(Chen Qiulin), 25F a Cheng, 94F a Xian, 276 a Zhen, 142F Abso

Index <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Note: “f ” with a page number indicates a figure. </li><li style="flex:1">Anti–Spiritual Pollution Campaign, 81, 101, 102, 132, 271 </li></ul>Apartment (gongyu), 270 “......” (Chen Qiulin), 25f Apartment art, 7–10, 18, 269–271, 284, 305, 358 ending of, 276, 308 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">internationalization of, 308 </li><li style="flex:1">A Cheng, 94f </li></ul>A Xian, 276 A Zhen, 142f legacy of the guannian artists in, 29 named by Gao Minglu, 7, 269–270 in 1980s, 4–5, 271, 273 privacy and, 7, 276, 308 space of, 305 temporary nature of, 305 women’s art and, 24 Absolute Principle (Shu Qun), 171, 172f, 197 Absolution Series (Lei Hong), 349f Abstract art (chouxiang yishu), 10, 20–21, 81, 271, 311 Abstract expressionism, 22 “Academic Exchange Exhibition for Nationwide Young Artists,” 145, 146f Apolitical art, 10, 66, 79–81, 90 Appearance of Cross Series (Ding Yi), 317f Apple and thinker metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182 April Fifth Tian’anmen Demonstration (Li Xiaobin), 76f April Photo Society, 75–76 exhibition, 74f, 75 Architectural models, 20 Architectural preservation, 21 Architectural sites, ritualized space in, 11–12, 14 Art and Language group, 199 Art education system, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24 Art field (yishuchang), 125 Art for art’s sake, 66, 79, 80, 82, 96, 97, 130, 271 apartment art, 271 No Name group, 4, 10, 85, 91 Stars group, 92 Art for Life, 46 Academicism, 78–84, 122, 202. See also New academicism Academic realism, 54, 66–67 Academic socialist realism, 54, 55 Adagio in the Opening of Second Movement, Symphony No. 5 (Wang Qiang), 108f Adam and Eve (Meng Luding), 28 Aestheticism, 2, 6, 10–11, 37, 42, 80, 122, 200 opposition to, 202, 204 Aesthetic principles, Chinese, 311 Aesthetic theory, traditional, 201–202 After Calamity (Yang Yushu), 91f Agree to the Date November 26, 1994 as a Reason (Zhang Keduan et al.), 289f Ai Qing, 97 Ai Weiwei, 24, 97, 284, 298 Alienation, 6, 7, 65, 138, 214, 248 authoritarianism and, 132 “Art for the life of the masses,” 36–38, 40–42, 41f Artists Association (Soviet Union), 44 Artists Association (Heilongjiang province), 173 Artists’ groups. See also individual groups by name huahui, 4, 66, 82, 84, 97, 273 in capitalist society, 6, 138 modernization and, 19, 132, 237 Western, 138 Alternative spaces, art in, 210, 270. See also Apartment art; nature and function of, 135–139 Artists’ villages, 273, 276–278, 277f Art Monthly, 81 Art Plan #2 (Zhang Peili), 243, 244f, 245 Art revolutions, 36–38, 40–42 Artworks Become Trash, 8:30 p.m.–10:00 p.m., November 9, 1987 (Huang Yongping), 206, 206f Ashcan School, 66 Maximalism Altman, Natan, 45 Amateur avant-garde, 82, 84, 97, 106, 271–273 Analysis (Wang Luyan, Chen Shaoping, Gu Dexin), 287 Analysis Group, 28, 273, 287. See also New Mark Group Analysis, 287 Anti-art (fanyishu), 96, 114, 137, 200, 202–204, 206 Anti–Bourgeois Liberalism Campaign, 27, 139, 145, 147 Anti-idealism, 315 Assignment No. 1: Copying the “Orchard Pavilion Preface” 1,000 times (Qiu Zhijie), 312f, 313 Antinarration, 266 Audience, art’s