Index Note: “f ” with a page number indicates a figure. Anti–Spiritual Pollution Campaign, 81, 101, 102, 132, 271 Apartment (gongyu), 270 “......” (Chen Qiulin), 25f Apartment art, 7–10, 18, 269–271, 284, 305, 358 ending of, 276, 308 A Cheng, 94f internationalization of, 308 A Xian, 276 legacy of the guannian artists in, 29 A Zhen, 142f named by Gao Minglu, 7, 269–270 Absolute Principle (Shu Qun), 171, 172f, 197 in 1980s, 4–5, 271, 273 Absolution Series (Lei Hong), 349f privacy and, 7, 276, 308 Abstract art (chouxiang yishu), 10, 20–21, 81, 271, 311 space of, 305 Abstract expressionism, 22 temporary nature of, 305 “Academic Exchange Exhibition for Nationwide Young women’s art and, 24 Artists,” 145, 146f Apolitical art, 10, 66, 79–81, 90 Academicism, 78–84, 122, 202. See also New academicism Appearance of Cross Series (Ding Yi), 317f Academic realism, 54, 66–67 Apple and thinker metaphor, 175–176, 178, 180–182 Academic socialist realism, 54, 55 April Fifth Tian’anmen Demonstration (Li Xiaobin), 76f Adagio in the Opening of Second Movement, Symphony No. 5 April Photo Society, 75–76 (Wang Qiang), 108f exhibition, 74f, 75 Adam and Eve (Meng Luding), 28 Architectural models, 20 Aestheticism, 2, 6, 10–11, 37, 42, 80, 122, 200 Architectural preservation, 21 opposition to, 202, 204 Architectural sites, ritualized space in, 11–12, 14 Aesthetic principles, Chinese, 311 Art and Language group, 199 Aesthetic theory, traditional, 201–202 Art education system, 78–79, 85, 102, 105, 380n24 After Calamity (Yang Yushu), 91f Art field (yishuchang), 125 Agree to the Date November 26, 1994 as a Reason (Zhang Art for art’s sake, 66, 79, 80, 82, 96, 97, 130, 271 Keduan et al.), 289f apartment art, 271 Ai Qing, 97 No Name group, 4, 10, 85, 91 Ai Weiwei, 24, 97, 284, 298 Stars group, 92 Alienation, 6, 7, 65, 138, 214, 248 Art for Life, 46 authoritarianism and, 132 “Art for the life of the masses,” 36–38, 40–42, 41f in capitalist society, 6, 138 Artists Association (Soviet Union), 44 modernization and, 19, 132, 237 Artists Association (Heilongjiang province), 173 Western, 138 Artists’ groups. See also individual groups by name Alternative spaces, art in, 210, 270. See also Apartment art; huahui, 4, 66, 82, 84, 97, 273 Maximalism nature and function of, 135–139 Altman, Natan, 45 Artists’ villages, 273, 276–278, 277f Amateur avant-garde, 82, 84, 97, 106, 271–273 Art Monthly, 81 Analysis (Wang Luyan, Chen Shaoping, Gu Dexin), 287 Art Plan #2 (Zhang Peili), 243, 244f, 245 Analysis Group, 28, 273, 287. See also New Mark Group Art revolutions, 36–38, 40–42 Analysis, 287 Artworks Become Trash, 8:30 p.m.–10:00 p.m., November 9, Anti-art (fanyishu), 96, 114, 137, 200, 202–204, 206 1987 (Huang Yongping), 206, 206f Anti–Bourgeois Liberalism Campaign, 27, 139, 145, 147 Ashcan School, 66 Anti-idealism, 315 Assignment No. 1: Copying the “Orchard Pavilion Preface” 1,000 Antinarration, 266 times (Qiu Zhijie), 312f, 313 Antiportraiture, 75 Audience, art’s relation to, 228, 236–237, 242, 245, 246, 264, 269 August 18 (Zhao Wenliang), 85f, 86f Bourgeois liberalism, 27, 132, 136, 139, 145, 147 Authoritarianism, 132, 136, 231, 266 Bread (Song Dong), 299f Avant-garde, Chinese, 