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Home , Betel, Paan, Piperaceae, Piper (plant)

Review Article A Review: Nutraceuticals Properties of ()

Ekta Singh Chauhan, Jaya Aishwarya*, Akriti Singh and Anamika Tiwari

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Distt.- Tonk. Rajasthan, 304022,

ABSTRACT Piper betel or Betel deep green heart shaped vary famous leaves belongs to the called Paan leaves in India; rich in nutrients, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals. Piper betel is mostly use to chew with sliced , slaked lime, coriander, aniseed, , cardamom, sweetener, scrapings etc, but less used remedy. It is cultivated in hotter and damper part in country following the traditional methods in India on about 55,000 hectare with an annual production worth about Rs 9000 million. Focusing on traditional use and medicinal use of Piper betel we can cure many diseases and reduce the which actually happens due to sliced , slaked lime not because of betel leaves. Leaves are rich in many nutrients like water, energy, protein, fats, fiber, calcium and iron etc. and the antioxidants present are flavonoids, , saponins , terpenoids etc. Piper betel Address for helps in curing various diseases like diabetes, hypertension, brain Correspondence toxin, halitosis, boils and abscesses, obesity, wound healing, voice problems, conjunctivitis, constipation, headache, hysteria, itches, Department of Food mastitis, mastoiditis, leucorrhoea, otorrhoea, ringworm, swelling of Science and Nutrition, Banasthali University, gum, rheumatism, abrasion, cuts and injuries etc. So, we have to Banasthali, Distt.- highlight these nutrients rich betel leaves and its benefits. This paper Tonk. Rajasthan, put a light on nutraceuticals properties of betel leaves and says that 304022, India cultivation and use of betel leaves should be increased to cure the diseases. E-mail: aishwarya.jaya16@ Keywords: Piper betel, Nutrients, Phytochemical, Antioxidants, gmail.com Aeca nut, Cultivation.

INTRODUCTION Piper betel or Betel vine deep green prepared betel quid is still regarded as an heart shaped vary famous leaves belongs to excellent mouth freshener and mild vitalize, the family of Piperaceae and has over 2000 routinely served on the social, cultural and and indigenous to India. A well- religious occasions like marriage, religious

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics www.ajpct.org Aishwarya et al______ISSN 2321 – 2748

festivals, sraddha ceremony (religious Nepal, , , South Africa, function performed after cremation) etc. The , . Leaves are traditionally most likely place of origin of Piper betel used for chewing in their natural raw vine is Malaysia but it is also cultivated in condition along with sliced areca nut, slaked India, Srilanka, , Burma and lime, coriander, aniseed, clove, cardamom, Nepal. Piper betel leaves are popularly sweetener, coconut scrapings, ashes of known as Paan leaves in India, which are diamond, pearl, gold and silver, jelly, pepper consumed by about 15-20 million people in mint, flavoring agent, fruit pulp. Based on the country. It is cultivated following the the color, size, taste and aroma there are traditional methods in India on about 55,000 many varieties of betel leaf and some of the hectare with an annual production worth most popular Indian varieties are the about Rs 9000 million. On an average about Magadhi, Venmony, Mysore, Salem, 66% of such production is contributed by Calcutta, Banarasi, Kauri, Ghanagete and the state of where it is Bagerhati4,6. cultivated on about 20,000 hectare Piper betel vine is a tropical shade- encircling about 4-5 lakh Boroj employing loving perennial evergreen vine. It may about the same number of agricultural climb as high as 10-15 ft. The Piper betel families1,2. Piper betel leaves are well-off in leaf prefers a warm and humid climate. moisture, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate, cordate, and in phytochemical and also antioxidants. acuminate or acute, entire and bright green. It helps in curing and treatment of various This has Male spikes which are dense diseases like halitosis, boils and abscesses, and cylindrical while female spikes are conjunctivitis, constipation, headache, pendulums. arise from each node hysteria, itches, mastitis, mastoiditis, which aid in fixing the plant to the host . leucorrhoea, otorrhoea, ringworm, swelling The color of pepper betel is yellowish green of gum, rheumatism, abrasion, cuts and to dark green with glossy upper surface injuries etc3. where as the odor is characteristic and The vine is a dioeciously (male and pleasant. The betel leaves are aromatic with female are different) shade loving varied taste, ranging from sweet to pungent perennial climber. There are about 100 due to the presence of essential oils6,7. varieties of betel vine in the world, of which about 40 are found in India and 30 in West Chemical Composition Bengal. The most possible place of origin of Piper betel leaf has been described to betel vine is Malaysia. In spite of its have piperol-A, piperol-B, methyl piper alikeness, the plant is much more popular in betlol and they also have been isolated8. India than in any other country of the world Piper betel leaves have an since the distant past4. In these citations, composing of terpinen-4-ol, , allyl significance of the leaves has been explained pyrocatechol monoacetate, , eugenyl in relation to every sphere of human life acetate, hydroxyl chavicol, eugenol, piper including social, cultural, religious and even betol and the betel oil contains cadinene day-to-day life, which is very much relevant carvacrol, allyl catechol, chavicol, p- even these days5. This edible leaf has cymene, , , cineole achieved an esteemed position in the human and estragol as the major components9,10. society right from the dawn of civilization. Particularly in the countries like Bangladesh, Burma, , India, , Malaysia,