relation to, 228, 236–237, 242, 245, 246, 264, 269 Antiportraiture, 75 August 18 (Zhao Wenliang), 85f, 86f Authoritarianism, 132, 136, 231, 266 Avant-garde, Chinese, 4–9, 137–139, 166, 372n16, 373n9 commercialism and, 28, 67, 201, 276 cultural, 34–35, 44, 63, 65, 217 emergence of, 34 Bourgeois liberalism, 27, 132, 136, 139, 145, 147 Bread (Song Dong), 299f Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, e (Geng Jianyi), 346f Brown Book #1 (Zhang Peili), 243, 243f Brushwork, 330 Buddhism. See Chan Buddhism Building No. 5 (Geng Jianyi), 305, 306f Bürger, Peter, 2, 5, 6, 200 ending of, 42, 44, 45, 65 groups, 27, 135–139, 175 idealism of, 42, 138, 139 ideology, 4–5 BYY group, 114, 118 exhibition, 117f literary movements, 36 opposition to, 81, 276 political, 42 proletarian, 35, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 43, 44–45 Soviet, 41, 45, 46, 372n17 space of, 4–5, 7–8, 305 transitional, 169–175 Cai Guoqiang, 14, 14f, 114 Cai Jin, 284 Cai Yuanpei, 3, 36, 37, 78 Cailiao (substance), 269 Calinescu, Matei, 2 Calligraphy, 202, 339f and Western avant-garde, 4, 6, 7, 62–63, 138, 200, 354 Western influences on Chinese, 5, 36, 44 “Awarded Works of the Sixth National Art Exhibition, e” (exhibition), 81 Cang Xin, 276, 277, 279, 281f, 284 Cao Xiaodong, 173, 191 Cao Yong, 130–131, 132, 134f Capitalism, 2, 6, 138 Case Study of Transference, A (Xu Bing), 309f Casting (He Yunchang), 19f Castle Series (Ding Fang), 191 Censorship, 111, 148–151, 154 Central Academy of Fine Art, 48, 79, 111, 154, 175, 194, 272 Ceremony (Tang Guangming), 216, 217f Cézanne, Paul, 317 Chairman Mao Reporting on the Rectification in Yan’an (Luo Gongliu), 43f Chan Buddhism, 21, 114, 200, 206, 230 Dada and, 114, 125, 204, 206 Chang (field), 125 Chen Chengzong, 209f Chen Conglin, 67, 68, 68f, 192 Chen Danqing, 70f Chen Duxiu, 36 Chen Fan, 94f Chen Jinrong, 228 Chen Junde, 78f, 79 Chen Lide, 117f, 255–256 Chen Maozhi, 73f Chen Qiang, 228 Chen Qiulin, 24–26, 25f Chen Shaofeng, 308f Chen Shaoping, 82, 275f. See also Analysis Group; New Mark Backwardness, social, 33, 35 Bao Jianfei, 237 Baptism no. 4 (Song Ling), 241, 241f Barthes, Roland, 315, 319 Baudelaire, Charles, 2 Beauty, 78–84, 90, 97 Beauty industry, 24–25 Behavior art, 278. See also Performance art Bei Dao, 82, 97 Beijing alleys, 18 East Village, 273, 276, 277f Beijing Artists Association, 91, 96 Beijing Communist Youth Community, 111 Beijing Graphic Arts Company, 147 Beijing Oil Study Society, 79 Beijing opera, 62 Beijing Young Painters Society, 111, 144 Bergson, Henri, 170 Bertolucci, Bernardo, 271 Beyond the Great Wall (Shi Lu), 50, 51f, 231 Bhabha, Homi K., 5 Big Business: Selling Shrimp (Wu Shanzhuan), 158, 158f, 227f, 382n26 Big Explosion Series (Zheng Lianjie), 12, 13f Big head painting, 74, 75, 264 Black Cover Book, 298 Group Analysis, 287 and Analysis Group, 28, 273 apartment art, 287, 298 Black Union of Southwest Lu, 126 Black-White Creative Society, 112 Bloodline: Big Family No. 2 (Zhang Xiaogang), 265f, 266 Bo Yi, 91 Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287 tactile art, 202, 234–236, 269 e Works of the New Mark Group No. 1, 318–319f Chen Shizeng, 40 Chen Tiegeng, 47 Chen Yanyin, 287, 288f, 289f Bo Yun, 97 Body art, 278. See