Development. Newell, J. . The krai The Raions. Ayano-Maisky and remote Okhotsky the in true particularly is This inadequate. is PA coverage todisturbance, sensitive and fragile extremely are whereecosystems part, northern the in network; awell-developed is there half southern developed most quite unevenly. the In distributed are Krai b. voronov, v. sapaev kramnaya, s. antonov, a. m.kryukova, shlotgauer, s. area system Protected Between Khabarovsk. and molsk-on-, Komso- , Solnechny, in Urgal, prevalent dust and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Khabarovsk in benzopyrene and phenols, lead, dioxide, sulfur formaldehyde, , in mercaptan of methyl quantities large with for decades, ing increas- been has pollution Atmospheric excessive. is suburbs, its and of Khabarovsk city the in and , Amursky and Solnechny, Komsomolsky, the in pollution Industrial listed in table 3 table in listed ( copper metals, of heavy concentrations High River. Amur of the polluters worst werethe Raions Amursky of the of the representation at the species level. Nonetheless, 55 good afairly ensuring wereestablished, preserves existing of the whenmost wereconsidered communities zonal regional and of typical presence the and indicators Biodiversity inadequate. are systems territorial of valuable conservation partial or even full ensure to efforts protection environmental Current rate. alarming continue important ecosystems because to be destroyed at an accelerated tobe needs areas protected forming and ing, present5. the lands in the the in lands of protected portion overall monuments.The natural status Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ of: because problem exacerbated The is of water. abundance seeming despite the industry, people and defi awater none) create treat (some wastewater their 40 treat that facilities agricultural and trial zinc ( the remaining eighteen species (or species eighteen remaining the of the areas protected the in included ussr fi PA Of system. existing the notin included are III) and II, fty species of vertebrate land listed in the the in listed animals land of vertebrate species fty 2004. A lack of or inadequate buffer zones. buffer of or inadequate Alack resourc- of mineral quarrying development Intensive and forests. the impair which logging, and Fires fertility. of soil Aloss particular- rivers, smaller in levels low Pollution water and es, primarily construction materials. construction primarily es, exceed levels metal heavy where River, Silinka the and Solnechny (e.g., centers industrial ly near Red Data Book Data Red Russian , and 22 212

mpc rare species of vascular ( plants of vascular species rare McKinleyville, krai 1990 The ), and chloroprene ( and ), 8 percent. But the work of organizing, operat- work of But organizing, the percent. . 1 should reach 9 reach should . The krai . The and 1999 and ’s protected areas, as of January 1 of January as ’s areas, protected Russian —Protected areas (PAs) in in (PAs) areas —Protected has also ratifi also has , industries in Komsomolsky and and Komsomolsky in , industries . 4 2 percent by 2005 percent s, only thirty-two are are thirty-two only s,

mpc 36 percent) can be found found be can percent) krai Far ) were found. Indus- ) werefound. CA: ed fi iucn , although some of , although 130 percent or less of or less percent fty-two

categories I, mpc East: 38 Daniel – percent percent , 1999, , up from , upfrom ). 49 iucn cit for

krai mpc , are are - ), A & Reference Olk ,0 Nklesy 1974 1988 Nikolaevsky 1969 1981 3,800 Okhotsky 37,500 Vyazemsky 53,600 Orlik 1976 1986 Amursky, Nanaisky 80,000 Ozyorny 89,000 Tuguro-Chumikansky 1989 105,000 Birsky Simminsky Okhotsky 1984 1979 240,000 1988 Verkhne-Bureinsky Bobrovy 131,500 Vana Solnechny Dublikansky 326,700 Okhotsky Tuguro-Chumikansky 566,000 1997 515,500 1988 Kharpinsky 1959 Shantarsky 1967 Kava Ulchsky Khabarovsky Zakazniks Regional 100,400 56,000 1973 Vaninsky 143,100 Khekhtsirsky 1969 Udylsky Poliny Osipenko Solnechny 159,700 Tumninsky 275,000 Oldzhikhansky Badzhalsky 1963 1963 Zakazniks Federal Komsomolsky 1997 Amursky, 61,200 Khabarovsky 103,600Nanaisky Bolshekhekhtsirsky44,900 1994 Sovetsko-Gavansky Komsomolsky 267,400 1987 Verkhne-Bureinsky 359,000 Bolonsky 1990 Botchinsky Ayano-Maysky Bureinsky 860,000 Dzhugdzhursky name and Type Krai Khabarovsk in areas Protected 3.1 