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Nutritional Composition were reported to exhibit strong antioxidant The proximate analysis of the leaves activity. Further these polyphenols exert of Piper betel showed that it contained their protective activities through their macro and micro nutrients as well as superior radical scavenging and immune phytochemical shown in table-3. modulating potentials16.

Phytochemicals Therapeutic Importance Piper betel contains a wide variety of Piper betel possess various biologically active compounds whose pharmacological properties include concentration depends on the variety of the anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-amoebic, plant, season and climate. Chemical antigiardial, anti-inflammatory, mosquito compositions of essential oil constitute larvicidal, antimicrobial, immuno- safrole present in the leaf, stalk, stem, root modulatory, antiulcerogenic, radio- and ß-phellandrene present in the fruit. The protective, antileishmanial, and antifungal presence of hydroxychavicol acetate, activity17. In addition the leaf extract has allylpyrocatechol piperbetol, isoeugenol, also been reported to have antioxidant, anethole, stearic acid, methyl eugenol, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory carvacrol, polyphenol, alkaloids, saponin, and radio- protective properties18,19. Piper , steroids and other compounds are betel leaf is also useful for the treatment of also found in Piper betel5. The aroma of various diseases like , boils and betel leaf is due to the presence of essential abscesses, conjunctivitis, constipation, oils, consisting of phenols and terpenes12. headache, hysteria, itches, mastitis, The active ingredient of piper betel oil mastoiditis, leucorrhoea, otorrhoea, which is obtained from the leaves is primary ringworm, swelling of gum, rheumatism, a class of allyl benzene compounds, abrasion, cuts and injuries as folk medicine chavibetol, chavicol, estragole, eugenol, while the root is known for its female methyl eugenol and hydroxycatechol8,13. contraceptive effects20.

Bio- Active Components Ethno Botanical Uses of Piper betel21 Major constituents of Piper betel are chavibetol (53.1%) and chavibetol acetate Leaf (15.5%). Other constituents were The leaf juice is given systemically allypyrocatechol diacetate (0.71%), to treat cough and indigestion in children campene (0.48%), chavibetol methyl ester and also as anti-malarial activity, (0.48%), eugenol (0.32%), α-pinene antibacterial activity, antifungal study, (0.21%), β-pinene (0.21%), a-limonene insecticidal activities, antioxidant activity, (0.14%), safrole (0.11%) and 1, 8-cineole anti-diabetic activity, gastro protective (0.04%). Hexane fraction of leaf stalks activity, antinociceptive activity, cytotoxic yielded four alipathic compounds in pure activity and anti-platelet. form pentadecyl 6-hydroxytridecanoate, pentatriacontanol, methyl hexacos-7-enoate Stem and 6, 9-heptacosa diene14,15. The principle Stems are supposed to be useful in chemical constituents of Piper betel were treating indigestion, bronchitis, constipation, found to be polyphenols like eugenol, coughs and asthma. chavicol, charvacrol, chevibetol, catechol and allyl pyrocatechol and vitamin C, which

