(Chen Qiulin), 25F a Cheng, 94F a Xian, 276 a Zhen, 142F Abso

Index

Note: “f ” with a page number indicates a ﬁgure.

Anti–Spiritual Pollution Campaign, 81, 101, 102, 132, 271

Apartment (gongyu), 270

“......” (Chen Qiulin), 25f

Apartment art, 7–10, 18, 269–271, 284, 305, 358 ending of, 276, 308

internationalization of, 308

A Cheng, 94f

A Xian, 276 A Zhen, 142f legacy of the guannian artists in, 29 named by Gao Minglu, 7, 269–270 in 1980s, 4–5, 271, 273 privacy and, 7, 276, 308 space of, 305 temporary nature of, 305 women’s art and, 24

Absolute Principle (Shu Qun), 171, 172f, 197 Absolution Series (Lei Hong), 349f

Abstract art (chouxiang yishu), 10, 20–21, 81, 271, 311 Abstract expressionism, 22 “Academic Exchange Exhibition for Nationwide Young
Artists,” 145, 146f
Apolitical art, 10, 66, 79–81, 90

Appearance of Cross Series (Ding Yi), 317f

Apple and thinker metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182

April Fifth Tian’anmen Demonstration (Li Xiaobin), 76f

April Photo Society, 75–76 exhibition, 74f, 75
Architectural models, 20 Architectural preservation, 21 Architectural sites, ritualized space in, 11–12, 14 Art and Language group, 199 Art education system, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24

Art ﬁeld (yishuchang), 125

Art for art’s sake, 66, 79, 80, 82, 96, 97, 130, 271 apartment art, 271 No Name group, 4, 10, 85, 91 Stars group, 92
Art for Life, 46
Academicism, 78–84, 122, 202. See also New academicism Academic realism, 54, 66–67 Academic socialist realism, 54, 55

Adagio in the Opening of Second Movement, Symphony No. 5

(Wang Qiang), 108f

Adam and Eve (Meng Luding), 28

Aestheticism, 2, 6, 10–11, 37, 42, 80, 122, 200 opposition to, 202, 204
Aesthetic principles, Chinese, 311 Aesthetic theory, traditional, 201–202

After Calamity (Yang Yushu), 91f Agree to the Date November 26, 1994 as a Reason (Zhang

Keduan et al.), 289f
Ai Qing, 97 Ai Weiwei, 24, 97, 284, 298 Alienation, 6, 7, 65, 138, 214, 248 authoritarianism and, 132
“Art for the life of the masses,” 36–38, 40–42, 41f Artists Association (Soviet Union), 44 Artists Association (Heilongjiang province), 173

Artists’ groups. See also individual groups by name

huahui, 4, 66, 82, 84, 97, 273 in capitalist society, 6, 138 modernization and, 19, 132, 237 Western, 138
Alternative spaces, art in, 210, 270. See also Apartment art; nature and function of, 135–139
Artists’ villages, 273, 276–278, 277f

Art Monthly, 81 Art Plan #2 (Zhang Peili), 243, 244f, 245

Art revolutions, 36–38, 40–42

Artworks Become Trash, 8:30 p.m.–10:00 p.m., November 9,

1987 (Huang Yongping), 206, 206f
Ashcan School, 66
Maximalism
Altman, Natan, 45 Amateur avant-garde, 82, 84, 97, 106, 271–273 Analysis (Wang Luyan, Chen Shaoping, Gu Dexin), 287 Analysis Group, 28, 273, 287. See also New Mark Group

Analysis, 287

Anti-art (fanyishu), 96, 114, 137, 200, 202–204, 206 Anti–Bourgeois Liberalism Campaign, 27, 139, 145, 147 Anti-idealism, 315

Assignment No. 1: Copying the “Orchard Pavilion Preface” 1,000 times (Qiu Zhijie), 312f, 313

Antinarration, 266
Audience, art’s relation to, 228, 236–237, 242, 245, 246, 264,
269
Antiportraiture, 75

