 42, 63 Opium Wars, 35 Neo-Orientalism, 315 Origins of Socialist Realism, The (Vitaly Komar and Alexander New academicism, 78–81, 111, 114, 175 Melamid), 259f New Analysis project, 234 Orphan (Luo Zhongli), 69 New Art movement, 33, 35, 36, 37, 79 Other, the, 18, 69–70, 175 New Barbarianism (group), 112 Otherworldly landscape, 182–185, 188, 191 New Cultural Movement, 3, 34, 36, 42 Overwriting, 321, 323 New Generation, The (Liu Wei), 265f New Generation painters, 263–264 Pain, 242 exhibition, 263 Painters’ village (huajiacun), 276 New literati painting, 112 Painting about Mind Moving, A (Chen Zhen), 186f New Literature movement, 33, 40, 373n8 Painting Frame Series (Li Han), 126, 126f Newly Born (Huang Rui), 11 Painting of Being Well Fed and Well Clothed, A (Li Qun), 46f New Mark Group, 28, 219, 234–236, 235f, 269, 273, 275f, 287, Painting societies (huahui), 4, 66, 82, 84, 97, 273 318–319f, 319 Paint [Spray] Gun Series (Huang Yongping), 203 manifesto, 236 Pan Dehai, 170, 174, 192 Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287 Pan Tianshou, 40 New scholarly painting, 233 Panda Electronic Industry Corporation, 152 “New Spring Painting” (exhibition), 79, 90 , 37–38, 39f, 45, 79 New Times and Space Dimension for the Shuttle, A (Liang Juhui), Pastiche, 10 295f Pastoralism, 132, 194, 266 New Women’s Movement, 23–26 Patriarchy (Mao Xuhui), 27 “New Works of the Rice and Sheep Painting Society” Peasant art, 58 (exhibition), 128 “Penetration and Outlook of Northern Art” (conference), 173 New Year calendar movement (xinnianhua yudong), 45 Peng De, 145f New Year paintings, 48, 50 Peng Gang, 82 Ni Yide, 37–38, 79 People, taking art to the, 44, 207, 214, 215f, 305 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 126 People’s Cultural Palace, 128 Nihilism, 54, 58, 62, 138–139 People’s Republic of China, founding of, 48 1995.5–1999.7 (Li Huasheng), 331f Peredvizhniki, 53–54, 66, 72 Noah’s Ark (Wang Peng), 305, 305f Performance art, 108, 213–214, 216, 273, 276–280, 282, 284 No Move Needed, the Objects Themselves Automatically Become in artists’ villages, 276 Artwork (Huang Yongping), 210f body as language in, 19, 273, 276–280, 282, 284 (see also No Name group, 4, 10, 34, 84–85, 88, 90–92, 97, 271 Human body) Non-art, 200. See also Anti-art

402 Index at “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 148, 158 Proletarian art, 54 in ’85 Movement, 106, 108 Proletarian class, 43, 46–47 Pool Society, 241 Proletarianized artists, 44 prohibition of, 282 Propaganda Department, 145, 148, 154, 163 Red Humor Series: Windy Red Flags, 225, 226f Propagandist art, 10, 36, 45, 81, 114, 197, 257, 261 violence in, 216, 278 Proposal art, 7 Person Who Appealed to the Central Authority, The (Li Xiaobin), Proposal for Pulling the National Art Museum of China Away 75 (Chen Chengzong, Jiao Yueming, Lin Jiahua, Linchun, Perspective, 355 Huang Yongpan, Wu Yiming, Huang Yongping), 209f Petit bourgeois art, 97 Pseudo-Characters Series (Gu Wenda), 233–234, 234f Petit bourgeois lifestyle, 26 Public Security Bureau, 158, 163–164 Photodocumentary movement, 75–76 Public space, art in, 25, 207, 210, 269, 270, 