Various Terminologies Associated with Areca Nut and Tobacco Chewing: a Review
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Calophyllum Inophyllum L
Calophyllum inophyllum L. Guttiferae poon, beach calophyllum LOCAL NAMES Bengali (sultanachampa,punnang,kathchampa); Burmese (ph’ông,ponnyet); English (oil nut tree,beauty leaf,Borneo mahogany,dilo oil tree,alexandrian laurel); Filipino (bitaog,palo maria); Hindi (surpunka,pinnai,undi,surpan,sultanachampa,polanga); Javanese (njamplung); Malay (bentagor bunga,penaga pudek,pegana laut); Sanskrit (punnaga,nagachampa); Sinhala (domba); Swahili (mtondoo,mtomondo); Tamil (punnai,punnagam,pinnay); Thai (saraphee neen,naowakan,krathing); Trade name (poon,beach calophyllum); Vietnamese (c[aa]y m[uf]u) Calophyllum inophyllum leaves and fruit (Zhou Guangyi) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Calophyllum inophyllum is a medium-sized tree up to 25 m tall, sometimes as large as 35 m, with sticky latex either clear or opaque and white, cream or yellow; bole usually twisted or leaning, up to 150 cm in diameter, without buttresses. Outer bark often with characteristic diamond to boat- shaped fissures becoming confluent with age, smooth, often with a yellowish or ochre tint, inner bark usually thick, soft, firm, fibrous and laminated, pink to red, darkening to brownish on exposure. Crown evenly conical to narrowly hemispherical; twigs 4-angled and rounded, with plump terminal buds 4-9 mm long. Shade tree in park (Rafael T. Cadiz) Leaves elliptical, thick, smooth and polished, ovate, obovate or oblong (min. 5.5) 8-20 (max. 23) cm long, rounded to cuneate at base, rounded, retuse or subacute at apex with latex canals that are usually less prominent; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, usually unbranched but occasionally with 3-flowered branches, 5-15 (max. 30)-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual but sometimes functionally unisexual, sweetly scented, with perianth of 8 (max. -
The Miracle Resource Eco-Link
Since 1989 Eco-Link Linking Social, Economic, and Ecological Issues The Miracle Resource Volume 14, Number 1 In the children’s book “The Giving Tree” by Shel Silverstein the main character is shown to beneÞ t in several ways from the generosity of one tree. The tree is a source of recreation, commodities, and solace. In this parable of giving, one is impressed by the wealth that a simple tree has to offer people: shade, food, lumber, comfort. And if we look beyond the wealth of a single tree to the benefits that we derive from entire forests one cannot help but be impressed by the bounty unmatched by any other natural resource in the world. That’s why trees are called the miracle resource. The forest is a factory where trees manufacture wood using energy from the sun, water and nutrients from the soil, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In healthy growing forests, trees produce pure oxygen for us to breathe. Forests also provide clean air and water, wildlife habitat, and recreation opportunities to renew our spirits. Forests, trees, and wood have always been essential to civilization. In ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq), the value of wood was equal to that of precious gems, stones, and metals. In Mycenaean Greece, wood was used to feed the great bronze furnaces that forged Greek culture. Rome’s monetary system was based on silver which required huge quantities of wood to convert ore into metal. For thousands of years, wood has been used for weapons and ships of war. Nations rose and fell based on their use and misuse of the forest resource. -
Nutrient Comparison Chart
NUTRIENT COMPARISON CHART for tree nuts You may know how to measure the perfect one-ounce portion of almonds, but did you know those 23 almonds come packed with nutrients? When compared ounce for ounce, almonds are the tree nut highest in fiber, calcium, vitamin E, riboflavin and niacin, and they are among the lowest in calories. Almonds provide a powerful nutrient package along with tasty crunch to keep you going strong, making them a satisfying snack you can feel good about. The following chart shows how almonds measure up against other tree nuts. BRAZIL MACADAMIA Based on a ALMOND CASHEW HAZELNUT PECAN PISTACHIO WALNUT one-ounce portion1 NUT NUT CALORIES 1602 190 160 180 200 200 160 190 PROTEIN (g) 6 4 4 4 2 3 6 4 TOTAL FAT (g) 14 19 13 17 22 20 13 19 SATURATED FAT (g) 1 4.5 3 1.5 3.5 2 1.5 1.5 POLYUNSATURATED FAT (g) 3.5 7 2 2 0.5 6 4 13 MONOUNSATURATED FAT (g) 9 7 8 13 17 12 7 2.5 CARBOHYDRATES (g) 6 3 9 5 4 4 8 4 DIETARY FIBER (g) 4 2 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2 POTASSIUM (mg) 208 187 160 193 103 116 285 125 MAGNESIUM (mg) 77 107 74 46 33 34 31 45 ZINC (mg) 0.9 1.2 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 VITAMIN B6 (mg) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 FOLATE (mcg) 12 6 20 32 3 6 14 28 RIBOFLAVIN (mg) 0.3 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 NIACIN (mg) 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 VITAMIN E (mg) 7.3 1.6 0.3 4.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.2 CALCIUM (mg) 76 45 13 32 20 20 30 28 IRON (mg) 1.1 0.7 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.8 Source: U.S. -
Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole Kate Cummings Clemson University, [email protected]
Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2012 Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole Kate Cummings Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cummings, Kate, "Sassafras Tea: Using a Traditional Method of Preparation to Reduce the Carcinogenic Compound Safrole" (2012). All Theses. 1345. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1345 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SASSAFRAS TEA: USING A TRADITIONAL METHOD OF PREPARATION TO REDUCE THE CARCINOGENIC COMPOUND SAFROLE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Forest Resources by Kate Cummings May 2012 Accepted by: Patricia Layton, Ph.D., Committee Chair Karen C. Hall, Ph.D Feng Chen, Ph. D. Christina Wells, Ph. D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to quantify the carcinogenic compound safrole in the traditional preparation method of making sassafras tea from the root of Sassafras albidum. The traditional method investigated was typical of preparation by members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and other Appalachian peoples. Sassafras is a tree common to the eastern coast of the United States, especially in the mountainous regions. Historically and continuing until today, roots of the tree are used to prepare fragrant teas and syrups. -
A History of Fruits on the Southeast Asian Mainland
OFFPRINT A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation Cambridge, UK E-mail: [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm Occasional Paper 4 Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past Edited by Toshiki OSADA and Akinori UESUGI Indus Project Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan 2008 ISBN 978-4-902325-33-1 A history of Fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation Cambridge, UK E-mail: [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm ABSTRACT The paper presents an overview of the history of the principal tree fruits grown on the Southeast Asian mainland, making use of data from biogeography, archaeobotany, iconography and linguistics. Many assertions in the literature about the origins of particular species are found to be without empirical basis. In the absence of other data, comparative linguistics is an important source for tracing the spread of some fruits. Contrary to the Pacific, it seems that many of the fruits we now consider characteristic of the region may well have spread in recent times. INTRODUCTION empirical base for Pacific languages is not matched for mainland phyla such as Austroasiatic, Daic, Sino- This study 1) is intended to complement a previous Tibetan or Hmong-Mien, so accounts based purely paper on the history of tree-fruits in island Southeast on Austronesian tend to give a one-sided picture. Asia and the Pacific (Blench 2005). Arboriculture Although occasional detailed accounts of individual is very neglected in comparison to other types of languages exist (e.g. -
UNECE Standard for Pine Nuts (DDP-12)
UNECE STANDARD DDP-12 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of PINE NUT KERNELS 2013 EDITION UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2013 NOTE Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards The commercial quality standards developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards help facilitate international trade, encourage high-quality production, improve profitability and protect consumer interests. UNECE standards are used by Governments, producers, traders, importers and exporters, and other international organizations. They cover a wide range of agricultural products, including fresh fruit and vegetables, dry and dried produce, seed potatoes, meat, cut flowers, eggs and egg products. Any member of the United Nations can participate, on an equal footing, in the activities of the Working Party. For more information on agricultural standards, please visit our website http://www.unece.org/trade/agr/welcome.html. The new Standard for Pine Nut Kernels is based on document ECE/TRADE/C/WP.7/2013/31, reviewed and adopted by the Working Party at its sixty-ninth session. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of company -
IMS Data Reference Tables