August 18 (Zhao Wenliang), 85f, 86f

Authoritarianism, 132, 136, 231, 266 Avant-garde, Chinese, 4–9, 137–139, 166, 372n16, 373n9 commercialism and, 28, 67, 201, 276 cultural, 34–35, 44, 63, 65, 217 emergence of, 34
Bourgeois liberalism, 27, 132, 136, 139, 145, 147

Bread (Song Dong), 299f Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, e (Geng Jianyi), 346f Brown Book #1 (Zhang Peili), 243, 243f

Brushwork, 330 Buddhism. See Chan Buddhism

Building No. 5 (Geng Jianyi), 305, 306f

Bürger, Peter, 2, 5, 6, 200 ending of, 42, 44, 45, 65 groups, 27, 135–139, 175 idealism of, 42, 138, 139 ideology, 4–5
BYY group, 114, 118 exhibition, 117f literary movements, 36 opposition to, 81, 276 political, 42 proletarian, 35, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 43, 44–45 Soviet, 41, 45, 46, 372n17 space of, 4–5, 7–8, 305 transitional, 169–175
Cai Guoqiang, 14, 14f, 114 Cai Jin, 284 Cai Yuanpei, 3, 36, 37, 78

Cailiao (substance), 269

Calinescu, Matei, 2 Calligraphy, 202, 339f and Western avant-garde, 4, 6, 7, 62–63, 138, 200, 354 Western inﬂuences on Chinese, 5, 36, 44
“Awarded Works of the Sixth National Art Exhibition, e”
(exhibition), 81
Cang Xin, 276, 277, 279, 281f, 284 Cao Xiaodong, 173, 191 Cao Yong, 130–131, 132, 134f Capitalism, 2, 6, 138

Case Study of Transference, A (Xu Bing), 309f Casting (He Yunchang), 19f Castle Series (Ding Fang), 191

Censorship, 111, 148–151, 154 Central Academy of Fine Art, 48, 79, 111, 154, 175, 194, 272

Ceremony (Tang Guangming), 216, 217f

Cézanne, Paul, 317

Chairman Mao Reporting on the Rectiﬁcation in Yan’an (Luo

Gongliu), 43f
Chan Buddhism, 21, 114, 200, 206, 230
Dada and, 114, 125, 204, 206

Chang (ﬁeld), 125

Chen Chengzong, 209f Chen Conglin, 67, 68, 68f, 192 Chen Danqing, 70f Chen Duxiu, 36 Chen Fan, 94f Chen Jinrong, 228 Chen Junde, 78f, 79 Chen Lide, 117f, 255–256 Chen Maozhi, 73f Chen Qiang, 228 Chen Qiulin, 24–26, 25f Chen Shaofeng, 308f Chen Shaoping, 82, 275f. See also Analysis Group; New Mark
Backwardness, social, 33, 35 Bao Jianfei, 237

Baptism no. 4 (Song Ling), 241, 241f

Barthes, Roland, 315, 319 Baudelaire, Charles, 2 Beauty, 78–84, 90, 97 Beauty industry, 24–25 Behavior art, 278. See also Performance art Bei Dao, 82, 97 Beijing alleys, 18 East Village, 273, 276, 277f
Beijing Artists Association, 91, 96 Beijing Communist Youth Community, 111 Beijing Graphic Arts Company, 147 Beijing Oil Study Society, 79 Beijing opera, 62 Beijing Young Painters Society, 111, 144 Bergson, Henri, 170 Bertolucci, Bernardo, 271

Beyond the Great Wall (Shi Lu), 50, 51f, 231

Bhabha, Homi K., 5

Big Business: Selling Shrimp (Wu Shanzhuan), 158, 158f, 227f,

382n26

Big Explosion Series (Zheng Lianjie), 12, 13f

Big head painting, 74, 75, 264 Black Cover Book, 298
Group

Analysis, 287

and Analysis Group, 28, 273 apartment art, 287, 298
Black Union of Southwest Lu, 126 Black-White Creative Society, 112