273 Photography, 18, 75–76 Photorealism, 70–71, 72, 74, 122 Qi, 188 Physical specifications, art based on, 287 Qi Baishi, 40, 80 Pi Daojian, 145f Qian Weikang, 284, 286f, 287, 290 Picasso, Pablo, 9 Qian Zhijian, 8 Pinching the Flesh: Object as Living Life (Gu Dexin), 314, 326, Qiao Xiaogang, 127 327–328f, 328, 332 Qin Yufen, 24, 272, 284, 298, 303 Pipe with T Shape (Huang Yongping), 203 Qinghai Provincial Gallery, 130 Please Enjoy Jazz (Zhang Peili), 237, 238f Qingming Festival, 88 Plein air painting, 88 Qingqing Society, 130 Poggioli, Renato, 6, 7, 137–139 Qiu Zhijie, 312f, 313 Political mass language, recontextualization of, 219, 221, 223– Qu Leilei, 92, 94, 94–96f, 97 225, 227 Qu Yan, 137f Political pop, 9, 27–28, 44, 197, 255–263, 315 Quan Shanshi, 54, 54f exhibiting, 305 “Quanzhou Modern Art Exhibition,” 118 rationalist painting and, 255–257, 260–261, 263 Qunti (collective bodies), 273 socialist realism and, 260 utopianism and, 315 Randomness, 4, 125, 203–204, 208, 269, 284 Pollution, 20 Rao Shushi, 53 Pool Society, 139, 170, 178 “Rascal” (pizi wenxue) literature, 315 gray humor, 106, 236–237, 241 Rationalism, 125, 170 guannian art, 28 Rationalist painting, 28, 144, 170–183, 173f, 315 November 26 as a Reason, 248 and current of life painting, 170, 174, 192 The Travelers in a Green Space No. 2, 240f, 241 defined by Gao Minglu, 171 Yang’s Taiqi Series No. 1, 241 landscape in, 106 , 29, 44, 122, 219, 221, 255 Red Journey group, 112 and artists’ villages, 276–278 thinker and apple metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182 Popular art. See Folk art transition to political pop, 255–257, 260–261, 263 Popular culture, 40 Rationalization, 371n5 Postclassical Series (Wang Guangyi), 181 Rauschenberg, Robert, 271–273, 272f Postcolonialism, 315 Read, Herbert, 206 Post-Cultural Revolution era, 65–84, 170 Readymades, 118, 122, 203, 221, 223, 256. See also Daily life Postmodernism, 3, 10, 62–63, 315, 355–356 Realism, 66–67, 80, 105, 237, 263. See also Cynical realism in Chinese context, 9–12, 14–16, 18–23, 114, 202, 204, 206 in art academies, 105 Power of Tragedy, The (Ding Fang), 191 early twentieth-century Chinese, 46 “Practice is the only measure of truth” (Deng Xiaoping), 65, 70 heroic, 38, 46, 54 Pragmatism, 3–4, 58, 65 socialist, 53–55, 66–67, 72 Primeval Chaos (Ren Jian), 184, 185, 185f suppression of, 42, 45 Primeval land metaphor, 185, 188 Realist-surrealist painting, 175, 181 Primitivism, 112, 128, 174, 194 Rearrange the Objects to Make Artworks (Huang Yongping), 211f Printmaking, 228 Reasonable Relationship (Geng Jianyi), 248 Private space, art in, 24, 276, 278–279, 282, 298. See also Reconstruction of the cultural spirit, 175 Apartment art Red, Black, White—Cash (Wu Shanzhuan), 220f Projects on paper (fang an), 273, 284, 287, 290, 298 Red Guard movement, 42, 67–68, 68p, 69p, 376n5 Project to Extend the Great Wall of China by 19,000 Meters: art and, 42, 45, 200 Project for Aliens No. 10 (Cai Guoqiang), 14, 14f Red humor, 261

