The Origins of the Cold War Deciphering Open Access Primary Sources

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Amy Dye-Reeves The origins of the Cold War Deciphering open access primary sources

he surrender of Nazi Germany during World eight different categories. The topical list TWar II combined with the unresolved issues includes: Wartime Documents Looking for within the terms of Yalta agreements sparked the Peace, Conferences on the Peace Settlement, beginnings of the Cold War. The Soviet Union United Nations: Basic Organizations, and began to install totalitarian political ideology in many others. Access: http://avalon.law.yale. Eastern European Countries during the early edu/subject_menus/coldwar.asp. 1940s. The NATO alliances feared the notion • Cold War International History of permanent Communist parties gaining com- Project. The Woodrow Wilson International plete control of both the eastern and western Center for Scholars provides the Cold War democracies, as warranted by continuous Soviet International History Project. The website aggression. The greater concern became the provides full access to historical materi- threat of complete communistic creed. This als from all government-related agencies. article provides topographical primary source The page entitled “Primary Sources on guidance to all researchers on the origins of the Cold War History” allows users to browse Cold War. The column begins with a general based on subject-related historiographical overview and becomes specific in nature (with material, including the Sino Soviet agree- sections pertaining to the Berlin Airlift, Marshall ments. Access: https://www.wilsoncenter. Plan, and Yalta Conference). org/program/cold-war-international-history -project. General sources: Overview • Cold War Museum. This preservation The nature of this current section reflects the website provides a vast timeline from the overall landscape of the origins of the Cold 1940s to 1990s concerning the Cold War. War. This arose from the hostile blocs of the The 1940s-era section provides primary United States and the Soviet Union directly documents from the Czechoslovakia Cop, related to the outcomes of the Second World Marshall Plan, and additional related topics. War. The period of initial investigation be- Access: http://www.coldwar.org/articles/40s gan with 1945 to 1953. This particular sec- /index.asp. tion provides a generalized resources list of • Harvard Project on the Soviet Social Cold War resources. System Online. The Social Systems Online • Avalon Project (Yale University)- Cold War. The Avalon Project at Yale Univer- sity’s Lillian Goldman Law Library provides Amy Dye-Reeves is humanities research and instruction an abbreviated list of Cold War events. A librarian at Murray State University, email: adyereeves@ murraystate.edu link entitled: “Decade of American Foreign

December 2018 621 C&RL News program provides access to digital materials and closed access focusing on the United from the Harvard Soviet Social System. The States Intelligence Assembly.2 Access: http:// repository contains more than “705 transcripts primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/cold conducted from refugees from the USSR dur- -war-intelligence. ing the early years of the Cold War.”1 Access: • Cold War Politics (1945–1991). http://hcl.harvard.edu/collections/hpsss. Provided by the University of San Diego, • National Security Archive. The this site breaks down periodical political National Security Archive supplies a large timeline sections, including Negotiation 1945, quantity of Cold War primary source mate- Demonstrations 1946, and Containment 1947. rial accessible by country listing, including Access: http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th topics of the Soviet Estimate U.S. Analysis of /coldwar0.html. the Soviet Union (1947–91). Access: https:// • Documents Relating to American nsarchive.gwu.edu/. Foreign Policy: The Cold War. This site • Origins of the Cold War. The Harry S. disseminates pre-1945 to 1991 primary docu- Truman Presidential Library and Museum allows mentation for the entirety of the Cold War, users full access to original digital documenta- including a detailed section on the Marshall tion, including the Containment and Marshall Plan. Access: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/ Plan with additional topographic information acad/intrel/coldwar.htm. from the Truman Administration. Access: https:// • Foreign Relations of the Unit- www.trumanlibrary.org/hst/g.htm. ed States. This digital repository fea- • Prelude to McCarthyism: The Mak- tures the Foreign Relation of the United ing of a Blacklist. The National Archives States, including the CIA Analysis of the provides original newspaper sources on the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. Ac- Attorney General’s List of Supervise Organi- cess: https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws zation in connection with McCarthyism. Ac- /declassified.htm. cess: https://www.archives.gov/publications • Ideological Foundations of the /prologue/2006/fall/agloso.html. Cold War–Harry S. Truman Presidential • The Wilson Center Digital Archives- Library and Museum. The focal point of Cold War Origins. This site dispenses a list the collection provides ideology based on of international relations documentation. A U.S. policy towards the Soviet Union. The highlighted resource being the Molotov-Rib- Ideological Foundation of the Cold War sec- bentrop Pact (signed in 1939). The collection tion provides imagery and oral histories to ranges from minute meetings to diary entries help inform users. The documentation spans to military reports. Access: http://digitalarchive. from the years 1945 to 1952. Access: https:// wilsoncenter.org/collection/27/cold-war www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study -origins. _collections/coldwar. • National Security Achieve–Debrief- Government manifestation ing Books. This collection encapsulates documentations national security, foreign policy, military The government manifestation documenta- proceedings, and provides additional topics. tion section provides foreign relation poli- The highlighted material includes The SOLO cies concerning declassified government File: Declassified Documents Detailing the documents. These resources provide users FBI’S Most Valued Secret Agents of the Cold with the opportunity to familiarize them- War. Access: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu selves with origins of the Cold War concern- /NSAEBB/. ing legislative documentation. • Cold War Intelligence. This collection Yalta Conference of “2,360 formally classified United States The conference took place in Crimea in government documents” provides both open February 1945 during the Second World War.