Bloodline: Big Family No. 2 (Zhang Xiaogang), 265f, 266

Bo Yi, 91

Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287

tactile art, 202, 234–236, 269

e Works of the New Mark Group No. 1, 318–319f

Chen Shizeng, 40 Chen Tiegeng, 47 Chen Yanyin, 287, 288f, 289f
Bo Yun, 97 Body art, 278. See also Human body; Performance art Bois, Yve-Alain, 314

Book from the Sky, A (Xu Bing), 27, 201, 219, 228–230, 229f Book of Changes. See Yi jing Bound, Unbound (Lin Tianmiao), 303, 313, 313f

Chen Yiming illustrations for “Maple,” 68, 68p, 72f, 73f

394

Index

Chen Zhen, 185, 186f, 188 Cheng Li, 130
Commercial art, 76, 197 Commercialism, 7, 28, 227, 259, 315 Commercial media, 62 Communist Party of China, Seventh National Conference, 40

Concept art (gainian yishu), 199

Concept 21 Group, 232, 233f Conceptual art, 2, 7, 114, 118, 197, 199 in Chinese context, 199
Cheng Xiaoyu, 182–183, 182f Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich, 44

Chi, 224

China Anonymous Painting Society, 128 “China/Avant-Garde” (exhibition) artists’ preparation for, 127 bomb threats, 163–164 budget, 153f in ’85 Movement, 106, 108
Western, 199, 200, 201, 355

Concise History of Modern Painting, A (Read), 206

catalogue, 154, 155f
Confucian pragmatism, 3 Confucius, 37, 356 Consumerism, 25, 219, 276 recontextualization of, 219, 221, 223–225, 227
Contemporaneity, 1, 4, 9, 213 Contemporary Art Conference, 256 Continual revolution, 34

Conversation with Water (He Yunchang), 282, 283f

“Convex/Concave” (exhibition), 108 poster, 110f censorship, 96, 111, 148–151, 154, 162, 227 commemorative event (2009), 141, 142f, 143f curatorial team, 148, 150, 246 English title, signiﬁcance of, 166 exhibition plan (1987), 144–145, 147 exhibition poster (Yang Zhilin), 156f fundraising, 151–152, 154, 382n17 Gao Minglu and, 136, 141–148, 142f, 150–154, 155f, 156,
157f, 166, 382n17 gunshots at, 29, 96, 142, 143–144, 158, 161–162, 161f, 166,
Corruption, governmental, 28, 40, 151

Country Project, e (Song Yongping et al.), 214, 215f

Countryside, cultural activities in, 207

Covered by Red (Dai Guangyu), 307f

Critical realism, 53
382n26 inﬂuence of, 27–28, 143 invitation, 146f logo, 156, 156f, 157f, 173 media coverage, 161f, 166
Cross, symbology of, 176, 197 Cross Series (Ding Yi), 314, 316–317 Crow, omas, 358 opening, 156, 157f, 158 organizational committee, 135f, 136, 141, 148, 150–151,
152, 163, 165
Cubism, 79, 122 performance art at, 135, 158, 161–164

police closures, 96, 135f, 142, 154, 156, 158, 160f, 161–166,

161f, 164f

proposals, 149f, 208 security, 163–164

Cultural Animals (Xu Bing), 305, 308

Cultural consciousness, 34–35 Cultural fever, 33 Cultural pluralism, 213 Cultural rectiﬁcation, 41–42, 47, 55, 58, 65 Cultural Revolution sponsorship, 144, 147, 164–165
China City Environment, 147 Chinese Aesthetic Study Society, 147 Chinese Artists Association, 102, 145, 148, 154, 164, 272

Chinese Contemporary Artists’ Work Proposals (Wang Luyan et

al.), 287 art of, 44, 58, 62–63, 67, 81 cruelty of, 90–91 culture in, 34–35 and educational system, 377n27 ending the avant-garde, 42, 44 launching of, 58
Chinese language, 202 characters, 219, 221, 223–224
Chinese Modern Art Convention, 227 Chinese Modern Art Research Society, 144, 146 Chineseness, 11 Chinese Writers Association, 101