also Human body; Performance art Bois, Yve-Alain, 314 Book from the Sky, A (Xu Bing), 27, 201, 219, 228–230, 229f Book of Changes. See Yi jing Bound, Unbound (Lin Tianmiao), 303, 313, 313f Chen Yiming illustrations for “Maple,” 68, 68p, 72f, 73f 394 Index Chen Zhen, 185, 186f, 188 Cheng Li, 130 Commercial art, 76, 197 Commercialism, 7, 28, 227, 259, 315 Commercial media, 62 Communist Party of China, Seventh National Conference, 40 Concept art (gainian yishu), 199 Concept 21 Group, 232, 233f Conceptual art, 2, 7, 114, 118, 197, 199 in Chinese context, 199 Cheng Xiaoyu, 182–183, 182f Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich, 44 Chi, 224 China Anonymous Painting Society, 128 “China/Avant-Garde” (exhibition) artists’ preparation for, 127 bomb threats, 163–164 budget, 153f in ’85 Movement, 106, 108 Western, 199, 200, 201, 355 Concise History of Modern Painting, A (Read), 206 catalogue, 154, 155f Confucian pragmatism, 3 Confucius, 37, 356 Consumerism, 25, 219, 276 recontextualization of, 219, 221, 223–225, 227 Contemporaneity, 1, 4, 9, 213 Contemporary Art Conference, 256 Continual revolution, 34 Conversation with Water (He Yunchang), 282, 283f “Convex/Concave” (exhibition), 108 poster, 110f censorship, 96, 111, 148–151, 154, 162, 227 commemorative event (2009), 141, 142f, 143f curatorial team, 148, 150, 246 English title, significance of, 166 exhibition plan (1987), 144–145, 147 exhibition poster (Yang Zhilin), 156f fundraising, 151–152, 154, 382n17 Gao Minglu and, 136, 141–148, 142f, 150–154, 155f, 156, 157f, 166, 382n17 gunshots at, 29, 96, 142, 143–144, 158, 161–162, 161f, 166, Corruption, governmental, 28, 40, 151 Country Project, e (Song Yongping et al.), 214, 215f Countryside, cultural activities in, 207 Covered by Red (Dai Guangyu), 307f Critical realism, 53 382n26 influence of, 27–28, 143 invitation, 146f logo, 156, 156f, 157f, 173 media coverage, 161f, 166 Cross, symbology of, 176, 197 Cross Series (Ding Yi), 314, 316–317 Crow, omas, 358 opening, 156, 157f, 158 organizational committee, 135f, 136, 141, 148, 150–151, 152, 163, 165 Cubism, 79, 122 performance art at, 135, 158, 161–164 police closures, 96, 135f, 142, 154, 156, 158, 160f, 161–166, 161f, 164f proposals, 149f, 208 security, 163–164 Cultural Animals (Xu Bing), 305, 308 Cultural consciousness, 34–35 Cultural fever, 33 Cultural pluralism, 213 Cultural rectification, 41–42, 47, 55, 58, 65 Cultural Revolution sponsorship, 144, 147, 164–165 China City Environment, 147 Chinese Aesthetic Study Society, 147 Chinese Artists Association, 102, 145, 148, 154, 164, 272 Chinese Contemporary Artists’ Work Proposals (Wang Luyan et al.), 287 art of, 44, 58, 62–63, 67, 81 cruelty of, 90–91 culture in, 34–35 and educational system, 377n27 ending the avant-garde, 42, 44 launching of, 58 Chinese language, 202 characters, 219, 221, 223–224 Chinese Modern Art Convention, 227 Chinese Modern Art Research Society, 144, 146 Chineseness, 11 Chinese Writers Association, 101 Chinese Youth, 82–83 total modernity of, 65 Culture: China and the World Series, 147 Culture Noodles (Song Dong), 285f, 298, 300–301f Curators, 148 Current of life painting, 170, 173–175, 191–192, 266, 315 Cynical realism, 5, 9, 28, 44, 67, 75, 197, 255–256, 