Table the sea. The small size of the of the size small The sea. the to no outlet has Tatar of Strait the coast on the Zapovednik Botchinsky For example, viability. ecological long-term toprovide together them link would that zones protection water- and corridors, ecological zones, buffer lack Several planned. poorly PAs been have existing of the Many species. of pool gene rare entire of the preservation the ensure PAs donot regional existing the that therefore, conclude, can One habitat. optimal their seldom in are and ranges of their peripheries atthe are populations of Most these occasionally. Source: Daniel. Khabarovsk Committee on Environmental Protection, 1999. Protection, Environmental on Committee Khabarovsk 466

Guide Krai Khabarovsk Size (ha) Raion (ha) Size pages for Conservation s and the proximity proximity the s and Established Established Ⅲ

155 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK chestnut ( 156 otter, of river populations highest some of the contains area The hare. variable and squirrel, Eurasian lynx, Eurasian dog, fox, red raccoon wolverine, , , yellow-throated within the zapovednik the within belts elevation discernible easily two zoneform subalpine the zoneand mountainous forested The Rivers. Dzhaus the and Botchi of the watersheds the and coast the both affected have Fires mountains. and plains of surrounding ecosystems diverse krai of the tip eastern Botchinsky. Bolonsky. Zapovedniks. monitoring. ecosystem in breakdown the to led also has This Bolonsky). Botchinsky, (Dzhugdzhursky, reserves some of in the services enforcement and scientists of staff absence the in resulted has crisis, economic the during fi of residual practice tofi vulnerable ticularly par- them make centers industrial of tolarge some of them devil’s club ( devil’s ( orchid snake-mouth Japanese as such plants include protected and studied tobe species endangered Specifi them. toprotect developed measures strategic and monitored be should animals and of plants species dangered en- and Rare complexes. natural on the effects anthropogenic the and conditions, environmental tothe plants and animals of adaptation the ecosystems, of wetland study the is preserve scientifi promising most The high. very is of species bird on fl amajor is lake the Because area. the and Manchurian wapiti ( ( moose summer, Amur In complex. cal for fi grounds feeding and birds wetland and for aquatic grounds nesting extensive provides habitat This . Amur the in habitat meadow and marsh of concentration largest the has which Bolon Lake, it includes because remarkable is preserve The lake. of the part western south- the includes also reserve The Nanai. the and Amur administrative of two boundary on the is basin, Bolon Lake the in Rivers Simmi and Selgon, Kharpi, of the Pandion haliaeetus osprey (Pandion swan ( stork ( black stork, white Oriental in the krai the in on hold. on staffi present, territory. At explored poorly still this toresearch station cal zapovednik sis falcon ( ptilorhynchus J. ), and hooded crane ( crane hooded and ), Ⅲ 2004. Cygnus cygnus Falco peregrinus Falco THE FAR RUSSIAN THE Trapa natans Trapa , four of which are described here. described are of which , four depends primarily on establishing an ornithologi- an on establishing primarily depends Oplopanax elatus This zapovednik ng is inadequate, and scientifi and inadequate, is ng ), golden eagle ( golden eagle ), There are six six are There This zapovednik McKinleyville, The nancing, which had gained a foothold afoothold gained had which nancing, ), mandarin duck ( duck mandarin ), , protects the Botchi River and the the and River Botchi the , protects include river otter, , mink, otter, river include American ), and various nesting birds, such as as such birds, nesting various and ), res, poaching, and pollution. The The pollution. and poaching, res, ), red-crowned crane ( crane red-crowned ), G. monacha elaphus xanthopygus Russian zapovednik ), Oriental honey-buzzard ( honey-buzzard Oriental ), zapovednik Aquila chrysaetos , situated in the lower reaches lower reaches the in , situated ), species of iris ( of iris species ), sh of the Amur ichthyologi- Amur ofsh the c research activity in the the in activity c research , situated on the very south- very on the , situated Ciconia nigra Ciconia ). The success of the of the success The ). . Fur-bearing