IMS REFERENCE DATA – VERSION 1.7 TABLES 1. Substance .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Local Authority ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Drug Action Team (DAT) ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 4. Nationality ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17 5. Ethnicity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22 6. Sexual Orientation ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 7. Religion or Belief .................................................................................................................................................................. 22 8. Employment Status .............................................................................................................................................................. 23 9. Accommodation Status -
|||||||IIIIHIIII US005411733A United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,411,733 Hozumi Et Al
|||||||IIIIHIIII US005411733A United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,411,733 Hozumi et al. 45 Date of Patent: May 2, 1995 54 ANTIVIRAL AGENT CONTAINING CRUDE 2442633 6/1980 France ......................... A61K 35/78 DRUG 2446110 8/1980 France ......................... A61K 37/02 2078753 1/1982 United Kingdom ........ A61K 35/78 76 Inventors: Toyoharu Hozumi, 30-9, 8805304 7/1988 WIPO ......................... A6K 35/78 Toyotamakita 5-chome, Nerima-ku, Tokyo; Takao Matsumoto, 1-31, OTHER PUBLICATIONS Kamiimaizumi 6-chome, Ebina-shi, Ito et al., Antiviral Research, 7, 127-137 (1987). Kanagawa; Haruo Ooyama, 89-203, Hudson, Antiviral Research, 12, 55-74 (1989). Tsurugamine 1-chome, Asahi-ku, Field et al., Antiviral Research, 2, 243-254 (1982). Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa; Tsuneo The Lancet, Mar. 28, 1981, 705–706 “Viruses and Duo Namba, 1-104, 2556-4, dena Ulcer’. Gofukusehiro-cho, Toyama-shi, Sydiskis et al. Antimircrobial Agents and Chemother Toyama; Kimiyasu Shiraki, 2-202, apy, 35(12), 2463-2466 (1991). 2556-4, Gofukusuehiro-cho, Yamamoto et al., Antiviral Research 12, 21-36 (1989). Toyama-shi, Toyama; Masao Tang et al., Antiviral Research, 13, 313-325 (1990). Hattori, 2-203, 2556-4, Fukuchi et al., Antiviral Research, 11, 285-297 (1989). Gofukusuehiro-cho, Toyama-shi, Amoros et al., Antiviral Research, 8, 13–25 (1987). Toyama; Masahiko Kurokawa, 2-101, Shiraki, Intervirology, 29, 235-240 (1988). 2-2, Minamitaikouyama, Takechi et al., Planta Medica, 42, 69-74 (1981). Kosugi-machi, Imizu-gun, Toyama; Nagai et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Shigetoshi Kadota, 2-402, 2556-4, Communications, 163(1), 25-31 (1989). Gofukusuehiro-cho, Toyama-shi, Ono et al., Biomed & Pharmacother, 44, 13-16 (1990). -
For Review Only
International Wound Journal Essential oils and met al ions as alternative antimicrobial agents: A focus on tea tree oil and silver Journal:For International Review Wound Journal Only Manuscript ID IWJ-15-430.R1 Wiley - Manuscript type: Original Article Keywords: Antimicrobial, Silver, Tea Tree Oil, Wound infection The increasing occurrence of hospital infections and the emerging problems posed by antibiotic resistant strains contribute to escalating treatment costs. Infection on the wound site can potentially stall the healing process at the inflammatory stage, leading to the development of acute wounds. Traditional wound treatment regime can no longer cope with the complications posed by antibiotic resistant strains; hence there is a need to explore the use of alternative antimicrobial agents. In recent research, pre- antibiotic compounds, including heavy metal ions and essential oils have been re-investigated for their potential use as effective antimicrobial Abstract: agents. Essential oils have been identified to have potent antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and other beneficial therapeutic properties. Similarly, heavy metal ions have also been used as disinfecting agents due to their broad spectrum activities. Such activities is contributed by reactive properties of the metal cations, which allows the ions to interact with many different intracellular compounds, thereby resulting in the disruption of vital cell function leading to cell death. This review will discuss the potential properties of essential oils and heavy metal ions, in particular tea tree oil and silver ions as alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of wounds. Page 1 of 52 International Wound Journal Abstract The increasing occurrence of hospital acquired infections and the emerging problems posed by antibiotic resistant microbial strains have both contributed to the escalating cost of treatment. -
Virtually Bringing the Nut & Dried Fruit Sector Together
