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PICES Sci. Rep. No. 2, 1995

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD vii Part 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE OKHOTSK SEA AND KURIL REGION 3 1.1 Okhotsk Sea water mass modification 3 1.1.1Dense shelf water formation in the northwestern Okhotsk Sea 3 1.1.2Soya Current study 4 1.1.3East Sakhalin Current and anticyclonic Kuril Basin flow 4 1.1.4West Kamchatka Current 5 1.1.5Tides and sea level in the Okhotsk Sea 5 1.2 Influence of Okhotsk Sea waters on the subarctic Pacific and Oyashio 6 1.2.1Kuril Island strait transports (Bussol', Kruzenshtern and shallower straits) 6 1.2.2Kuril region currents: the East Kamchatka Current, the Oyashio and large eddies 7 1.2.3NPIW transport and formation rate in the Mixed Water Region 7 1.3 Sea ice analysis and forecasting 8 2.0 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 9 2.1 Hydrographic observations (bottle and CTD) 9 2.2 Direct current observations in the Okhotsk and Kuril region 11 2.3 Sea level measurements 12 2.4 Sea ice observations 12 2.5 Satellite observations 12 Part 2. REVIEW OF OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE OKHOTSK SEA AND OYASHIO REGION 15 1.0 GEOGRAPHY AND PECULIARITIES OF THE OKHOTSK SEA 16 2.0 SEA ICE IN THE OKHOTSK SEA 17 2.1 Sea ice observations in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.2 Ease of ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.3 Seasonal and interannual variations of sea ice extent 19 2.3.1Gross features of the seasonal variation in the Okhotsk Sea 19 2.3.2Sea ice thickness 19 2.3.3Polynyas and open water 19 2.3.4Interannual variability 20 2.4 Sea ice off the coast of Hokkaido 21 2.4.1Seasonal variations 21 2.4.2Interannual variations 22 2.5 Operational sea ice forecasting 23 nl 3.0 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE OKHOTSK SEA 25 3.1 Oceanographic observations 25 3.2 Circulation in the Okhotsk Sea 27 3.2.1Grossfeaturesof the circulation 27 3.2.2Inflow from the North Pacific Ocean and the West Kamchatka Current 27 3.2.3Currents in the northern Okhotsk Sea 28 3.2.4The East Sakhalin Current 28 3.2.5The Soya Current 29 3.2.6Anticyclonic Kuril Basin gyre and anticyclonic eddies in the southern Okhotsk Sea 29 3.2.7Exchange through the southern passages of the Kuril Islands 30 3.3 Water mass distributions in the Okhotsk Sea 30 3.3.1Gross features of the water mass distribution 30 3.3.2Vertical mixing over banks, shelf edges and narrow passages 32 3.3.3Formation and advection of dense shelf water in the northwestern Okhotsk Sea 33 3.3.4Seasonal variation of the surface and dichothermal layers in the southern Okhotsk Sea 34 3.3.5Water mass modification in the KurilBasin and theinfluence of the Soya Current Water 34 3.3.6Deep water in the Okhotsk Sea 35 3.4 Heat and salinity budgets for the Okhotsk Sea 35 3.5 Tides in the Okhotsk Sea 36 4.0 THE SOYA CURRENT REGION 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Soya Current forcing 37 4.3 Oceanic conditions in the vicinity of Soya Strait 37 4.4 Water masses in the Soya Current region 38 4.5 The Soya Current and its seasonal variations off the western Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido in the warm season 39 4.6 Oceanic conditions off the northwestern Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido in the pack-ice season 41 4.7 TheSoya Current off the eastern Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido 42 4.8 The Structure and variation of the front marking the offshore-side of the Soya Current 43 4.8.1 Cold water belt 43 4.8.2Structure of the Soya Current Front 43 4.8.3Frontal waves and breaking 44 5.0 THE KURIL AND MIXED WATER REGIONS 46 5.1 Introduction 46 5.2 The East Kamchatka Current 47 5.2.1Water characteristics north of Kruzenshtern Strait 47 5.2.2Circulation north of Kruzenshtern Strait 48 5.2.3Circulation between Kruzenshtern Strait and Bussol' Strait: large eddies 50 5.3 The Oyashio 51 iv 5.3.1Water characteristics between Bussol' Strait and southern Hokkaido: origin of the Oyashio Water 51 5.3.2CirculationbetweenBussol' Strait and Hokkaido 52 5.3.3Oyashio circulation off Hokkaido 53 5.3.4Oyashio Water in the Mixed Water Region 54 5.4 Formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water: the role of the Okhotsk Sea and Oyashio 55 TABLES AND FIGURES 58 REFERENCES 158 A. The Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice 158 B. The Oyashio Region and western subarctic North Pacific 174 C. Mixed Water Region 182 D. Russian papers concerning the Okhotsk Sea 192 E. Russian papers, concerning the Oyashio Region and western subarctic North Pacific 202 F. Russian papers concerning the Mixed Water Region 203 APPENDICES (A) 206 Acronyms 206 Addresses of agencies and institutes where Okhotsk Sea/Oyashio data are held 206 Terms of Reference for PICES Working