animals animals . Fur-bearing s (strict nature reserves) reserves) nature s (strict Pogonia japonica Aix galericulata Aix Alces alces cameloides alces Alces yway, the diversity diversity the yway, c studies so far are are far so c studies Far CA: ), peregrine peregrine ), Grus japonen- Iris ), whooper whooper ), raion ), water water ), East: ) frequent ) frequent Daniel s, the the s, Pernis Pernis ), ), tall ), tall c ) A Protected area needs. area Protected unattainable atgoals present. scientifi insuffi The ecosystems. of the toring fi a include should objectives immediate important most the so tofi susceptible is area The interesting. biogeographically is territory this habitat, of their fringes on the living and distributed sporadically species and of variety alarge and species, broadleaved pine and Korean with forests of spruce-fi ecosystems preserved its With region. Sikhote-Alin the in lynx Eurasian and wolverine, of scientifi number aminimal and personnel zapovednik The serve. abiosphere pre- as recommended tobe ought territory The ridors that permit gene fl the viewpoint, a biogeographical From characteristics. natural own its preserving while basins River and , Selemdzha, the linking nucleus, zapovednik The commonality. genetic their highlighting and territorially them uniting each, of characteristics ecological incorporates reserve the ranges, Bureinsky and Dusse-Alin, Ezop, by formed the abend in ed Situat- of selection. its proven validity the has and creation its justifi fully has Zapovednik Bureinsky adecade, more than ( goral the are animals rare Among rare. of them many plants, Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ established: be should rare species of plants and animals. and of plants species rare locally of genepool the of the preservation the ensure cannot offi an construct The destroyed. been have forests old-growth the extent, a great To altered. been have integrity and interconnections genetic its territory, of the and function and structure natural The landscape. of the fragility extreme of the because disrupted ecosystem the and damaged was region entire the so logged on, hunted fi mined, was area the established, was reserve the Before relief. complex and climate diverse highly Book Red Data in listed been have and or endangered rare are zapovednik this in plants of vascular cies & re prevention and response system and continuous moni- continuous and system response re prevention and Reference Nemorhaedus goral Nemorhaedus To ensure representation of typical and endemic ecosys- endemic and To of typical representation ensure that ecosystems natural between To equilibrium achieve ac- in species of protected To populations stable preserve To biodiversity. the preserve Bureinsky. Dzhugdzhursky. tems under threat of destruction. threat under tems cally disrupted. dramati- been have that those and unaltered relatively are Federation. Russian of the acts tive legisla- and Convention on Biodiversity the with cordance zapovednik Daniel. s at various levels. Biodiversity is high because of the of the because high is Biodiversity levels. s atvarious c researchers, and inadequate fi inadequate and c researchers, This zapovednik has no staff, no scientists, and no funds to no funds and no scientists, no staff, has ce or living quarters. Currently the reserve reserve the Currently quarters. or living ce There are more than four hundred spe- hundred four more than are There 466 ) and peregrine falcon. In existence for existence In falcon. peregrine ) and Protected areas in Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk in areas Protected is currently staffed with enforcement with staffed currently is Guide ow among the animal populations. populations. animal the ow among pages acts as a landscape-ecological alandscape-ecological as acts has 479 has zapovednik for cient staff, absence of absence cient staff, nancing make these these make nancing species of vascular of vascular species , of which twenty twenty , of which r forests and mixed mixed and r forests Conservation c employees. protects cor- protects shed, shed, and res, res, ed and Development. Newell, J. Southern Khabarovsk has Khabarovsk considerable Southern successional from stages, of various of ecosystems array an of PAsthe in system proposed The Bay. toNelis River Tumnin of the delta the from