263–266, 269, 273, 276–277, 290, 315 Chizi (Wu Shanzhuan), 269 Christensen, Peter G., 137 Christian iconography, 171, 197 Circle Series (Yu Youhan), 187f City Artists Association, 122 City Series: When Sound Fills Up the City Sky (Ding Fang), 22f Civilization of the north, 171–172 Clark, T. J., 358 Class identity, 70 Class struggle drama, 55 Closing Down Twice (Zhang Riyao), 164f Color theory, 317 Dada, 114, 139, 200, 207. See also Xiamen Dada Chan Buddhism and, 114, 125, 204, 206 Dai Guangyu, 291–295f, 305, 307f Daily life, 3, 279 art from, 5, 21, 24, 37, 118, 201, 203, 221, 290 (see also Household art) Dao, 125 Daoism, 176, 230 David, Jacques-Louis, 181 Index 395 David and Venus (Mao Xuhui), 255, 256f Days (Song Dong), 304f Death of Marat, e (Wang Guangyi), 181, 182f Deconstructionism, 9–11, 27–28, 29, 197, 228–230, 290 Decontextualization, 237 “’88 Chinese Modern Art Conference,” 127 “85.8 New Art” (exhibition), 132 ’85 Movement, e (Gao Minglu), 93f ’85 Movement, 23–29, 34, 81, 101–102, 105–186, 203 academies, role of, 102 as anti-art project, 200 audience, 138 avant-garde mentality, 62 in central China, 118, 122, 125–128 compared to Western avant-garde, 7, 138 criticism of, 118, 122, 125–126 on east coast, 106, 108, 111–112, 114, 118 economics, 135 Decorative art, 80 Dematerialization, 200, 201, 228, 269, 332 Democracy Wall, 76f, 82–84, 88, 92, 271 Democracy Wall (Li Xiaobin), 77f, 88 Democracy Wall (Ma Kelu), 89f Democratization of art, 42, 380n33 Deng Pingxiang, 122 Deng Xiaoping, 3, 14, 34, 65, 70, 255 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Derrida, Jacques, 319 </li><li style="flex:1">exhibitions, 118, 273 </li></ul>groups, nature and function of, 135–139 humanist tendencies, 169–170, 171, 175, 199 idealism, 138, 139 influences on, 105, 111, 128, 139, 171, 272 leaders, 106, 236 in the media, 108, 111 myth adopted by, 269 named by Gao Minglu, 101, 102, 137 public engagement, 276 purpose and function, 101, 106, 135–139, 169, 175 as revolution in ideas (guannian gengxin), 199–202, 217 self-identification, 169–170 and social reform, 171 in southwest and northwest China, 128, 130, 132 statistics, 103f, 107f, 122, 128 Dialogue (Xiao Lu), 160f, 161–162 Dialogue with Demolition (Zhang Dali), 18f, 19 Diary (Li Huasheng), 21, 314 Diary on Shanghai Water (He Yunchang), 19, 19f Digging the Mountain Endlessly (Wang Yingchun), 59f Digital technology, 20 Ding Fang, 22, 191, 276, 311 Castle Series, 191 City Series: When Sound Fills Up the City Sky, 22f Drawing of a Landscape, 189f e Enlightenment of the Original Spirit, 191 e Power of Tragedy, 191 Red Journey group, 112, 173 Self-Transcendence, 191 e Summons and Birth, 190f, 191 Will and Sacrifice, 191 suppression of, 136 traditionalist-antitraditionalist tension, 101, 136 “’85 New Space” (exhibition), 108f, 139, 237 ’85 New Wave, 34 ’87 Body Art (Rhinoceros Painting Society), 115f “’86 Last Exhibition, No. 1,” 106, 109f, 135 Élan vital, 170 Elvehjem Museum, 230–232 Emptiness (xu), 230 Endurance, 278–280, 282, 284 Yellow Earth series, 184 Ding Yi, 314–317, 317f Disconnection disCONNEXION (Xing Danwen), 20, 20f Dong Chao, 126 Dong Xaioming, 148 Dong Xiwen, 50, 51f, 52f, 53, 55 Dong Zhuongshu, 278 Door Guardian (Yan Han), 47f Door