4–9, 137–139, 166, 372n16, 373n9 Bright Side and Dark Side of a Face, The (Geng Jianyi), 346f commercialism and, 28, 67, 201, 276 Brown Book #1 (Zhang Peili), 243, 243f cultural, 34–35, 44, 63, 65, 217 Brushwork, 330 emergence of, 34 Buddhism. See Chan Buddhism ending of, 42, 44, 45, 65 Building No. 5 (Geng Jianyi), 305, 306f groups, 27, 135–139, 175 Bürger, Peter, 2, 5, 6, 200 idealism of, 42, 138, 139 BYY group, 114, 118 ideology, 4–5 exhibition, 117f literary movements, 36 opposition to, 81, 276 Cai Guoqiang, 14, 14f, 114 political, 42 Cai Jin, 284 proletarian, 35, 36–38, 40–42, 41f, 43, 44–45 Cai Yuanpei, 3, 36, 37, 78 Soviet, 41, 45, 46, 372n17 Cailiao (substance), 269 space of, 4–5, 7–8, 305 Calinescu, Matei, 2 transitional, 169–175 Calligraphy, 202, 339f and Western avant-garde, 4, 6, 7, 62–63, 138, 200, 354 Cang Xin, 276, 277, 279, 281f, 284 Western influences on Chinese, 5, 36, 44 Cao Xiaodong, 173, 191 “Awarded Works of the Sixth National Art Exhibition, The” Cao Yong, 130–131, 132, 134f (exhibition), 81 Capitalism, 2, 6, 138 Case Study of Transference, A (Xu Bing), 309f Backwardness, social, 33, 35 Casting (He Yunchang), 19f Bao Jianfei, 237 Castle Series (Ding Fang), 191 Baptism no. 4 (Song Ling), 241, 241f Censorship, 111, 148–151, 154 Barthes, Roland, 315, 319 Central Academy of Fine Art, 48, 79, 111, 154, 175, 194, 272 Baudelaire, Charles, 2 Ceremony (Tang Guangming), 216, 217f Beauty, 78–84, 90, 97 Cézanne, Paul, 317 Beauty industry, 24–25 Chairman Mao Reporting on the Rectification in Yan’an (Luo Behavior art, 278. See also Performance art Gongliu), 43f Bei Dao, 82, 97 Chan Buddhism, 21, 114, 200, 206, 230 Beijing Dada and, 114, 125, 204, 206 alleys, 18 Chang (field), 125 East Village, 273, 276, 277f Chen Chengzong, 209f Beijing Artists Association, 91, 96 Chen Conglin, 67, 68, 68f, 192 Beijing Communist Youth Community, 111 Chen Danqing, 70f Beijing Graphic Arts Company, 147 Chen Duxiu, 36 Beijing Oil Study Society, 79 Chen Fan, 94f Beijing opera, 62 Chen Jinrong, 228 Beijing Young Painters Society, 111, 144 Chen Junde, 78f, 79 Bergson, Henri, 170 Chen Lide, 117f, 255–256 Bertolucci, Bernardo, 271 Chen Maozhi, 73f Beyond the Great Wall (Shi Lu), 50, 51f, 231 Chen Qiang, 228 Bhabha, Homi K., 5 Chen Qiulin, 24–26, 25f Big Business: Selling Shrimp (Wu Shanzhuan), 158, 158f, 227f, Chen Shaofeng, 308f 382n26 Chen Shaoping, 82, 275f. See also Analysis Group; New Mark Big Explosion Series (Zheng Lianjie), 12, 13f Group Big head painting, 74, 75, 264 Analysis, 287 Black Cover Book, 298 and Analysis Group, 28, 273 Black Union of Southwest Lu, 126 apartment art, 287, 298 Black-White Creative Society, 112 Tactile Art, 234, 235f, 236, 287 Bloodline: Big Family No. 2 (Zhang Xiaogang), 265f, 266 tactile art, 202, 234–236, 269 Bo Yi, 91 The Works of the New Mark Group No. ,1 318–319f Bo Yun, 97 Chen Shizeng, 40 Body art, 278. See also Human body; Performance art Chen Tiegeng, 47 Bois, Yve-Alain, 314 Chen Yanyin, 287, 288f, 289f Book from the Sky, A (Xu Bing), 27, 201, 219, 228–230, 229f Chen Yiming Book of Changes. See Yi jing illustrations for “Maple,” 68, 68p, 72f, 73f Bound, Unbound (Lin Tianmiao), 303, 313, 