Index 403 Red Humor: Big Poster installation, 106 in printmaking, 228 Red Humor series (Wu Shanzhuan), 221 versus socialist realism, 72, 74 Big Business, 221 transformation to commercial art, 76 Big-Character Posters, 221, 222f, 223 Red Seals, 220f, 221, 224–225, 225f Saint-Simon, Henri de, 35, 42, 43, 63 Windy Red Flags, 221, 224, 225, 226f Sartre, Jean-Paul, 126 Red Journey group, 112, 170, 173, 174f, 191 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 356 manifesto, 173 Saving People from Death (Concept 21 Group), 233f Red pop, 42, 58, 62 Scar art, 67–68, 72, 106, 169, 192, 201 Red Reason and Black Reason series (Wang Guangyi), 197 Scar literature, 169 Red Reason—Revision of the Idol (Wang Guangyi), 257f Scholarly painting, 188, 233 Red, Yellow, Blue Painting Society, 112 “Science and democracy,” 35 Regionalism, 132. See also Xungen fiction Scientific revolution in art, 37, 38, 40 Religion, art and, 37 SDX Joint Publishing Company, 147 Ren Jian, 107f, 185, 197, 349 “Searching for roots” movement, 75, 169 influence of, 106 Second State (Geng Jianyi), 245, 245f, 264 monumental ink painting, 182 “Seeing and being seen,” 18 Northern Art Group, 171, 184 “Seek truth from facts,” 65 political pop, 256 Self-expression, 65, 97, 202 Primeval Chaos, 184, 185, 185f Self-Portrait with a Window Behind (Gu Wenda), 180, 180f Ren Xiaoying, 273 Self-strengthening, 11 Ren Yueming, 208f Self-Transcendence (Ding Fang), 191 Rental Collection Yard, 55, 56f Serialism, 316 Repin, Ilya, 53, 53f “Serve the people,” 214 Repin Academy of Art, 48 70% Red, 25% Black, and 5% White, 106, 221, 221f Report of the Social Images and Art Images of Villagers in 777 Group, 107f Wangguansi Village, Dingxin County, Province 77 jie, 377n27 (Chen Shaofeng), 308f “Shangdong Art, Photography, Calligraphy, and Seal Cutting Report on the Hepatitis Infection in 1988, A (Zhang Peili), 242, Exhibition of the International Youth Year,” 126 243f Industrial Exhibition Gallery, 126 Representational art, 178, 201, 203 Shandong Youth Association, 126 “Research, Discovery, Expression” (exhibition), 132, 133f Shanghai Workers’ Cultural Palace, 216 Return of the real, 58 Artists Association, 118 Return of the Real, The (Foster), 62–63 Sharpening Pencils, December 16, 1987–January 25, 1988 Revolutionary art, 33, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 44, 200 (Huang Yongping), 213f mass art, 44, 47, 58 Shen Changwen, 147 realism, 54, 62 Shen Qin, 173, 191 , 54, 55, 62 Sheng Qi, 11, 12f Revolutionary “Flag Bearer” (Li Jingyang), 73f “ Zero Exhibition,” 118 Revolution in art, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 45–46, 191, 200, 236, poster, 119f 269 Shi Dihua, 137f Revolution in literature, 36 Shi Jingsheng, 94f Revolution of ideas, ’85 Movement period, 202, 217 Shi Lu, 47, 50, 51f, 231 Rhinoceros Painting Society, 112 Shi Yong, 284, 286f, 287, 289f, 290 ’87 Body Art, 115f Shi Zhenyu, 84f, 85 Rice and Sheep Painting Society, 127–128 Shu Qi, 91 Rickshaw Driver’s School (Renlichefu pai), 40 Shu Qun, 107f, 144, 197 Riegl, Alois, 355 Absolute Principle, 171, 172f, 197 Romanticism, 6, 26, 28, 53, 191, 201 and “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 147 Rong Rong, 277f influence of, 106 Roulette with Six Plates (Huang Yongping), 205f Northern Art Group, 184 Ru Xin, 147 political pop, 256 Ruins art, 18–19 and , 311 “Ruins: Tan Ping and Zhu Jinshi” (exhibition), 10 Academy of Fine Art, 102, 128, 192 Rustic realism, 67–75, 169, 192, 194, 201, 266 Sichuan Provincial Museum, 68 versus American photorealism, 72 “Sichuan Youth Red, Yellow, Blue Painting Exhibition,” 128 Ding Fang, 191–192 Sichuan Youth Red, Yellow, Blue Painting Society, 128 other as theme, 175 Sigg, Uli, 154