Tatar of the Strait area coastal the and ecosystems River Gur and , Anyui, the are context that in noticeable Clearly plants. and animals both of diversity high with azone form they region the Within forests. mixed and broadleaved of the ecosystems unique the of krai framework cal ecologi- the within balance tomaintain function nuclei that distinctive ecosystems, of key selection the involves territories protected the organizing principle in basic The fauna. and fl of the integrity the ensure can species protected of the 70 preserving that toassume reasonable It appears Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ 2004. To manage the territory for the economic and recreational recreational and economic for the territory To the manage for needed parameters of climatic To stability the ensure specifi - region ve preser To needs of the population. of the needs habitation. human fi , McKinleyville, The sh). Russian territory. Such nuclei, for example, are are territory. nuclei, Such for example, c resources (forests, fur-bearing fur-bearing (forests, c resources Korean pine–broadleaved forests. pine–broadleaved Korean krai Far CA: should comprise East: Daniel percent percent ora ora A & Reference Zakaznik, to some degree, contributes to animal preservation. toanimal contributes tosome degree, Zakaznik, Tumninsky The enormous drawback. an is This ecosystems. not coastal include does and shoreline tothe provide access not does Zapovednik Botchinsky species. relict are of which Pacifi of the animals and plants ment of littoral assort- home is toaunique Tatar of the Strait coast The basins. River Gur the and Anyui tothe Forest Model Gassinsky the and Dom [Tiger’s Zakaznik home] Tigrovy the through on one side watershed and River the with connection necessary providethe corridors, help of ecological the with would, Zapovednik Bolshekhekhtsirsky the and Zakazniks Khekhtsirsky and Chukensky, Birsky, the Thus, system. ed integrat- of an part is territories, it, if only supporting the with together structure afunctional as act will nucleus The territories. adjacent for supplying and pool fl for the conditions favorable ensuring territories, nature of protected system entire ofnucleus the the as act would region This reasons. for several mandatory is zone protected absolutely of an segregation the sections, Bikin-Khor-Anyui of the grouping the Within to climax. Daniel. 466 Guide Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk pages for Conservation ora and fauna gene gene fauna and ora c Ocean, most c Ocean, Ⅲ

157 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK Raion. Komsomolsky River, Gur of the tributaries all River, of Dzhaur sections middle lower ofand the bank left the and Yuli Rivers, and Khoso of the Basins Location: ha. zone. nature-protection asingle constitute would Zakaznik Tumninsky existing the and Zakaznik Ulike The birds. migratory and of animals concentration of seasonal areas and landscapes, upland and coastal of the systems animal and plant are of protection need in Also stress. anthropogenic considerable under currently are which tributaries, its and River Ulike on the grounds ing breed- salmon protect would refuge The Raion. Vaninsky Raion Nanaisky basin, River Anyui Sovetsko-Gavansky Raion. The refuge would protect spruce- protect would refuge The Raion. Sovetsko-Gavansky 158 River) Rivers, Nanaisky Raion. of the tributary right (the Nelta and River) Amur 124 Proposed zakazniks. spruce-fi and stands, larch Dahurian elevations, athigh woodland open and stone pine growths, Japanese , of mountain elements include that systems nature mountain-valley protect would refuge The Raion. Sovetsko-Gavansky Koppi River, Proposed zapovedniks. two proposed zapovednik nine proposed species. migrating and nesting both ornithofauna, marsh and water are protected tobe Also species. animal and of plant terms in lower ofAmur the area akey Rivers, gun confl of the area the in channel the and of lakes asystem and Dzhevdukha of Lake lands wet- and marshes protect would refuge The Dzhevdukha. animals. and of complex plants Beringian atypical containing taiga of boreal section akey include will Torom of the area basin the protected The in zone River. cal ecologi- a key Range, Byuko the protect would refuge The ( Voroshilov’s ( aster endemic the are region Unique tothis communities. tundra