C&RL News December 2018 622 The political leaders included U.S. President including the Economic Hardships in Berlin Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister (1948), Verbal note sent to Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill, and Soviet Union Primer from France, the United Kingdom and the Joseph Stalin discussed the progression of the United States (August 3, 1948), and additional current war and future post world war pos- documentation. Access: https://www.cvce.eu sibilities. The accomplishments included the /en/education/unit-content/-/unit share of Manchuria operations, southern por- /55c09dcc-a9f2-45e9-b240-eaef64452cae tions of Sakhalin, and the charter of Port Ar- /bdcccacc-734a-4742-96d8-9775a0e94bdb thur (presently Lushunkou). /Resources. • Address to Congress on the Yalta • The March Crisis and the Berlin Air- Conference (Franklin D. Roosevelt). lift. Produces primary source documents and This detailed speech from March 1, 1945, information on the intelligence war in Berlin. provided Congress with an update post-Yalta The documents included the Memorandum Conference hearing. Access: https://www. for the President (16 March 1948), Direct presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16591. Soviet Military Action During 1948, and other • Crimea (Yalta) Conference, 1945. forms of evidentiary material. Access: https:// The initial documentation from February 11, www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study 1945. Access: http://www.loc.gov/law//help -of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and /us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000003-1005.pdf. -monographs/on-the-front-lines-of-the-cold -war-documents-on-the-intelligence-war-in Berlin blockade and airlift -berlin-1946-to-1961/art-4.html. This crisis during the Cold War forced the West- ern Powers (United States, United Kingdom, and Marshall Plan France) to abandon the post-World War II hege- This plan created by George C. Marshall mony in the western section of Berlin, thus caus- (Secretary of State, 1947–49) feared com- ing major blockades by air, road, and water communistic expansion during the economic munications during the years of 1948 to 1949. The collapse of the winter months from 1946 to airlift continued for 11 months in western Berlin 1947. Therefore, the plan was designed to until May 1949, when the Soviet Union lifted the provide sustainable economic recovery for initial blockade. all affected personnel. Later, the plan was • Berlin Airlift (Harry S. Truman strictly applied to western Europe (especially Presidential Library). This specific col- western Germany). The action plan was later lection on the Berlin Airlift is broken down validated as a conceptual turning point for monthly and covers the years 1948 to 1952. the U.S. Foreign Aid Programs. The website provides a mixture of support- • George C. Marshall (The Marshall ing materials, including audio recordings Plan). This site outlines the details surround- and oral histories. Access: https://www. ing the Marshall Plan and the Foreign Assis- trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study tance Act of 1948 and provides access to the _collections/berlin_airlift/large. general history of the plan, speeches and oral • Berlin Blockade 1948-1949. This interviews, posters, and films. Access: https:// specialized section of the National Archives www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall website supplies a copy of the Berlin Block- /the-marshall-plan. ade map from the Office of Foreign Affairs, • Marshall Plan Exhibit. Provides providing the outworkings of the Blockade. the original digitalized image of the Mar- Access: https://www.nationalarchives.gov. shall Plan document. Access: https://www. uk/education/coldwar/G4/cs1/cwar.pdf. archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents • Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948– /marshall-plan. May 12, 1949). Provides maps, images, and • Publicizing the Marshall Plan: Re- documents concerning the Berlin Blockade, cords of the U.S. Special Representative