404 Index Silence (Wang Keping), 94, 95f Space, 4–5, 7–8, 12, 14–15, 20, 176, 237. See also Private space, Sino-Japanese War, 35, 37, 40, 42 art in; Public space, art in Site of Sound Amplifying: Echoes in a Private Space, The (Shi gendered, 14, 23–26 Yong), 286f historical, 12, 14–15, 176 Six functions theory, 219 Spiritual experience, 273, 278, 314 Six of One and Half a Dozen of the Other (Chen Maozhi), 73f Spiritual pollution, campaign against, 65–66 Sixth National Art Exhibition, 65–67, 81, 127, 130, 132, 151 Spring (Kang Mu, Zhao Jianhai, Sheng Qi, and others), 12f Sketch No. 2 (Fang Lijun), 264f Spring Comes to Tibet (Dong Xiwen), 50, 51f Sky of Brooklyn, The (Wang Gongxin), 298, 302f, 303 Spring Festival along the River, The (Zhang Zeduan), 342f Small-scale installations, 4, 7, 201, 284. See also Apartment art Spring Has Come (He Duoling), 176, 177f Snow on a Certain Day of 1968, The (Chen Conglin), 67, 68p Spring Hoeing (Li Fenglan), 59f Snow Scenery in Fuxing Park (Chen Junde), 78f Spring Is Coming, The (Yuan Qingyi), 176, 177f Social class, 16, 18, 24 Stalin, Joseph, 42 Socialism with Chinese characteristics, 3 Stars group, 34, 82, 84, 92, 93f, 94, 94f, 96–97, 106, 170 Socialist realism, 54, 62, 66, 72, 74, 138, 257 exhibition (1979), 5, 76f, 91, 92, 92f, 96f, 132, 136 influence in art academies, 79 exhibition (1980), 96, 136, 148 political pop and, 260 manifesto, 170 Soviet, 45, 54 Steel: Sweat (Guang Tingbo), 280f Social space, art and, 5, 270–271, 276 Stella, Frank, 10, 314 Social realism, 9, 42, 66, 75 Still life, 90–91 Social reform, 40, 201 Storm Society, 37–38, 40, 108 Soil, 84 manifesto, 37–38 Song Baoguo, 106, 245 Story of the Twelfth Lunar Month, A (Wang Huanqing), 127f Song Dong, 18, 285f, 298 Street Art (Shizi jietou yishu), 40 apartment art, 7, 24, 284, 303 Studio (Li Guijun), 176, 176f Bread, 299f Stylization, 80 Culture Noodles, 285f, 298, 300–301f Su Xinping, 194, 196f Days, 304f Sublime and Contemplation Series (Huang Yali), 123f A Kettle of Boiling Water, 299f Substantiation, 317 neo-guannian art, 269 Sudden Enlightenment (Zhu Jinshi), 303f “Open Sky,” 303 Suffering (Lin Fengmian), 37, 38f Together with Farmer Workers, 18 Sui Jianguo, 270f Water Writing Diary, 298, 301f, 305 Summer Swimming (Zhang Peili), 237 Song Haidong, 108, 162, 163f, 206, 214 Summons and Birth, The (Ding Fang), 190f, 191 Song Hong, 96 Sun Baoguo, 109f Song Ling Sun Jing, 330f Baptism no. 4, 241, 241f Sun Zixi, 55, 57f, 74, 152 King and Queen No. 3, 240f, 241 Sun Yat-Sen University, 214 Meaningless Choice No. 1, 247f Sunbathing, 207 Pool Society, 237 Sunday Painting Society, 112 Youth Creative Society, 237 Surikov, Vasili, 53 Song Tao, 