high-mountain with combination in forests mixed and larch, spruce, indigenous protect would reserve The Raions. nechny Sol- and Verkhnebureinsky, Ridge, Badzhal Central River, functions within the upper section of the Amgun River. Amgun of the section upper the within functions ecological vital serves territory the because biosphere status zapovednik The falcon. peregrine J. Senecio schistosus Nelma. Koppi. Torom. Dzhevdukha. Dom Pikhtsa-Tigrovy Ulike. Gur-Khoso Badzhalsky. Anyuisky , Ⅲ 850 2004. ha. Location: Basins of the Pikhtsa (a tributary of the of the tributary (a Pikhtsa of the Basins Location: ha. r valley forests. r valley Size: 65 Size: Size: 124 Size: THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE Size: 100 Size: Size: 80 Size: (see Hotspot no. Hotspot 1 (see (see Hotspot no. Hotspot 5 (see zakaznik Size: 250 Size: McKinleyville, Size: 100 Size: , The ). Rare birds include Siberian grouse and and grouse Siberian include birds Rare ). 490 , , Aster woroschilowii 360 980 , 000 The krai The ha. Location: Ulike River basin, basin, River Ulike Location: ha. The ha. Location: Nelma River basin, basin, River Nelma Location: ha. ha. Location: Basin of the upper upper of the Basin Location: ha. s as soon as possible: as soon s as (see Hotspot no. Hotspot 4 (see , ha. Location: Byuko Range. Byuko Location: ha. 000 s as soon as possible. as soon s as , Russian 000 krai ha. Location: Upper Badzhal Upper Badzhal Location: ha. should create the following following the create should ha. Location: Lake Lake Location: ha. uence of the Amur and Am- and Amur of the uence 5 59 – , pp. 158 should create the following following the create should 6–62 , pp. 161– may be recommended for recommended be may . ) and talus groundsel groundsel talus ) and ). Location: Upper Location: ). , p. 161 Far CA: ). 179 Size: ). Size: Size: ). East: Daniel , 480

A annual water fl water annual fl extent, entire its along river alpine atypical River, Anyui Shaman-Yai. fi temperatures of – temperatures average with monsoon-continental, is climate The range). ofmaximum 2 400 between range where altitudes krai the in Mountains Sikhote-Alin the of slopes western Onthe Amur). of the tributary right-hand (a River Anyui of the reaches middle and upper of the basin of territory protected proposed This (forest) Park National 1. Anyui Svetlana Shlotgauer, Boris Voronov, Vladimir Sapaev Biodiversity hotspots ser ( mergan- scaly-sided of habitats and salmon, of beds spawning migrations, seasonal during congregate where ungulates nut ( nut chest- water including species plant of endangered a number and swan, whooping falcon, peregrine duck, mandarin stork, eagle ( sea white-tailed as such species, animal of rare areas breeding protect would refuge The of Khalkhadyan. tract forest hilly the and Lakes, Nedostupnye the of agroup oxbowlakes, es, fl includes area The Raion. Nanaisky plain, ( and birch ( ( forests broadleaved ( forests ous fi and spruce rich being of that over cover Forests elm, and ash forests ( forests ash and elm, ( tundra alpine and percent), plains. Burnt forests and clear-cuts cover cover clear-cuts and forests Burnt plains. monument. natural alocal designated been already has territory of the Apart beds. spawning salmon the and lates, ungu- of wild habitats the Mountain, Shaman protect would refuge The Raion. Ulchsky basin), Kizi Lake (the River and various orchids. orchids. various and ian, and Manchurian. Animals include , Hima- Siberian include Animals Manchurian. and ian, Angar- -Kamchatkan, Boreal, represented: are fauna of types several territory), aprotected tocreate plans also wherethere are lower part, the (including basin Anyui the In territory. & ows for ows r forests as yet unaffected by logging or forest fi or forest by logging unaffected yet as r forests Reference 0 . 5 Khalkhadyan. percent), regions of stone birch and sparse forest ( forest sparse of and stone birch regions percent), Mergus squamatus Trapa natans Trapa Daniel. Haliaeetus albicilla Haliaeetus 393 19 19 km before emptying into the Amur; the average average the Amur; into the emptying before km . 8 . ow is ow is 8 percent), thickets of Japanese stone pine of Japanese thickets percent), , 090 Size: 37 Size: percent), Korean pine forests ( pine forests Korean percent), Size: 120 Size: ), water-shield ( 24 466 . m (the highest point of the Sikhote-Alin Sikhote-Alin point of the highest m (the 1 225 4°c 1 . 