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Whole plant agent in facilitate the repair process. The The plants of Piper are also higher dose of hot water extract does not used for many other purposes such as foods cause significant inhibition in acidity or pH and , fish bait, fish poison, of gastric fluid 29. The extensive research , insecticides, oils, ornaments, has been proven that anti-oxidants might be perfumes, antiwormal and anti-infectious effective mechanism not only in protecting agent because of its pungent taste. It helps in against gastric mucosal injury, but also normalizing the digestive tract hence is very inhibiting progression of gastric ulceration. effective in maintaining the digestive system Ulceration progression is caused by free because of its light properties. radical - induced chain process. Consequently, its arrest by radical Pharmacological Profile3,6,22 scavengers helps in the faster healing. Allylpyrocatacol has shown a powerful anti- Antimicrobial activity oxidant potential in various in-vitro The betel shows the antimicrobial models30. activity against Streptococcus pyrogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Immunomodulatory activity Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas The decrease in antibody titer and aeruginosa. Beside of this the leaf extract increased suppression of inflammation also possess the bactericidal activity against suggests possible immunosuppressive effect the urinary tract pathogenic bacteria such as of extract on cellular and humoral response Enterocococcus faecalis, Citrobacter koseri, in mice31. Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella 23,24 pneumonia . Dermatophytosis is a Platelet inhibition activity disease of the keratinized parts of the body Hydroxychavicol (HC) was tested (skin, hair, and nail) caused by athree genera for its inhibition effect on platelet of highly specialized fungi called the 25 aggregation. The result showed Dermatophytes is also cured by it. hydroxychavicol to be a potent inhibitor for Protective and healing activity most cyclooxygenase activity, reactive oxygen recently, a study was undertaken to evaluate scavenger and inhibits platelet calcium the protective and healing effects of signaling, thrombaxan B2 production and allylpyrocatechol against the indomethacin 26,27 aggregation. HC could be a potential induced stomach ulceration in rat model . therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of artherosclerosis and other Antidiabetic activity cardiovascular diseases through its anti- The aqueous and ethanolic extracts inflammatory and antipatelets effects, of Piper betel leaves possess marked without effects on homeostatic function32. hypoglycaemic activity when tested in fasted normoglycaemic rats. In glucose Oral care agent tolerance test, the extract showed Dental caries is a chronic antihyperglycaemic activity in the external 28 endogenous infection caused by the normal glucose level . oral commensally flora. The carious lesion is the result of demineralization of enamel Gastroprotective activity and later of dentine by acids produced by Mucus layer is considered to be plaque microorganisms as they metabolize important in mucosal defenses against dietary carbohydrates 33. The bacteria endogenous aggressors, acids and also as an

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primarily responsible for dental decay in Antifertility activity man are Streptococcus mutans. This enzyme A study to develop an orally is considered to be of special importance in effective male contraceptive agent was the establishment of dental plaque 34. So, it extensively carried out in male mice with is best natural substance and itsrating as various doses of the leaf stalks extract of second most popular daily consummation Piper betle. The result shows no toxicity in item in Asia, which contribute the best oral all metabolically active tissue of mice and hygiene to oral cavity35. interestingly, the contraceptive efficacy emphasized reversible fertility after Antioxidant activity withdrawal of treatment38. Oxidative damage is an important effect of ionizing radiation on biological Neuropharmacological profile membranes. It is a chain reaction of free Hydroalcoholic extract of betel radicals generated from the radiolytic leaves exhibited improvement in the decomposition of water can attack fatty acid discrimination index, potentiating the chains of membrane lipid. Presence haloperidol induced catalepsy, reduction in polyphenols compounds like chatecol, basal as well as induced allylpyrocatecol in betel leaf extract increased locomotors activity and delay in inhibited the radiation induced lipid sodium nitrite induced respiratory arrest. peroxidation process effectively. This could These results recommend promising be attributed to its ability to scavenge free facilitation of cholinergic spread and radicals involved in initiation and hanging-up of dopaminergic as well as nor propagation steps36. adrenergic transmission by the extract39,40.