330, 332, 339 Surrealism, 5, 22, 28, 38, 105, 106, 139, 170–171, 175, 233, 49,368 Square Millimeters, 314, 332, 333–338f 311 It Is a Fine Day; That Explains Why It Does Not Rain, 332 Sweeping the Floor (Zhang Shenquan), 274f Song Wei, 154, 382n17 Swimming (Zhang Peili), 237, 238f Song Yonghong, 118, 121f Symbolic realism, 46 Song Yongping, 118, 170, 207, 263 Symbols of the Century (Kosolapov), 262f, 263 The Country Project, 214, 215f Synthetic theory (zhongxi hebi), 38 , 358 Sots art, 260, 263 Tactile Art (New Mark Group), 234, 235f, 236, 287 Southern Artists Salon, 118, 119f, 166, 213 Take a Picture in Front of Tian’anmen (Wang Jinsong), 55, 57f Southwest Art Group, 128, 136, 170, 174, 192, 354 Take Brushes as Arms (anon.), 60f Soviet Union, 44–45, 47, 54 Tang Guangming, 217f apartment art, 270, 372n17 Tang Pinggang, 82 artistic exchange, 48 Tang Qingnian, 150 avant-garde, 41, 45, 46, 372n17 Tang Shouyi, 377n29 and Peredvizhniki painters, 53–54 Tang Song, 158, 161–162 socialist realism, 45, 54 , 356, 357 sots art, 260, 263

Index 405 Tap Water Factory: A Mutually Voyeuristic Installation (Geng Uncertain (Zhu Jinshi), 340f Jianyi), 246, 247f Uncertainty (Zhu Jinshi), 304f Ten Great Constructions, 19, 145, 146 “United Exhibition of All Groups of Hunan Young Artists,” “Ten-Man Exhibition,” 135 122 Theory of the Avant-Garde, The (Poggioli), 137 Unit 1, Room 15, Building No. 1, 271f Thinker and apple metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182 Universal current (yuzhouliu), 28, 182, 184, 233 “Third Exhibition of New Specific Images” (Southwest Art Untitled (Gu Dexin), 326f Group), 175 Untitled (Lu Qing), 341f “Thirty-Year Anniversary of the Yan’an Talk” (exhibition), 62 Untitled (Pang Xunqin), 38, 39f Thought culture, 181–182 Untitled (Wu Shaoxiang), 270f Thousand Li of Water and Mountains (Huang Bingyi), 11f Urban culture, 18, 19, 23–25, 214 Three Court Ladies (Zhu Xiaohe), 320f Urban Fiction (Xing Danwen), 20, 20f Three Gorges Dam, 25 Urbanization, 3, 15–16, 20–24, 194, 237, 248, 361 Three Prominences, 62 Urban landscape, 18, 19–20, 22, 37 Three Step Studio, 118, 170, 214 Urban literature, 169 exhibitions, 120f, 136 Urban planning, 16, 18 Three Young Victims (Li Qun), 46f Urban realism, 67 Thursday Afternoon (Zeng Hao), 267f Utopianism, 114, 170, 201, 202, 227, 255, 266, 315 Tian’anmen Square Western modernism and, 311 April Fifth Tian’anmen Demonstration (Li Xiaobin), 76f demonstration (April 5, 1976), 76f, 87f, 88, 88f Vegetables Greening, Melon Fatting, and Yields Highly Increasing In Front of Tian’anmen (Sun Zixi), 55, 57f, 74 (Jin Meisheng), 49f Mao Zedong, Double Shadows, Tian’anmen (Yu Youhan), Village cultural projects, 214 258f Violence (Zhou Tiehai and Yang Xu), 216, 217f student demonstrations (May-June 1989), 7, 27 (see also Virus Series: Acme of Commonness (Cang Xin), 281f June Fourth Incident) “Visible/Invisible” (exhibition), 10 Take a Picture in Front of Tian’anmen (Wang Jinsong), 55, Visual-conceptual balance, 201–202 57f Visual languages, 202, 224 Writers and Artists Association, 152 Tianren ganying, 278 Wait (Su Xinping), 196f Tibet, 50, 51f, 70f, 