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The Far East Agreements of the Yalta Conference of February 4-11, 1945, and the Sino-Soviet Agreements of August, 1945

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The Far East Agreements of the Yalta Conference of February 4-11, 1945, and the Sino-Soviet Agreements of August, 1945 Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 4-1-1969 The Far East agreements of the Yalta Conference of February 4-11, 1945, and the Sino-Soviet agreements of August, 1945 Robert Harold Davidson Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Davidson, Robert Harold, "The Far East agreements of the Yalta Conference of February 4-11, 1945, and the Sino-Soviet agreements of August, 1945" (1969). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 700. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.700 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Title 1 ween .' - • 1 • _ held. fro~. 2 the, United States, were concluded in the nationAl self-lnter- est 'of ·the 'United States for'reasons thought necedsary at the \ ! II ,t1meo The major!tyof the information ill this paper \'111S ob­ ta.ined t'rom United States Government documents and rll~st-hand aocounts by men who took part in, or observed at, meetings and conferences that'dealt with the issues being discussed. Reed Co11ege' documents ,library supplleg., ,the greater ·bulk of the, ma- ... ~rlal.t with add1tlonalmaterlals being obta1.ned at Portla.l1d State Unlverslty11brary and Multnom~~ Co~~ty library. All other 1nformation was obtained on order through the off1ce3 of Portland State University i1brary from various l1b~eries' throughout the Pacific Northwest. A baekgro~~d and history or the issues are presented to give the reader the proper perspective befo~e the issues ere discussed. Strategic positions and co~11t1ons or Wo~ld'war II. both pr10r to and after the Yalta Conference' ~re pr:?sented to glve the reader a further kno''lledge' of the condi tlo~s s"".'rl"ound:- 1ng the issues disoussed. !he aotual negotiations involving the Far East Ag=~ements and the S1no-Sovtet agracm~nts are dis­ cussed in greate=- dctsl1. Certain of the conosssions regarding China agreed upon by the United States at the Yalta Conferenoe were thought nec- .essary "at the' time. Though 1t was known tha.t these con~esslons were ma.de at the expense of China. the concltlslons dXaw'n in this paper wl1~ sho";.;rthat the Far East A.gree;n.el1ts "Tere. a cOlnpro:nise of the contlnutng viability of the great powers, pend1ng the final def~at of Japan,· end not s compromise of principles on the part of. the Un1 ted States, as believed. by many historians and critics. In the late 1940's, and early 1950's, after the Chi­ nese CO~Illlmists 9.ssumed· the pred.Otulrlsnt pas!tion 1nChi:i:1-a. these egreement8came under heavy attaCk and er1t1c1~~ from ·m~ sources, inoluding a Senate Committee on Forelsa Affa1rs~ ~a1s paper will show that much of the critioism ~ndm~~y ·or the critics ",.lere oompletely un.,ustlfled1n their beliefs. in that they fsiled to look at the complete p1eture end benefit'?'d gl~atly from hlnds1~lt. The Far Ee.st P.g"l.~eeIilel1ts l'lere not £; r~.di,;al Rh1ft in Amer1ot~n Chine po11oy~ They were not a rgdi.:~~~l er..~21ge in trad1.tlonal }..mer1c~_"1 policy. '!hey were tl~o1..t.e~ht n€:~essa.ry ior both m.1.11tar"".r and po11tica.l reasons It These agreements were a carefully worked out plan to accc~~!.1~~1~ three gosls: (1) to insure the SO·v"1et participation 1n the Pacifio Wa.r at the oarliest possible de. te; (2) to bl'1ng abo\.1t tile best ·possible cooperAtion be~leen the Sov1.et Union 8.nd the Nation" &list Goverr~ant of Chins; and (J) to· limit Soviet exp~ns1on in Ch1na and prevent China from being divided ~~d torn apart atter the war. With the conclUs~on of the Sino-Soviet nego­ tiations in August of 194.5, it waS thoug.."lt that these three goals had been aocomplished. THE FAR EAST AGREEMENTS OF THE- YALTA CONFERENCE OF FEBRUARY 4-11, 1945» AND by Robert Harold Davidson, Jr. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree o~ MASTER OF SCIENCE in. TEACHING Portland State University 1969 £&2 _ anU1Wiii4i&zaa Z&lWSiA&1Z a £ _CAW aM asJlJ&Mfi TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES: The members of the. Committee approve the thesis of Robert Harold Davidson, Jr. presented April 11, 1969. Charles M. White, Chairman Bernard V. Burke ph A. Smith .