Edition 81. Nº 3 November 2020 INC ONLINE CONFERENCE Virtually Bringing the Nut & Dried Fruit Sector Together p. 57 www.nutfruit.org November 2020 | NUTFRUIT November 2020 | NUTFRUIT Edition 81. Nº 3 November 2020 The INC is the international umbrella organization for the nut and dried fruit industry and the source for information on health, nutrition, statistics, food safety, and international standards and regulations regarding nuts and dried fruits. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Michael Waring - Chairman Business News 9 INC Congress 54 MWT Foods, Australia Ashok Krishen - 1st Vice Chairman 9 Partnership Besana-Importaco 54 Dubai, INC XXXIX World Nut and Dried Olam International Limited, Singapore Fruit Congress Pino Calcagni - 2nd Vice Chairman 10 PepsiCo Targets 100% Renewable Besana Group, Italy Electricity Globally Riccardo Calcagni Besana Group, Italy 11 Danone’s Alpro Celebrates 40 Years INC News 57 Bill Carriere Carriere Family Farms, USA 12 Creamy, Crunchy, Chewy: Introducing 57 INC Online Conference Karsten Dankert Nature Valley Packed, a New Sustained Max Kiene GmbH, Germany Energy Bar 60 INC Academia: The Best Training Program in Roby Danon the Nut and Dried Fruit Industry Voicevale Ltd, UK Cao Derong 62 INC Webinars China Chamber of Commerce, China Gourmet 14 Joan Fortuny Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nuts (BAIN), Spain 63 Trend Research: International Market Giles Hacking 14 Carme Ruscalleda, Barcelona, Spain Opportunities CG Hacking & Sons Limited, UK Mike Hohmann 64 Real Power for Real People: Boost your The Wonderful Company, -
Oysters, Red Chilli & Lime Dressing 4.5Ea Betel Leaf, Smoked Trout, Galangal, Roe 8.5Ea Fried Tumeric & Garlic Marina
Oysters, red chilli & lime dressing 4.5ea Betel leaf, smoked trout, galangal, roe 8.5ea Fried tumeric & garlic marinated Barramundi fish wings, chilli, lime 9.5ea Minced chicken & prawns, pineapple, mandarin, fried shallots, peanuts 14.5 Silken tofu pork dumplings, sweet chilli sauce 14.5 Mr Jones son-in-law eggs, sweet tamarind sauce 14.5 Pumpkin eggnet, caramelized coconut, peanuts, lime, lemongrass 16.5 Chiang Mai larp minced duck, northern herbs, betel leaf 18.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Spicy green papaya salad, coconut rice – mild, hot, Thai hot! 21 Salad of pomelo, ginger, toasted coconut, peanuts, lime, palm sugar caramel 16.5 Thai vegetable & herb salad, sweet & sour sesame dressing 19.5 Stir fried Chinese watercress, garlic, yellow bean 14.5 Stir fried mussels, chilli, lime, peanuts 18.5 Stir fried pork belly, Chinese broccoli, garlic, oyster sauce 26 Stir fried wagyu beef, charred onions, Thai basil, oyster sauce 36 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Caramelized pork, chilli vinegar, star anise 18.5 Chicken broth, shiitake, young coconut, Thai basil 9.5 Thai fried chicken, house made sriracha sauce & plum sauce 26 Whole fish market price fried with a salad of pomelo, chilli, lime, mint Or steamed, young ginger, spring onions, soy Yellow curry of cauliflower, tomato, cucumber relish 24 Penang curry of chicken, peanuts, Thai -
Policy Interventions and Economics of Betel Leaf and Areca Nut
Policy Interventions and Economics Policy Interventions and Economics of Betel Leaf and Areca Nut Use Betel quid and areca nut products are often homemade or manufactured within a network of small locally owned businesses. Lack of product standardization, lack of mass commercialization, and high product diversity make policies especially difficult to implement and enforce (NCI & CDC, 2014). Data on the economics of betel quid and areca nut use and policy interventions to reduce use of these products are limited. Trade Other countries have Areca nut is usually listed as an edible fruit and therefore normally implemented bans, but sold as a food substance in many countries. Foods imported to a on a much smaller scale. non-producing country must meet the general food safety requirements In Papua New Guinea, within that country, but are rarely declined due to the health effects of a ban on betel quid areca nut use (IARC, 2004). Some countries have placed limitations chewing in government on trade in areca nut. In the Marshall Islands it is a crime to import, offices was implemented distribute, or sell areca nut (WHO, 2012). in the late 1970s. In Singapore, spitting in Taxation public was outlawed to indirectly discourage The varied and informal nature of the betel quid and areca nut market the practice of betel Areca nut sachets in Karnataka with warning. presents challenges for effective taxation of products. Tax rates can vary and areca nut chewing Image: By Ask27 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, widely across product categories and across countries and tend to be https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? (IARC, 2004).