Chinese Youth, 82–83

total modernity of, 65
Culture: China and the World Series, 147

Culture Noodles (Song Dong), 285f, 298, 300–301f

Curators, 148 Current of life painting, 170, 173–175, 191–192, 266, 315 Cynical realism, 5, 9, 28, 44, 67, 75, 197, 255–256, 263–266,
269, 273, 276–277, 290, 315
Chizi (Wu Shanzhuan), 269 Christensen, Peter G., 137 Christian iconography, 171, 197

Circle Series (Yu Youhan), 187f

City Artists Association, 122

City Series: When Sound Fills Up the City Sky (Ding Fang), 22f

Civilization of the north, 171–172 Clark, T. J., 358 Class identity, 70 Class struggle drama, 55

Closing Down Twice (Zhang Riyao), 164f

Color theory, 317
Dada, 114, 139, 200, 207. See also Xiamen Dada
Chan Buddhism and, 114, 125, 204, 206
Dai Guangyu, 291–295f, 305, 307f Daily life, 3, 279 art from, 5, 21, 24, 37, 118, 201, 203, 221, 290 (see also
Household art)

Dao, 125

Daoism, 176, 230 David, Jacques-Louis, 181

Index

395

David and Venus (Mao Xuhui), 255, 256f Days (Song Dong), 304f Death of Marat, e (Wang Guangyi), 181, 182f

Deconstructionism, 9–11, 27–28, 29, 197, 228–230, 290 Decontextualization, 237
“’88 Chinese Modern Art Conference,” 127 “85.8 New Art” (exhibition), 132

’85 Movement, e (Gao Minglu), 93f

’85 Movement, 23–29, 34, 81, 101–102, 105–186, 203 academies, role of, 102 as anti-art project, 200 audience, 138 avant-garde mentality, 62 in central China, 118, 122, 125–128 compared to Western avant-garde, 7, 138 criticism of, 118, 122, 125–126 on east coast, 106, 108, 111–112, 114, 118 economics, 135
Decorative art, 80 Dematerialization, 200, 201, 228, 269, 332 Democracy Wall, 76f, 82–84, 88, 92, 271

Democracy Wall (Li Xiaobin), 77f, 88 Democracy Wall (Ma Kelu), 89f

Democratization of art, 42, 380n33 Deng Pingxiang, 122 Deng Xiaoping, 3, 14, 34, 65, 70, 255

Derrida, Jacques, 319

exhibitions, 118, 273

groups, nature and function of, 135–139 humanist tendencies, 169–170, 171, 175, 199 idealism, 138, 139 inﬂuences on, 105, 111, 128, 139, 171, 272 leaders, 106, 236 in the media, 108, 111 myth adopted by, 269 named by Gao Minglu, 101, 102, 137 public engagement, 276 purpose and function, 101, 106, 135–139, 169, 175 as revolution in ideas (guannian gengxin), 199–202, 217 self-identiﬁcation, 169–170 and social reform, 171 in southwest and northwest China, 128, 130, 132 statistics, 103f, 107f, 122, 128

Dialogue (Xiao Lu), 160f, 161–162 Dialogue with Demolition (Zhang Dali), 18f, 19

Diary (Li Huasheng), 21, 314

Diary on Shanghai Water (He Yunchang), 19, 19f Digging the Mountain Endlessly (Wang Yingchun), 59f

Digital technology, 20 Ding Fang, 22, 191, 276, 311

Castle Series, 191 City Series: When Sound Fills Up the City Sky, 22f Drawing of a Landscape, 189f e Enlightenment of the Original Spirit, 191 e Power of Tragedy, 191

Red Journey group, 112, 173

Self-Transcendence, 191 e Summons and Birth, 190f, 191 Will and Sacriﬁce, 191

suppression of, 136 traditionalist-antitraditionalist tension, 101, 136
“’85 New Space” (exhibition), 108f, 139, 237 ’85 New Wave, 34 ’87 Body Art (Rhinoceros Painting Society), 115f “’86 Last Exhibition, No. 1,” 106, 109f, 135