Group 1 207 Members and observers of Working Group 1 207 APPENDICES (B) 208 Translations from Hydrometeorology and Hydrochemistry of the Seas, Vol. 9, Okhotsk Sea. Part 1 - Hydrometeorological conditions. Gidrometeoizdat: Sankt-Petersburg,1993, in press. Luchin, V.A. 1993. Russian hydrographicstudies inthe Okhotsk Sea - historical background 208 Luchin, V.A. 1993. System of currents and peculiarities of temperature distribution in the Okhotsk Sea 211 V FOREWORD This is a final report (1993) of PICES Working Group 1. The objective of the report was to present a review of the importance of the Okhotsk Sea and Oyashio Region on the ventilation of the North Pacific Ocean, such as the formation of the North Pacific intermediate water. This report was written through the efforts of the Working Group 1 members. The Chairman would like to thank all members and others (see Appendix A) for their efforts in developing a good report that provides the Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (POC) with a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the region.I would particularly like to thank Prof. Yutaka Nagata (as co- editor), for his diligent efforts in helping me put together the report. Lynne D. Talley Chairman vii Part 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The northwestern North Pacific is the site takesitsname fromitshighproductivity: of the densest ventilation of the North Pacific parents (oya) current (shio) in Japanese.The Ocean.Ventilation of the oceans is the primary Oyashio waters originate in the Okhotsk Sea and means by which the ocean transports heat, fresh East Kamchatka Current, which is also the source water and surface properties such as dissolved of water for the Okhotsk Sea. However, the high carbon dioxide into the interior of the ocean oxygen and nutrient content of Oyashio and where it is then carried far from its source. The Okhotsk Water isnot apparent in the East North Pacific is the one ocean basin in which Kamchatka Current whose waterisstrongly very deep ventilation does not occur; its deep modified in the Okhotsk Sea before it returns to waters originate in the northern North Atlantic the Oyashio. and around Antarctica and are very old relative to the deep waters of other oceans.However, In this report, we confine our attention to the North Pacificis ventilated to a depth of thephysicaloceanographicaspectsofthe 1,000 to 2,000 in, mainly as a result of dense Okhotsk Sea and Oyashio area. The biological shelf water formation in the northern Okhotsk and chemical aspects of the region should be Sea. Deeper and denser ventilation occurs in the discussed at some point, but will not be reviewed Sea of Japan, but this marginal sea is nearly by this PICES Working Group. completely isolated from the North Pacific, so its ventilation does not have a great effect on the Since two countries border the Okhotsk North Pacific.The ventilated water from the Sea and several other countries are also involved Okhotsk Sea flows out into the North Pacific; in observations, data availability is a central issue while much remainsinthe subarctic North for this important region of the North Pacific. Pacific,a portion flows southward intothe We devote a section to physical oceanographic subtropical region, where the top of this water is observations including as much information as characterized by a salinity minimum.Thus the we couldgather on what data have been northwestern North Pacificis connected to a collected, and what should be available and from much larger scale ocean circulation. whom. A very large amount of work remains to be done to bring all of the unclassified data to a About two-thirds of the Okhotsk Sea is stage where it is of the greatest use. covered with sea ice in winter:ice formation in the OkhotskSea is at avery low latitude for the Because of the new political conditions world ocean.Ice formation in the northwest which have made at least a certain level of shelf region results in deep ventilation and dense international work in the Okhotsk Sea feasible water production. The dense water is believed to and because of the importance of this region to be important in formation of the North Pacific fisheries and climate, a section on recommended Intermediate Water and is the only mechanism observational programs is included. for ventilationof the North Pacificfora considerable density range. A major deficiency in this report and the discussion of this working group is extensive The northern North Pacificisalso a input fromRussianscientists,includinga region of great biological abundance.Fisheries comprehensive bibliography and general acquain- in theBeringSea, Oyashio region and the tance with their large amount of knowledge on Okhotsk Seaare amongthe most productive in the Okhotsk Sea and Kuril region.
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