Anti-allergic activity Pro-apoptotic Effect / Anti-Leishmaniasis The inhibitory effects of Piper betel In a comparative in vitro anti- on production of allergic mediators by bone leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts marrow derived mast cells and lung from two landraces of Piper betel. The epithelial cells were studied. The effects of efficacy mediated through apoptosis is Piper betel ethanolic extract on the probably due to higher content of eugenol. production of histamine and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Cholinomimetic effect (GMCSF) by murine bone marrow mast Betel leaf rise in body temperature cells (BMMCs) and on the secretion of due to cholinergic responses. The leaves exotoxin and IL-8 by the human lung contain cholinomimetic and possible epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, were calcium channel antagonist constituents investigated in vitro. The extracts which may provide the basis for several significantly decreased histamine and GM- activities shown by this plant. CSF produced by an IgEmediated hypersensitivity reaction, and inhibited Hepato-protective activity exotoxin and IL-8 secretion in a TNF-αand The examination showed that the IL-4-induced allergic reaction. The results betel leaf extract protected liver from the suggest that Piper betel may control of damage induced by CCl4 by decreasing allergic diseases through inhibition of alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-sma) production of allergic mediators37. expression, inducing active matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP2) expression

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through the Ras/Erkpathway, and inhibiting Anti-inflammatory activity TIMP2 level that consequently attenuated Piper betel was evaluated for acute the fibrosis of liver. These findings support a and chronic anti-inflammatory study at a chemo preventive potential of betel leaf dose of 300 mg/kg leaf powder. Diclofenac against liver fibrosis. sodium was used as the standard . Carrageenan and dextran models were Anticoagulant Activity studied for acute inflammation while cotton The in vitro anticoagulant activity of pellet induced granuloma was used for Piper betel compound was obtained by the chronic inflammation study43. column chromatography was studied. It has been found that the phenolic compound Radioprotective activity present in the piper betel was responsible for Mammalian system if exposed to the anticoagulant activity41. radiation can cause damaging effects leading to cell death and an increased risk of Antiulcerogenic activity degenerative diseases. Recently the Pretreatment of an ethanolic extract radioprotective property of ethanolic extract of leaf of Piper betel Linn at a dose of of Piper betel leaves was studied as 200mg/kg body weight, orally administered alternative low cost preventive medicine to to rats for ten consecutive days, was found synthetic radio protectants which are to posseses a significant protective action reported to be toxic. The capacity of the against gastric lesions induced by extract in preventing g-ray induced lipid indomethacin. The extract was also found to peroxidation and DNA damage in rat liver possess both superoxide and hydroxyl free mitochondria were accessed and evaluated radical scavenging action. Further to establish the mechanism of its investigation showed the protective activity Radioprotective action. It suggests that the of allyl pyrocatechol (APC), which is the has a great potential not only it is cheap major antioxidant constituent of Piper betel but also easily accessible natural against the indomethacin-induced stomach radioprotectant to the common people. ulceration in the rat model. It was found that the excellent healing activity of ethanolic Cytotoxicity / Anticancer Potential extract of Piper betel play a major role of Study evaluated an aqueous extract mucin protection and regeneration in the of leaves to cytotoxicity studies on Hep-2 healing of non-steriodal anti-inflammatory cell line. The mean CTC50 was 96.25 ug/ml mediated stomach ulceration30. suggesting potent cytotoxicity and probable anticancer property44. Anti-Photosensitizer Inhibitory property of the Piper betel Medicinal Applications9,45,46,6,47,48 phenolics against photosensitization-induced 1. The paste of Piper betel leaves assorted biological damages: PB phenolics, with and hot water able to be allylpyrocatechol (APC) may play a role in administering for filariasis. protecting biological systems against 2. For curing obesity, one Piper betel leaf damage by eliminating O2 generated from mix with Piper nigrum is prescribed for certain endogenous photo sensitizers42. two months. 3. Juice of Piper betel with is accommodating to treat coughs,