• No ris .. APPROVED: Sci~nce April 17, 1969 ----------------_._~-_.. _._--- r' i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND 1 Early Sino-Soviet Relations 1 'Early Russian Japanese Relations 7 Russian Attempts to Expand 7 Japan and the Russo-Japanese War 15 Russo-Japanese Reconciliation 19 Effect of World War I in the Far East 22 The Soviet Union and the Far East 26 Japan in China 27 II. STRATEGIC CIRCUMSTANCES AS OF FEBRUARY 1945 32 The Soviet Union in Europe 32 The Allied Powers in Western Europe 3S Military Strength 38 The Atomic Bomb 40 Declaration on Liberated Europe 41 Soviet Attempts to Stay Out of the War 42 China 43 The Allied Advance in the Pacific SO Future Operations 52 tv 'CHAPTER PAGE 111 THE FAR EAST AGREEMENTS ss American Tradition and Policy ss Japanese Strength and the Need for the· Soviet Union 62 Far East Negotiations and Agreements 68 Influencing Factors and Considerations 76 IV SINO-SOVIET NEGarIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS 86 Sino-Soviet Opening Negotiations 86 Final Negotiations and Agreements 93 The Role of the United States in the Sino-Soviet Negotiations 103 The Soviet Union and International Law 112 v THE MONTHS BETWEEN: FEBRUARY 11 TO AUGUST 14 t 1945 116 The End of the War in Europe 116 The War in the Pacific 118 Japanese Attempts to Negotiate Peace 120 The End of the War in the Pacific 128 VI COOCLUSION 132 The Yalta Far East Agreements and the Sino-Soviet Agreements 132 Reaction to the Sino-Soviet Agreements 144 . Yalta Commitments and American Policy 145 The Soviet Union a~d the War Against Japan 149 Summary 153 FOorNOIES 163 BIBLIOGRAPHY 188 "zw In6 - &J&Z ·CHAPTER I BACKGROUND In studying the Far East Agreements of the Yalta Conference, of February 4-11, 1945, it is both vital and necessary to have an under- standing of the history, and a "background of events and agreements I leading up to this conference, 8S primarily concerns China, Japan, and the Soviet Union. Early Sino-Russian Relations Sino-Russian relations officially ,date from 1689. In that year China signed an agreement with Russia, the first ever between that country and a European power. The object of this treaty, concluded September 9, 1689, was clearly stated 1n the preamble: To repress the insolence of certain rovers, who, passing beyond . the bounds of their lands to hunt, robbed, murdered and committed other outrages ; as a Iso for setting the bounds of the two countries "of China and Russia, and in $yort, to establish an everlasting peace and good understanding. "" . The bounds of the two countries were "demarcated by the river Kerbechi and the long chain of mountains below the source of the Kerbechi, extending as far as the Eastern Sea. All the rivers and banks, great or small,. on the southern side of those Qlountains, as well as all the lands and countries from the top of those mountains southward, were stipulated .s"belonging to the Empire of China, and all the lands, countries, rivers, and brooks on the other side of the mountains extending north- ward were stipulated as remaining the possession of the Empire of Russia. sa :==&2 _. .www dziaazz " £ 2 The territory lying between the said chain of mountains and the river Udi was undecided~ but was to be settled by ambassadors specially designated for the purpose by letters when further detdils were avail- .. 2 able. The other important articles of the treaty provided that the fortress of Yaksa was to be completely demolished, that the hunters of the respective empires were not, upon any account whatsoever, to pass beyond the bounds settled above, that neither side was to receive any fugitive or deserter, that persons with proper passports should be suffered to come and go from the territories subject to either empire I into those of the other and to buy and sell whatever they should think fit and to carryon a mutual trade, and finally that bygones were to be b.ygones and that everything that' had passed before; of what nature 3 soever it may have been, was to be buried in everlasting oblivion. This treaty. known 8S the Treaty of Nertchinsk, while not as precise in language as it could have been, marked the beginning of a period of 170 years of peace on the Siberian-Manchurian border. Thirty-eight years later Empress Catherine of Russia sent Count Sava Vladeslavich to Peking. Her embassy was the most successful and . 4 fruitful of all up to that t1.me. Prior to this, embassies were either not allowed to enter China or not granted an audience by the Emperor of China. The result of Count Vladeslavich's work was the Treaty of lCiakhta, of August 27, 1727, which re~ained in force until June, 1858, one of the longest-lived treaties in the history of the world. This treaty fixed the boundary line between Mongolia and Siberia from the Saian Mountains and Sapintabkhainin the west to the Argun River in the east•.
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