128, 129f Waking Dream, The (Li Shan), 111f Tibetan Series: Going to Town (Chen Danqing), 70f Walker, Alice, 24 Timeline of Chinese Experimental Art (Feng and Qian), 8 Wall: 93 Installations Exhibition, The (Wang Peng), 8f To Add One Meter to an Unknown Mountain (Zhang Huan et Wanderers, 53 al.), 282, 283f “Wandering Exhibition of Modern Art,” 130 “To Bring into the Light” (exhibition), 112, 113f Wang Bomin, 206 Today, 84, 84f Wang Choude, 82 Together (Liu Xiaodong), 29f Wang Danshan, 109f Together with Farmer Workers (Song Dong), 18 Wang Deren, 158 Tokyo Modern Art Gallery, 154, 162 Wang Du, 118, 213 To Lift an Object by Five Degrees Brings Out the Volume of the Wang Gongxin, 24, 284, 298, 302f, 303 Shadow, Wind Direction: 205 Grams of White (Qian Wang Guangyi, 144, 171, 191, 197, 236, 260 Weikang), 290 The Death of Marat, 181, 182f Tong Dian, 103f, 107f Frozen North Pole series, 180, 180f, 181, 184–185, 184f Topographical maps, 22 Great Castigation series, 257 Total modernity, 1–4, 26, 33, 35, 192 Great Castigation Series: Coca-Cola, 262f, 263 project, 3, 6, 28–29, 35, 65–66, 138, 170–171, 175, 197 Great Castigation Series: Marlboro, 258f Transmigration, 332 influence of, 105, 106 Travelers in a Green Space No. 2 (Pool Society), 240f, 241 Mao Zedong No. 1, 28, 154, 156, 156f, 197, 256–257 Trusting Man Who Drowned While Holding the Column, The Mass-Produced Nativity, 256, 257f (He Yunchang), 284, 284f Northern Art Group, 184, 236 Truth, 3, 170, 174, 290, 321 political pop, 256 “Twelve-Person Show,” 79, 90 Postclassical Series, 181 Twelve Square Meters (Zhang Huan), 279–280, 279f Red Reason and Black Reason series, 197 21st Century (group), 12 Red Reason—Revision of the Idol, 257f 203 Big Yard, 90 surrealism and symbolism, 311 Two People under the Lamplight (Geng Jianyi), 178, 178f Wang Huanqing, 127, 127f 2000.3.9 (Li Huasheng), 329f Wang Jianwei, 298 Tyson, Ann Scott, 166

406 Index Wang Jin Wian Weikang, 284 apartment art, 284, 298 Wild earth metaphor, 191–192, 194 neo-guannian art, 269 Wilderness, 287, 290 100%, 16, 17f catalogue, 287, 291–295f 0%, 16, 17f, 18 Will and Sacrifice (Ding Fang), 191 Wang Jinsong, 55, 57f Wind and Gate, the Visible Gate and Invisible Gate Set Up at 45° Wang Jiping, 120f, 214, 215f (Chen Yanyin), 288f Wang Keping, 92f, 94, 95–96f, 97, 255 Witness of the Years (Zhou Maiyou), 82–83, 83f Wang Luyan, 102f, 272, 275f. See also Analysis Group; New Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 199 Mark Group Wo Zha, 47 Analysis, 287 Women’s art, 23–26, 162 and Analysis Group, 28, 273 Woodblock printing, 27, 332 apartment art, 287, 298 Woodcut art, 47, 228–229, 305 Chinese Contemporary Artists’ Work Proposals, 287 Woodcut Movement, 36, 40–41 neo-guannian art, 269 Wooden Stool Group, 298 and New Mark Group, 28, 273 Worker’s art, 58 Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287 Works of the New Mark Group No. 1, The, 318–319f tactile art, 202, 234–236, 269 World Factory (Huang Yongping), 22, 23f The Works of the New Mark Group No. ,1 318–319f World in Calm Observation, A (Gu Wenda), 234f Wang Mingxian, 150, 152 Wu Dayu, 45 Wang Peng, 8f, 