Élan vital, 170

Elvehjem Museum, 230–232 Emptiness (xu), 230 Endurance, 278–280, 282, 284

Yellow Earth series, 184

Ding Yi, 314–317, 317f

Disconnection disCONNEXION (Xing Danwen), 20, 20f

Dong Chao, 126 Dong Xaioming, 148 Dong Xiwen, 50, 51f, 52f, 53, 55 Dong Zhuongshu, 278

Door Guardian (Yan Han), 47f Door Guardians (Liu Dahong), 257, 259f, 260

Door guardians, traditional, 47, 48f

Drawing of a Landscape (Ding Fang), 189f Dream Is Just Dream (Ma Lu), 112f

Dreams, 171, 192, 194 Duang Xiucang, 127 Duchamp, Marcel, 2, 6, 42, 200–202, 303 Dust (Huang Yongping), 212f, 213
Enlightenment, 106, 176, 178, 194

Enlightenment of the Original Spirit, e (Ding Fang), 191

Environmental art, 125, 214 Environmental change, 15–16

Environmental Works (Huang Yongping), 210 Eternal Life (Zhang Xiaogang), 194, 194f

European art, 45, 79, 200. See also Western art Event Taking Place in the Art Gallery of Fujian Province, An,
207, 208f, 210
“Exhibition for the Celebration of the Establishment of the
People’s Republic of China,” 146
“Exhibition of International Art Publications,” 105 “Exhibition of Vitality,” 130 “Exhibition of Young Artists of Western Inner Mongolia,” 130 Existentialism, 27, 176, 278, 354

Expanding Series, No. 1 (Li Shan), 187f Experience on a Certain Day in 1986 (Song Yonghong), 118, 121f Exploration (Cao Yong), 84
Earth from the Aliens’ Point of View, e (Song Haidong), 163f Earth Painting, e (Sui Jianguo), 270f East, e (Cheng Xiaoyu), 182–183, 182f Eastern Magazine (Dongfang zazhi), 36

East and West, 33–34, 48, 101, 213 synthesis, 37, 38, 79, 353
East German Embassy, 162 Economic reform, 3, 139, 255

Educating the Children (Zhu Xiaohe), 322f

Education system, artistic, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24
Cultural Revolution and, 377n27
Expressionism, 122, 237

396

Index

Face of Modern Tragedy No. 1, e (Cao Yong), 132, 134f Face of Modern Tragedy No. 2, e (Cao Yong), 132, 134f

Family, 266
Frozen North Pole series (Wang Guangyi), 180, 181, 184–185,

184f
Frozen North Pole, No. 30, 180f

Fan Di’an, 150, 151, 152, 298
Fu Baoshi, 50, 380n24

Fan Kuan, 191

Fu Xi, 194, 390n4

Fang an. See Projects on paper

Fang Lijun, 28, 264, 266, 276
New Generation exhibition, 263

Oil Painting No. 2, 264f

Futurism, Italian, 41, 46 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 319 Gallery of the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Art, 237

Game (Yang Shufeng), 132f

Sketch No. 2, 264f

Game-based work, 246

Fang Mengbo, 8

Gan Yang, 147

Farm workers, 18

Gang of Four, 72, 76, 88, 255 Gao Gang, 53 Gao Minglu
Fascism, 47 Father (Luo Zhongli), 70, 71f, 74–75 Favorsky, Vladimir, 47
“About Rationalist Painting,” 170 apartment art named by, 7, 269–270 and “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 136, 141–148, 142f,
143f, 145f, 150–154, 155f, 156, 157f, 166, 382n17
Contemporary Art Conference, 256 “e ’85 Art Movement,” 144

e ’85 Movement, 93f

Fei Dawei, 145f, 150 Feminism, 24 Feng Boyi, 8, 298 Feng Guodong, 82, 272 Feng Jicai, 152