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dyspnoea, and in indigestion, amongst 19. On applied locally Piper betel leaves are children. valuable in the treatment of swelling 4. Leaves of Piper betel smeared with oil such as arthritis and orchitis i.e. are useful on the breast of lactating inflammation of the testes. women; it is supposed to promote milk 20. Piper betel leaves also shows analgesic secretion. and cooling properties. 5. A local application is recommended for 21. It is also a priceless remedy for boils. A inflammatory swelling such as orchitis, leaf is lightly warmed till it gets soft, and arthritis and mastitis. then coated with a layer of castor oil. 6. For childhood and old people, leaves are The oiled leaf is placed over the mixed with mustard oil, warmed and are inflammation. apply to the chest for treatment to reduce 22. A hot poultice of the leaves or their cough and dyspnoea. extract mixed with some bland oil as 7. Recovers bad breath, body odor and refined coconut oil which can be applied prevent tooth decay. to the loins with beneficial results in 8. Prevents and treats vaginal infection and lumbago. reduce itching of the vagina. 23. The leaves can also be used to heal 9. Stop bleeding in the nose. wounds. The juice of the leaves should 10. It contains vitamins such as thiamine, be extracted and applied locally to the niacin, riboflavin and carotene. wounds. 11. In India, leaves used for curing eczema, 24. The application of leaves coating with lymphangitis, asthma and rheumatism. oil and said to encourage secretion of 12. Paste of leaves is applied on cuts and milk when applied over the breast during wounds. lactation. 13. Roots with used to generate 25. According to Unani system, these leaves sterility in women. have a sharp taste and good smell which 14. Oil used for irritation in throat, larynx, helps to improve appetite. bronchi, gargle and inhalation in 26. It also used as a tonic for brain, heart and diphtheria. liver. 15. Juice of leaves is used as stomachic and 27. It also helps to promote healthy teeth febrifuge. and skin. 16. Piper betel leaves are advantageous in 28. It helps in procurement of Disorders in pulmonary infection in childhood and physiological function of body, Skin old age. The leaves mixed in mustard oil diseases and several Eye diseases. warmed and applied to the chest to relive 29. Piper betel leaves also contains diuretic cough and intricacy in breathing. property. Juice of leaves given with milk 17. Limited application of the leaves is or honey helps in easing urination. efficient in procuring sore throat. The 30. Piper betel leaves is used in aphrodisiac flattened fruit or should be mixed i.e. an agent that stimulates sexual with honey and used to reduce irritating desire. cough. 31. The essential oils which contains in the 18. Piper betel leaves are helpful for the leaves are antibacterial, antiprotozoal treatment of nervous pain, nervous and antifungal properties. Therefore, the exhaustion and debility. The extract of oil kills or inhibits expansion of few betel leaves, with honey serve up as outrageous bacteria causing typhoid, a good tonic.

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cholera and tuberculosis etc. and helps in uses, betel vine is arguably the most proper evaluation and exploitation. maligned plant whose regular consumption 32. The leaves are nutritive and hold is believed to cause cancer of the oral cavity. considerable quantity of vitamins and This infamous accreditation is principally minerals and therefore, six leaves with a due to the fact that habitual chewing of betel small bit of slaked lime are said to be quid consisting of areca nut or betel nut equivalent about 300 ml of cow milk (Areca ), betel leaf, catechu, slaked mainly for the vitamin and mineral lime and often (Nicotiana tabacum) nutrition. causes cancer of the oral cavity. However contrary to the accepted belief, scientific Side Effects of Piper betel when consumed studies have shown that betel leaf is devoid with areca nut, catechu, slaked lime, and of mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. tobacco Pioneering studies reported for the first time Oral cancer is one of the most that aqueous extract of betel leaf failed to common non communicable diseases induce any tumor in mice in both Swiss worldwide with an estimated increase of mice and C17 mice thereby proving that 275,000 new cases each year49. Oral cancer unlike believed betel leaf was not is the term used for cancers that form in carcinogenic. Subsequent studies by have tissues of the oral cavity or the on pharynx50. conclusively shown that the betel leaf and These along with other head and neck some of its phytochemicals also prevented cancers are the sixth most prevalent type of chemical induced cancers in experimental cancer in the world 51, 52 and one of the animals60,61. Subsequent studies have shown leading causes of death in developing that betel leaf was effective in preventing countries53,54. One of the major risk factors tobacco-specific nitrosamines the N’- associated with the high prevalence of head nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methyl and neck cancer and oral potentially nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone- malignant diseases in this region is induced carcinogenesis of tongues against smokeless tobacco55. It is estimated that the lower dose of the N’- over 90% of the global nitrosonornicotine. Experiments with Syrian use burden is in South East Asia56; around hamsters have also shown that the betel-leaf 100 million people use smokeless tobacco in extract and two of its constituents, β- India and Pakistan alone. SLT is used in carotene and α-tocopherol were also many forms varying from observed to be effective in inhibiting the not mixed with any other ingredient to a decreasing the incidence, reducing tumor mixture of tobacco with other ingredients burden, enhancing tumor latency period and such as in betel quid, areca nut with tobacco, to regress the established frank tumors. The Naswar, paan-masala with tobacco57. combination of betel leaf extract with Smokeless tobacco contains around 28 turmeric was also observed to be effective known . These include the suggesting a cooperative effect between the nonvolatile -derived tobacco- two dietary agents62,63. It's also proven in specific N-nitrosamine and N-nitrosamino many studies that long time consumption of acids as the major group while volatile betel quid and the other ingredients tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile consumed by Piper betel leaves can cause aldehydes, and some poly nuclear agents oral mucosa changed which lead to oral have also been shown to be present in cancer64. smokeless tobacco58,59. Irrespective of the