284, 303, 305, 305f Wu Guanzhong, 80, 81f Wang Qiang, 106, 108f, 237, 287 Wu Jian, 22, 22f Wang Qingsong, 303 Wu Pingren, 137f Wang Shikuo, 47 Wu Shanzhuan, 200, 202, 206, 219, 230, 236, 315, 354 Wang Shuo, 264 Big Business: Selling Shrimp, 158, 158f, 227f, 382n26 Wang Xiaojian, 118 “The Birth of Red Characters,” 224 Wang Yazhong, 118 chizi, 269 Wang Ying, 237 influence of, 105 Wang Yingchun, 59f language art, 202, 219 Wang Zhiping, 75 move to the West, 29 Wang Ziwei, 260 Red, Black, White—Cash, 220f Warhol, Andy, 197, 256 Red Humor Series, 220f, 221–226, 225f, 226f Water Lily (Li Shan), 90f Wu Shaoxiang, 270f Water-Splashing Festival: Ode to Life (Yuan Yunsheng), 80, 80f Wu Yiming, 209f, 324–325f Water Writing Diary (Song Dong), 298, 301f, 305 Wu Zuoren, 53, 79, 147 Weber, Max, 37, 40, 353, 371n5 Wuti (Gu Dexin), 326 Weekend (Zero Art Group), 124f Wuzhong shengyou, 210 Wei Hai, 88f Wyeth, Andrew, 72 Wei Sheng, 284 Wei Tongxian, 145 X? Series (Zhang Peili), 242, 242f We Live in Art (Wang Peng), 303, 305, 305f Xiamen Dada (group), 114, 125, 166, 173, 175, 200, 202, 206f, Wen Pulin, 382n26 210, 236 Weng Fen, 291–295f An Event Taking Place in the Art Gallery of Fujian Province, Wenhua (culture), 34 207, 208f Western art manifesto, 114 abstract, 65, 311 “Xiamen Dada Modern Art Exhibition,” 206 avant-garde, 4, 6, 7, 137, 200 Xi’an Academy of Fine Art, 130 body art, 278 Xi’an College of Foreign Languages, 130 conceptual art, 199, 200, 201 Xianfeng, 36 minimalism, 10, 313–314 “Xi’an First Modern Art Exhibition,” 130, 131f modernism, 79, 80, 81, 213, 271, 315, 353, 377n4 Xiao Feng, 105 performance art, 278 Xiao Lu pop art, 263 Dialogue, 160f, 161–162 postmodernism, 314 Fifteen Shots—From 1980 to 2003, 162, 162f surrealism, 171 gunshots at “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 29, 96, 142, Western modernity, 1–4, 353. See also East and West 143–144, 158, 161–162, 161f, 166, 382n26 White Cover Book, 298 Xie Deqing, 298 Why? (Gao Xiaohua), 68, 69p Xie Yali, 82

Index 407 Xihua Fine Arts Institute, 85 Yuan Qingyi, 176, 177f Xin Haizhou, 264 Yuan Yunsheng, 80, 80f Xing Danwen Yuan Dynasty, 358 Disconnection disCONNEXION, 20, 20f Yuanmingyuan village, 277f Urban Fiction, 20, 20f Yue Minjun, 276 Xinming Hutong, 271f Yuyuantan Lake School, 84, 88 Xinmin wanbao, 108 Xiong Shaokun, 377n29 Zeng Hao, 266, 267f Xiong-Tang Shouyi, 377n29 Zeng Xiaojun, 298 Xu Beihong, 38, 40, 44, 46, 53, 78, 79 Zero Art Group, 122, 124f The Foolish Man Removing the Mountain, 38, 40, 40f manifesto, 122 Xu Bing, 200, 202, 228–232, 269 0% (Wang Jin), 16, 17f Black Cover Book, 298 Zha Li, 237 A Book from the Sky, 27, 201, 219, 228–230, 229f, 354 Zhai Xiaogang, 173, 191 A Case Study of Transference, 309f Zhan Jianjun, 54, 54f, 147 Cultural Animals, 305, 308 Zhan Wang, 14–15, 15f, 287 “The Exploration and Rethinking of the Repetition of Zhang Da’an, 85 Painting,” 228 Zhang Dali, 18–19, 18f, 276 Five Series of Repetitions, 228, 228f, 332 Zhang Huan, 276 Ghosts Pounding the Wall, 14, 201, 228, 230–232, 231f Black, White, and Gray Cover Books, 298 language art, 201, 202, 219 performance art, 273, 276, 279, 284 A