Guardians (Liu Dahong), 257, 259f, 260 Door guardians, traditional, 47, 48f Drawing of a Landscape (Ding Fang), 189f Dream Is Just Dream (Ma Lu), 112f Dreams, 171, 192, 194 Duang Xiucang, 127 Duchamp, Marcel, 2, 6, 42, 200–202, 303 Dust (Huang Yongping), 212f, 213 Enlightenment, 106, 176, 178, 194 Enlightenment of the Original Spirit, e (Ding Fang), 191 Environmental art, 125, 214 Environmental change, 15–16 Environmental Works (Huang Yongping), 210 Eternal Life (Zhang Xiaogang), 194, 194f European art, 45, 79, 200. See also Western art Event Taking Place in the Art Gallery of Fujian Province, An, 207, 208f, 210 “Exhibition for the Celebration of the Establishment of the People’s Republic of China,” 146 “Exhibition of International Art Publications,” 105 “Exhibition of Vitality,” 130 “Exhibition of Young Artists of Western Inner Mongolia,” 130 Existentialism, 27, 176, 278, 354 Expanding Series, No. 1 (Li Shan), 187f Experience on a Certain Day in 1986 (Song Yonghong), 118, 121f Exploration (Cao Yong), 84 Earth from the Aliens’ Point of View, e (Song Haidong), 163f Earth Painting, e (Sui Jianguo), 270f East, e (Cheng Xiaoyu), 182–183, 182f Eastern Magazine (Dongfang zazhi), 36 East and West, 33–34, 48, 101, 213 synthesis, 37, 38, 79, 353 East German Embassy, 162 Economic reform, 3, 139, 255 Educating the Children (Zhu Xiaohe), 322f Education system, artistic, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24 Cultural Revolution and, 377n27 Expressionism, 122, 237 396 Index Face of Modern Tragedy No. 1, e (Cao Yong), 132, 134f Face of Modern Tragedy No. 2, e (Cao Yong), 132, 134f Family, 266 Frozen North Pole series (Wang Guangyi), 180, 181, 184–185, 184f Frozen North Pole, No. 30, 180f Fan Di’an, 150, 151, 152, 298 Fu Baoshi, 50, 380n24 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Fan Kuan, 191 </li><li style="flex:1">Fu Xi, 194, 390n4 </li></ul>Fang an. See Projects on paper Fang Lijun, 28, 264, 266, 276 New Generation exhibition, 263 Oil Painting No. 2, 264f Futurism, Italian, 41, 46 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 319 Gallery of the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Art, 237 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Game (Yang Shufeng), 132f </li><li style="flex:1">Sketch No. 2, 264f </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Game-based work, 246 </li><li style="flex:1">Fang Mengbo, 8 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Gan Yang, 147 </li><li style="flex:1">Farm workers, 18 </li></ul>Gang of Four, 72, 76, 88, 255 Gao Gang, 53 Gao Minglu Fascism, 47 Father (Luo Zhongli), 70, 71f, 74–75 Favorsky, Vladimir, 47 “About Rationalist Painting,” 170 apartment art named by, 7, 269–270 and “China/Avant-Garde” exhibition, 136, 141–148, 142f, 143f, 145f, 150–154, 155f, 156, 157f, 166, 382n17 Contemporary Art Conference, 256 “e ’85 Art Movement,” 144 e ’85 Movement, 93f Fei Dawei, 145f, 150 Feminism, 24 Feng Boyi, 8, 298 Feng Guodong, 82, 272 Feng Jicai, 152 Fengtian Sun Tobacco Company Advertisement (Jin Meisheng), 50f ’85 Movement named by, 101, 102, 137 maximalism named by, 10, 313–314 National Oil Painting Conference, 144 “Protest,” 141, 142f, 143f Fenzi culture, 25–26 “Festival of Youth Art in