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DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT Piper betel plant is rich sources of The authors are thankful to Prof. various nutrients as well as ample amount of Aditya Shastri Vice-chancellor, Banasthali phytochemicals and antioxidants found in it. Vidhyapith, Rajasthan, India and our The studies we complied up here show its department of Home Science for providing different properties to cure different- us lab facilities and financial assistance. different disease like anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-amoebic, antigiardial, REFERENCES anti-inflammatory, mosquito larvicidal, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anti- 1. Ghosh R., Darin K., Nath P. and Panchali. An ulcerogenic, radioprotective, antileish- overview of various piper species for their biological activities. International Journal of manial, antifungal activity. As well as it also Pharma Research & Review. 2014; 3(1): 67- cure bad breath, boils and abscesses, 75. conjunctivitis, constipation, headache, 2. Guha P. Betel leaf: The neglected green gold hysteria, itches, mastitis, mastoiditis, of India. J. Hum. Ecol. 2006; 19: 87-93. leucorrhoea, otorrhoea, ringworm, swelling 3. Shukla R., Sachan S., Mishra A. and Kumar of gum, rheumatism, abrasion and cuts. It all S. A scientific review on commonly chewing possible due to presence of hydroxychavicol plants of Asians: Piper betel Linn. Journal of acetate, allylpyrocatechol piperbetol, Harmonized Research in Pharmacy. 2015; isoeugenol, anethole, stearic acid, methyl 4(1): 1-10. eugenol, carvacrol, polyphenol, alkaloids, 4. Prakash U.N.K., Smila K.H., Priyanka J.D., saponin, tannin and steroids in it. Studies Srinithya B. and Sripriya N. Studies on phytochemistry and bioefficancy of cultivars also proven that Piper betel leaves have anti of Piper Betle Linn. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. carcinogenic properties so the cause of oral 2014; 5 (2): 94-98. cancer is not the betel leaves it actually due 5. Periyanayagam K, Jagadeesan M., Kavimani to the other carcinogenic containing S and Vetriselvan T. Pharmacognostical and ingredients. phytophysicochemical profile of the leaves of Piper betel L. var pachaikodi (Piperaceae)- CONCLUSION valuable assessment of its quality. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. Piper betel is very known to 2012; 2(2): S506- S510. worldwide and consumed frequently as 6. Bhalerao1 S.A., Verma D.R., Gavankar R.V., mouth freshener. These leaves are rich in Teli N.C., Rane Y.Y., Didwana V.S. and nutrients, antioxidant, phytochemical and in Trikannad A. Phytochemistry, many nutraceuticals properties but these are pharmacological profile and therapeutic uses known to few people not to everyone. of Piper betle linn. – an overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013; Removing the betel quid, areca nut, tobacco 1(2): 10-19. and other ingredients from the ‘Paan’ and 7. Lakshmi B.S. and Naidu K.C. Comparative having the leave with cardamom we can morphoanatomy of Piper betel L. cultivars in increase its beneficial part and reduce the India. Annals of Biological Research. 2010; side effects of it. Paper focuses on the 1(2): 128-134. beneficiary part of Piper betel plants. It is a 8. Sugumaran M., Poornima M., Venkatraman traditionally used plant since antiquities as S., Lakshmi M. and Sethuvani S. Chemical medicinally useful plant. So, we have to composition and antimicrobial activity of keep it using for curing diseases. sirugamani variety of Piper betel Linn leaf oil. J. Pharm. Res. 2011; 4(10): 3424-3426.