Mirror to Analyze the World—The Last Book of the End of To Add One Meter to an Unknown Mountain, 282, 283f the Century, 27 Twelve Square Meters, 279–280, 279f move to the West, 29 Zhang Jianjun, 181, 181f, 185 return to Beijing, 284, 298 Zhang Jun, 228 Xu Jin, 237 Zhang Kangkang, 152 Xu Lei, 173, 191 Zhang Keduan, 287, 289f Xu Yihui, 173, 191, 276 Zhang Nian, 158, 159f Xu Yongsheng, 137f Zhang Peili, 236, 237 Xungen fiction, 169 Art Plan #2, 243, 244f, 245 “ Modern Art Exhibition,” 112–113, 114f, 137f Brown Book #1, 243, 243f guannian art, 28, 197 Yan Han, 47f, 305 influence of, 105, 284 Yan Xiaohua, 128 neo-guannian art, 269 Yan’an woodcuts, 47, 55 Please Enjoy Jazz, 237, 238f Yang Jinsong, 263 Pool Society, 106, 236, 237 Yang Min, 109f A Report on the Hepatitis Infection in 1988, 242, 243f Yang Shaobin, 276 Swimming, 237, 238f Yang Shufeng, 132f X? Series, 242, 242f Yang Wei, 277f Yang’s Taiqi Series No. 1, 241 Yang Xu, 216, 217f Youth Creative Society, 237 Yang Yingsheng, 137f Zhang Qianti, 107f Yang Yushu, 84f, 85, 88, 91f Zhang Qun, 105–106, 105f, 175 Yang Zhenzhong, 287, 289f Zhang Riyao, 164f Yang Zhilin, 142f, 156f, 173, 191 Zhang Shengquan, 273, 274f, 275f Yang’s Taiqi Series No. 1 (Pool Society), 241 Zhang Shuguang, 107f Ye Yongqing, 128, 174, 192 Zhang Wei, 88, 88f, 102f, 271, 271f, 272 Yellow earth metaphor, 191 Zhang Xiaogang, 192, 194 Yellow Earth series (Ding Fang), 184 Bloodline: Big Family No. 2, 265f, 266 Yi jing (Book of Changes), 185, 203–204, 356–357 current of life painting, 170 Yin Xiuzhen, 7, 24, 284, 285f, 298, 308 cynical realism, 264 Yin Yang Cycle (Zhang Xiaogang), 194, 195f Eternal Life, 194, 194f Yi pai, 351, 354–361 influence of, 128 “Yitai Painting Exhibition,” 128 Southwest Art Group, 174 “Young Art of Progressive China” (exhibition), 105 Yin Yang Cycle, 194, 195f Youth Creative Society, 237 Zhang Yanyuan, 357 Yu Xiaogang, 208f Zhang Yu, 349–351 Yu Youhan, 185, 187f, 188, 256, 258f, 260 Zhang Zeduan, 342f

408 Index Zhao Bandi, 305 Zhao Jianhai, 11, 12f Zhao Mengfu, 358 Zhao Runsheng, 128 Zhao Shaohua, 118 Zhao Shaoruo, 308 Zhao Wenliang, 82–85, 84–86f, 88 Zhejiang Academy of Fine Art, 102, 105, 106, 114, 175, 202, 206, 233, 236 Zheng Lianjie, 12, 13f, 276 Zheng Ziyan, 86f, 88f, 89f “Zhengzhou First Youth Art Exhibition,” 122, 125 Zhengzhou Youth Committee, 122 Zhong Ming, 82 Zhongguo dangdai meishushi 1985–1986 (Gao et al.), 103f, 107f, 147 Zhongguo meishubao, 102, 104f, 111, 116f, 144, 147, 150f Zhou Enlai, 67, 88 Zhou Maiyou, 82, 83f Zhou Shaohua, 380n33 Zhou Tiehai, 217f Zhou Yan, 118, 150, 166, 216 Zhoumo, 122 Zhu De, 67 Zhu Fadong, 276, 279, 281f, 284 Zhu Jinshi, 82, 82f, 271f apartment art, 24, 303 “Open Sky,” 303 return to Beijing, 284, 298, 303 Sudden Enlightenment, 303f Uncertain, 340f Uncertainty, 304f Zhu Ming, 276, 277, 279 Zhu Qingsheng, 118, 144, 145f Zhu Wei, 109f Zhu Xiaohe, 315, 319, 320f, 321, 322f, 349 Zhu Xiaoyi, 315 Zhu Yanguang, 273, 275f Zhuang Huan, 269 Zhuang Hui, 298 Zhuhai Academy of Painting, 144 “Zhuhai ’85 New Wave Large-Scale Slide Exhibition,” 28, 144, 145f, 173 Zuo Xiaofeng, 125 Zuo Zhengyao, 178, 179f

Index 409