Fengtian Sun Tobacco Company Advertisement (Jin Meisheng),
50f

’85 Movement named by, 101, 102, 137 maximalism named by, 10, 313–314 National Oil Painting Conference, 144 “Protest,” 141, 142f, 143f

Fenzi culture, 25–26

“Festival of Youth Art in Hubei,” 118, 122

Fifteen Shots—From 1980 to 2003 (Xiao Lu), 162, 162f

“First Anhui Oil Painting Exhibition,” 127

First Experimental Exhibition (Southern Artists Salon), 118,
119f, 214, 215f, 278
First Haircut in the Summer of 1985, e (Geng Jianyi), 237, 239f

“First National Exhibition of the China Anonymous Painting
Society Group,” 128
“First Perspective Painting Exhibition,” 128 “Five-Man Exhibition,” 203

Five Series of Repetitions (Xu Bing), 228, 228f, 332 Five Warriors on Langya Mountain (Zhan Jianjun), 54, 54f Fixing the Golden Tooth for the Great Wall (Zhan Wang), 14–15,
15f

“e Recent Developing Trends in Oil Painting,” 170 in U.S. as visiting scholar, 166

Zhongguo dangdai meishushi 1985–1986, 103f, 107f, 147

“Zhuhai ’85 New Wave Large-Scale Slide Exhibition,” 144
Gao Tianmin, 137f Gao Xiaohua, 68, 69p Ge Weimo, 148 Gendered space, 14, 23–26 Geng Jianyi, 197, 236, 237, 246 and apartment artists, 284

e Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, 346f Building No. 5, 305, 306f
Flags (Wang Jiping), 120f

Folk art, 47, 48, 55, 128, 257

fang an art, 287 e First Haircut in the Summer of 1985, 237, 239f guannian projects, 28 Haircut, No. 4—Fashion and Style in the Summer of 1985,
183f

Folk realism, 44–45

Foolish Man Removing the Mountain, e (Xu Beihong), 38, 40,
40f

Formalism, 2, 84, 316

How Could a “ ” Character Be Enough?, 347f Investigative Forms, 246
49,368 Square Millimeters (Song Tao), 314, 332, 333–338f Forum, 84
Investigative Forms—Huang Yongping, 248–250f King and Queen no. 3, 240f, 241 neo-guannian art, 269

Foster, Hal, 58

Founding Ceremony of the Nation, e (Dong Xiwen), 50, 52f, 53 Fountain (Duchamp), 6

Four Masters, 36
Pool Society, 106, 236, 237

Reasonable Relationship, 248 Second State, 245, 245f, 264
Four Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter (Liu

Dahong), 260, 260–261f

Tap Water Factory: A Mutually Voyeuristic Installation, 246,
247f
Two People under the Lamplight, 178, 178f Yang’s Taiqi Series No. 1, 241
Fragment: Ma Liuming (Ma Liuming), 280f Free Discussion on Literature (Sun Zixi), 152

Freedom, individual, 66, 82, 94, 101, 112, 128, 130, 138, 170,
287 body as medium for, 278–280, 282, 284
Freud, Sigmund, 126 Frozen land metaphor, 182–185

Ghosts Pounding the Wall (Xu Bing), 14, 201, 228, 230–232,
231f

Giddens, Anthony, 15

Index

397

Giovale, Franco, 271, 271f

Guishan Series (Mao Xuhui), 192
Guishan Series: Encounter on Red Soil, 192, 193f

Gun ownership laws, 158 Guo Jin, 264
Globalization, 14–16, 22, 23–24, 255, 361 and art, 200, 217, 263, 273, 315

Golden Sunshine (He Yunchang), 282, 282f Goodbye (Li Shan), 159f

Guo Wei, 264

Go to the Front (Hu Yichuan), 41f

Graﬃti art, 18
Habermas, Jürgen, 2

Haircut, No. 4—Fashion and Style in the Summer of 1985 (Geng