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allylpyrocatechol against 40. Vyawahare N.S. and Bodhankar S.L. indomethacininduced stomach ulceration and Neuropharmacological profile of Piper betel mechanism of action. World J. Gastroenterol. leaves extract in mice. Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 13(27): 3705-3713. 2007; 2:146-162. 31. Kanjwani D.G., Marathe T.P., Chiplunkar 41. Jesonbabu J., Spandana N. and Lakshmi K.A. S.V. and Sathaye S.S. Evaluation of In vitro antimicrobial potentialities of immunomodulatory activity of methanolic chloroform extracts of Ethanomedicinal plant extract of Piper betel. Scand J. Immunol. against clinically isolated human pathogens. 2008; 67(6): 589-93. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2012; 4(3):624- 32. Chang M.C. et al. Hydroxychavicol, a novel 626. betel leaf component, inhibits platelet 42. Samy J., Sugumaran M. and Lee K.L.W. aggregation by suppression of of Malaysia. Federal publication Sdn cyclooxygenase, thromboxane production and Berhad, Malaysia. 2005; 187. calcium mobilization. Br. J. Pharmacol. 43. Vaghasiya Y., Nair R. and Chanda S. 2007; 152:73-82. Investigation of some piper species for 33. Wikipedia.org.Dentalcaries.http://en.wikipedi antibacterial and anti-inflammatory property. a.org/wiki/Dental_caries. 22nd November, International Journal of Pharmacology. 2007; 2012. 3(5): 400-405. 34. Zain N.B.T.M. Differential expression of 44. Dwivedi B.K., Kumar S., Nayak C. and gene of Streptococcus mutans in response to Mehta B.K. Gas chromatography mass treatment with Piper betel aqueous extract-A spectrometry (gcms) analysis of the hexane Research Framework. International and benzeneextracts of the Piper betel (leaf Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and stalk) (Family: Piperaceae) from India. J. Bioinformatics. 2011; 5: 467-469. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4(21): 2252-2255. 35. Bissa S., Songara D. and Bohra A. Traditions 45. HealthBenefits.http://healthtipssastha.blogspo in oral hygiene: chewing of betel (Piper betel t.in/2013/01/healthbenefits-of-betel- L.) leaves. Current Science. 2007; 92(1): 26- leaves.html 22 Oct, 2014. 28. 46. Abbas M.A., Taha M.O., Zihlif M.A. and Disi 36. Verma S., Gupta M.L., Dutta A., Sankhwar A.M. b- Caryophyllene causes regression of S., Shukla S.K. and Flora S.J. Modulation of endometrial implants in a rat model of ionizing radiation induced oxidative endometriosis without affecting fertility. imbalance by semi-fractionated extract of European Journal of Pharmacology. 2013; Piper betel: an in vitro and in vivo 702: 12-19. assessment. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2010; 47. Pradhan D., Suri K.A., Pradhan D.K. and 3(1):44-52. Biswasroy P. Golden Heart of the Nature: 37. Wirotesangthong M., Inagaki N., Tanaka H., Piper betel L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Thanakijcharoenpatha W. and Nagai H. Phytochemistry. 2013; 1(6):147-167. Inhibitory effects of Piper betel on production 48. Gertsch J., Leonti M., Randuner, Jian-Zhong of allergic mediators by bone marrow derived C., Xie Xiang- Qun, Karl-Heinz A., Meliha mast cells and lung epithelial cells. K. and Zimmer A. Betacaryophyllene is a International Immunopharmacology. 2008; dietary . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 8(3): 453-457. 2008; 105(26): 9099-9104. 38. Sharma J.D., Sharma L. and Yadav P. 49. Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of Antifertility efficacy of Piper betel Linn. oral and . Oral () on female albino rats. Asian J. Exp. Oncology. 2009; 45 (4-5): 309-316. Sci. 2007; 21(1): 145-150. 50. Upreti D., Pathak A. and Kung S.K. Lentiviral 39. Razak F.A. and Rahim Z.H.A. The anti- vector-based therapy in . adherence effect of Piper betel And Psidium Oncology Letters. 2014; 7(1): 3-9. guajava extracts on the adhesion of early 51. Oral Cancer Home Page—National Cancer settlers in dental plaque to saliva-coated glass Institute 2014. surfaces. J. Oral. Sci. 2003; 45(4):201-206.