Hubei,” 118, 122 Fifteen Shots—From 1980 to 2003 (Xiao Lu), 162, 162f “First Anhui Oil Painting Exhibition,” 127 First Experimental Exhibition (Southern Artists Salon), 118, 119f, 214, 215f, 278 First Haircut in the Summer of 1985, e (Geng Jianyi), 237, 239f “First National Exhibition of the China Anonymous Painting Society Group,” 128 “First Perspective Painting Exhibition,” 128 “Five-Man Exhibition,” 203 Five Series of Repetitions (Xu Bing), 228, 228f, 332 Five Warriors on Langya Mountain (Zhan Jianjun), 54, 54f Fixing the Golden Tooth for the Great Wall (Zhan Wang), 14–15, 15f “e Recent Developing Trends in Oil Painting,” 170 in U.S. as visiting scholar, 166 Zhongguo dangdai meishushi 1985–1986, 103f, 107f, 147 “Zhuhai ’85 New Wave Large-Scale Slide Exhibition,” 144 Gao Tianmin, 137f Gao Xiaohua, 68, 69p Ge Weimo, 148 Gendered space, 14, 23–26 Geng Jianyi, 197, 236, 237, 246 and apartment artists, 284 e Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, 346f Building No. 5, 305, 306f Flags (Wang Jiping), 120f Folk art, 47, 48, 55, 128, 257 fang an art, 287 e First Haircut in the Summer of 1985, 237, 239f guannian projects, 28 Haircut, No. 4—Fashion and Style in the Summer of 1985, 183f Folk realism, 44–45 Foolish Man Removing the Mountain, e (Xu Beihong), 38, 40, 40f Formalism, 2, 84, 316 How Could a “ ” Character Be Enough?, 347f Investigative Forms, 246 49,368 Square Millimeters (Song Tao), 314, 332, 333–338f Forum, 84 Investigative Forms—Huang Yongping, 248–250f King and Queen no. 3, 240f, 241 neo-guannian art, 269 Foster, Hal, 58 Founding Ceremony of the Nation, e (Dong Xiwen), 50, 52f, 53 Fountain (Duchamp), 6 Four Masters, 36 Pool Society, 106, 236, 237 Reasonable Relationship, 248 Second State, 245, 245f, 264 Four Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter (Liu Dahong), 260, 260–261f Tap Water Factory: A Mutually Voyeuristic Installation, 246, 247f Two People under the Lamplight, 178, 178f Yang’s Taiqi Series No. 1, 241 Fragment: Ma Liuming (Ma Liuming), 280f Free Discussion on Literature (Sun Zixi), 152 Freedom, individual, 66, 82, 94, 101, 112, 128, 130, 138, 170, 287 body as medium for, 278–280, 282, 284 Freud, Sigmund, 126 Frozen land metaphor, 182–185 Ghosts Pounding the Wall (Xu Bing), 14, 201, 228, 230–232, 231f Giddens, Anthony, 15 Index 397 Giovale, Franco, 271, 271f Guishan Series (Mao Xuhui), 192 Guishan Series: Encounter on Red Soil, 192, 193f Gun ownership laws, 158 Guo Jin, 264 Globalization, 14–16, 22, 23–24, 255, 361 and art, 200, 217, 263, 273, 315 Golden Sunshine (He Yunchang), 282, 282f Goodbye (Li Shan), 159f Guo Wei, 264 Go to the Front (Hu Yichuan), 41f Graffiti art, 18 Habermas, Jürgen, 2 Haircut, No. 4—Fashion and Style in the Summer of 1985 (Geng Jianyi), 183f Grain Rain (Li Huasheng), 21f Gray Cover Book, 298 Hamilton, Richard, 197 Hamlet in Heaven, 109f Hangzhou National Academy of Art, 78, 79, 236 Hanmo Art Gallery, 305, 308 “Hanmo Art News,” 308 Gray humor, 28, 106, 219, 236–237, 241 Great Castigation series (Wang Guangyi), 257 Great Castigation Series: Coca-Cola, 262f, 263 Great Castigation Series: Marlboro, 258f

(Chen Qiulin), 25F a Cheng, 94F a Xian, 276 a Zhen, 142F Abso

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