December 2018 623 C&RL News in Europe, 1948-1950. Provides original user population groups with primary docu- documentation for the Records of the US Spe- mentation for issues pertaining to the ori- cial Representative in Europe during 1948-50. gins of the Cold War. Each section provided The Economic Cooperation Administration a unique insight into natural security, foreign oversaw the Marshall Plan’s technical and policy, and military proceedings. The sections economic aspects of the detailed document. provide users with a variety of primary source Access: https://www.archives.gov/publica- material, including original documentation, tions/record/1998/09/marshall-plan.html. oral histories, and many other forms of topical • Truman and the Marshall Plan. correspondence for future investigation. From the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, this site furnishes direct correspon- Notes dence documentation from 1946 to 1954. 1. The Harvard Project on the Soviet The correspondence included individuals, Social System Online—Harvard College such as Charles Kindleberger and Mike Man- Library,” Harvard Project on Soviet Social sfield. Access: https://www.trumanlibrary. System Online, accessed June 8, 2018, http:// org/whistlestop/study_collections/marshall/ hcl.harvard.edu/collections/hpsss/. large/index.php. 2. “Cold War Intelligence,” BrillOnline Pri- mary Sources, accessed June 08, 2018, http:// Conclusion primarysources.brillonline.com/browse The aim of this article is to provide unique /cold-war-intelligence.

(“Librarian sabbaticals,” continues from page 609) with their faculty about their teaching and Notes research face-to-face when they can. For my 1. Molly R. Flaspohler, “Librarian Sabbati- part, I feel much more confident now asking cal Leaves: Do We Need to Get out More?,” a faculty counterpart to describe their research Journal of Academic Librarianship 35, no. and to point out where the library could 2 (2009): 152-61 152-61; David Fox, “The perhaps be useful. I recognize from my own Scholarship of Canadian Research Univer- experience where I struggled and how little sity Librarians,” Partnership: The Canadian things like having articles I needed available Journal of Library & Information Practice & and organized was a huge help when it came Research 2, no. 2, https://journal.lib.uoguelph. to getting started. ca/index.php/perj/article/view/305/562# .Wk-KA7BG270. Conclusion 2. Tamara Weintraub, “Sabbatical in Para- For me, a sabbatical provided a much-need- dise,” Community & Junior College Libraries ed midcareer pause that I found refreshing 14, no. 3 (2008): 153-60 153-60. and rejuvenating. In addition, the project I 3. Anna Marie Johnson, “Connections, completed will have long-lasting benefits for Conversations, and Visibility: How the Work my library and my department. If you are still of Academic Reference and Liaison Librarians unconvinced, a good overview of the types is Evolving,” Reference and User Services of projects, additional advice from those who Quarterly, [accepted]. have taken sabbaticals, and other benefits, is 4. Cal Newport, Deep Work: Rules for “Exploring the Sabbatical and Other Leave as Focused Success in a Distracted World, a Means of Energizing a Career” by Marlis First edition. ed. (New York: Grand Central Hubbard.5 If you are fortunate enough to be Publishing). at an institution that supports and encour- 5. Marlis Hubbard, “Exploring the Sabbatical ages librarians to take sabbatical, what are or Other Leave as a Means of Energizing a Career,” you waiting for? Library Trends 50, no. 4 (2002): 603-13.

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