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52. Ma J., Liu Y., Yang X., Zhang C.P., Zhang tobacco and some tobacco-specific Z.Y. and Zhong LP. Induction chemotherapy nnitrosamines. IARC Monographs on the in patients with resectable head and neck Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human. squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. 2007: 89. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2013; 60. Rai M.P., Thilakchand K.R., Palatty P.L. Rao 11. P., Rao S., Bhat H.P. and Baliga M.S. Piper 53. Ali R. and Finlayson A. Building capacity for betel Linn (Betel Vine), the maligned clinical research in developing countries: the Southeast Asian medicinal plant possesses INDOX cancer research network experience. cancer preventive effects: time to reconsider Global Health Action. 2012; 5-10. the wronged opinion. Asian Pacific Journal of 54. Chowdhury I., Amin R. and Binzaid S. Cancer Prevention. 2011; 12: 2149-2156. Optimal control on environments for 61. World Cancer Research Fund / American improving the Piper betel (paan) growth. Life Institute for Cancer Research. Food, sciences Leaflets. 2010; 60(17): 605-615. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the 55. Gupta P.C. and Ray C.S. Smokeless tobacco Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. and health in India and . Washington DC: AICR. 2007. Respirology. 2003; 8(4): 419-431. 62. Guha N., Warnakulasuriya S., Vlaanderen J. 56. SEARO. 90% of smokeless tobacco users live and Straif K. Betel quid chewing and the risk in South-. of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta- http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/release analysis with implications for cancer control. s/ 2013/pr1563/en/. 2013. International Journal of Cancer. 2013. 57. Bhawna G. Burden of smoked and smokeless 63. Khan Z., Justus Tönnies J. and Müller S. tobacco consumption in India—results from Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in south the global adult tobacco survey India (GATS- asia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. India) 2009–2010. Asian Pacific Journal of Journal of Cancer Epidemiology. 2014; 1-11. Cancer Prevention. 2013; 14(5): 3323-3329. 64. Adhikari A. and Madhusnata De. Association 58. Boffetta P., Hecht S., Gray N., Gupta P. and of cytochrome P450 with cancer induced by Straif K. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. The betel quid (BQ): a review. American Journal Lancet Oncology. 2008; 9(7): 667-675. of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 59. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of 2015; 2(1): 081-094. Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Smokeless

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Table 1. Classification of Piper betel

Classification Kingdom Planate Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Family Piperaceae Genus Piper Species Betel

Table 2: Name of Piper betel in Various Languages

Indian Languages Names Nagavalli, Nagavallari, Nagini Hindi, Bengal, Gujraji, Paan Urdu Vilya, Veeleya, Villayadel Konkani Phodi Kannada paan Vettila, Vettilakkoti Marathi Vidyache pan Tamil Vetrilai Telugu Tamalapaku Other Asian Languages Vietnamese Tråu Arabic Tanbol Mon Plu Khmer Maluu Thai Plue Sinhalese Bulath Persian Burg-e-Tanbol Chamorro Papulu Malay Daun sirih Kapampangan Bulung samat

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Table 3: Nutritional composition of fresh Piper betel leaf1,11

S. No. Constituents Approximate composition 1 Energy 44 kcal/100 g 2 Water 85-90% 3 Protein 3-3.5% 4 Fat 0.4-1.0% 5 Minerals 2.3-3.3% 6 Fiber 2.3% 7 Carbohydrate 0.5-6.10% 9 Nicotinic acid 0.63-0.89 mg/100g 10 Vitamin C 0.005-0.01% 11 Vitamin A 1.9-2.9 mg/100g 12 Thiamine 10-70 μg/100g 13 Riboflavin 1.9-30 μg/100g 15 Nitrogen 2.0-7.0% 16 Phosphorus 0.05-0.6% 17 Potassium 1.1-4.6% 18 Calcium 0.2-0.5% 19 Iron 0.005-0.007% 20 Iodine 3.4 μg/100g 21 Essential Oil 0.08 - 0.2%

Figure 1: Picture of betel leaves and areca nuts, saffron, clove.

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