313f 394 Index Chen Zhen, 185, 186f, 188 Commercial art, 76, 197 Cheng Li, 130 Commercialism, 7, 28, 227, 259, 315 Cheng Xiaoyu, 182–183, 182f Commercial media, 62 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich, 44 Communist Party of China, Seventh National Conference, 40 Chi, 224 Concept art (gainian yishu), 199 China Anonymous Painting Society, 128 Concept 21 Group, 232, 233f “China/Avant-Garde” (exhibition) Conceptual art, 2, 7, 114, 118, 197, 199 artists’ preparation for, 127 in Chinese context, 199 bomb threats, 163–164 in ’85 Movement, 106, 108 budget, 153f Western, 199, 200, 201, 355 catalogue, 154, 155f Concise History of Modern Painting, A (Read), 206 censorship, 96, 111, 148–151, 154, 162, 227 Confucian pragmatism, 3 commemorative event (2009), 141, 142f, 143f Confucius, 37, 356 curatorial team, 148, 150, 246 Consumerism, 25, 219, 276 English title, significance of, 166 recontextualization of, 219, 221, 223–225, 227 exhibition plan (1987), 144–145, 147 Contemporaneity, 1, 4, 9, 213 exhibition poster (Yang Zhilin), 156f Contemporary Art Conference, 256 fundraising, 151–152, 154, 382n17 Continual revolution, 34 Gao Minglu and, 136, 141–148, 142f, 150 –154, 155f, 156, Conversation with Water (He Yunchang), 282, 283f 157f, 166, 382n17 “Convex/Concave” (exhibition), 108 gunshots at, 29, 96, 142, 143–144, 158, 161–162, 161f, 166, poster, 110f 382n26 Corruption, governmental, 28, 40, 151 influence of, 27–28, 143 Country Project, The (Song Yongping et al.), 214, 215f invitation, 146f Countryside, cultural activities in, 207 logo, 156, 156f, 157f, 173 Covered by Red (Dai Guangyu), 307f media coverage, 161f, 166 Critical realism, 53 opening, 156, 157f, 158 Cross, symbology of, 176, 197 organizational committee, 135f, 136, 141, 148, 150–151, Cross Series (Ding Yi), 314, 316–317 152, 163, 165 Crow, Thomas, 358 performance art at, 135, 158, 161–164 Cubism, 79, 122 police closures, 96, 135f, 142, 154, 156, 158, 160f, 161–166, Cultural Animals (Xu Bing), 305, 308 161f, 164f Cultural consciousness, 34–35 proposals, 149f, 208 Cultural fever, 33 security, 163–164 Cultural pluralism, 213 sponsorship, 144, 147, 164–165 Cultural rectification, 41–42, 47, 55, 58, 65 China City Environment, 147 Cultural Revolution Chinese Aesthetic Study Society, 147 art of, 44, 58, 62–63, 67, 81 Chinese Artists Association, 102, 145, 148, 154, 164, 272 cruelty of, 90–91 Chinese Contemporary Artists’ Work Proposals (Wang Luyan et culture in, 34–35 al.), 287 and educational system, 377n27 Chinese language, 202 ending the avant-garde, 42, 44 characters, 219, 221, 223–224 launching of, 58 Chinese Modern Art Convention, 227 total modernity of, 65 Chinese Modern Art Research Society, 144, 146 Culture: China and the World Series, 147 Chineseness, 11 Culture Noodles (Song Dong), 285f, 298, 300–301f Chinese Writers Association, 101 Curators, 148 Chinese Youth, 82–83 Current of life painting, 170, 173–175, 191–192, 266, 315 Chizi (Wu Shanzhuan), 269 Cynical realism, 5, 9, 28, 44, 67, 75, 197, 255–256, 263–266, Christensen, Peter G., 137 269, 273, 276–277, 290, 315 Christian iconography, 171, 197 Circle Series (Yu Youhan), 187f Dada, 114, 139, 200, 207.