90 5 . ). Guide percent), secondary forests of aspen of aspen forests secondary percent), 1 , percent) grow mostly in the fl the in mostly grow percent) cu. m per second. mper cu. percent of the region, about half half about region, of the percent in January and 16°c and January in 650 ), osprey, Oriental white stork, black black stork, white osprey,), Oriental , 000 ha. Location: Basin of the Yai of the Basin Location: ha. pages 1 . r forests. There are also ecidu- also are There r forests. 1 ha. Location: Central-Amur Central-Amur Location: ha. percent). Poplar, chosenia, Poplar, percent). chosenia, Brasenia schreberi and 1 and for 882 ’s Nanaisky Raion, Raion, Nanaisky ’s , , 000 4 000 Conservation 18 .25 oodplains, marsh-

in July. in The ha occupies the the occupies ha percent of the of the percent m, with a m, with 0 res, areas areas res, . 8 percent), percent), ), ood- 6 . 0

and Development. Newell, J. [ fi species, of invertebrate number a great gorbuscha ( salmon of pink spawning for summer Amur of the tributary uppermost the is Anyui the addition, In zone. forest broadleaved pine and Korean the along in river Amur salmon the large northernmost the is Anyui The tiger. Siberian for the food primary snow are , and which boar wild as such for ungulates important particularly are regions brush ( capercaillie black and grouse, wolverine, sable, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus brate species ( species brate atleast are there basin, River Anyui the In dog). raccoon and mink otter, (river American mammals eral fi ( deer wapiti, snow boar, Manchurian wild dog, raccoon marten, birds, especially ospreys ( fi of freshwater species of rare densities population highest the have clearly Anyui of the reaches upper The grouse. Siberian and stork, white Oriental stork, owl, black osprey, Blakiston’s fi eagle, sea white-tailed golden eagle, duck, mandarin merganser, scaly-sided bear, Himalayan 1996 in compiled todata (according tiger Siberian including 50 layan bear, Eurasian badger ( badger Eurasian bear, layan 1996 Anyui, a population of Far Eastern toad ( toad Eastern of Far apopulation Anyui, Also, in 1996 defi is subspecies endemic This Anyui. the in werefound grayling of Amur those from the river run two forestry roads, which have already reached reached already have which roads, forestry two run river the side either of along and basin, the in permanently live ments, settle- three in people, hundred two and oneAbout thousand Mountains. Sikhote-Alin of the heart the tobe consider gists ecolo- most that ecosystem intact relatively and connected, ahuge, forms River, Khor of the part and , of the Bikin, basins the with together basin, Anyui entire The region. Sikhote-Alin entire the in river salmon large settled least and pristine most the remains Anyui The rivers. swift and cliffs, mountains, picturesque Anyui’s of the wrote Arsenev Vladimir explorer Russian famous The value. aesthetic and noted for historic its also is area The products. forest ering fi hunting, including activities, for traditional basin entire the almost use peoples Nanai and Udege The bigger. much are Anyui of the runs salmon but the fauna, of Manchurian more species afew has Bikin for biodiversity. its The famous world is which basin, River Bikin more southern of the that rivals Anyui the in fauna of the richness The species. of the 300 living found, Thymallus amurensis sh-owl ( sh-owl 2004. ). More than thirty of these are endangered, endangered, are of these thirty More than mammal). , only eighteen tigers were counted in the Anyui basin) basin) Anyui the in werecounted tigers eighteen , only ), in the krai the in ), Capreolus pygargus Ketupa blakistoni ) and ( salmon chum ) and McKinleyville, The , in the Moad River valley, a tributary of the of the atributary valley, River Moad the , in 35 fi sh, . In 1996 . In km north of the nearest known distribution distribution known nearest of the north km Russian ] and char [ char ] and 7 amphibian, 6 ), scaly-sided merganser, Blakiston’s merganser, scaly-sided ), nitely found only in this region. region. this in only found nitely 0 , grayling with different dorsal fi dorsal different with , grayling . ), mandarin duck, brown bear, bear, brown duck, mandarin ), 93 Meles meles Meles per 10 per Tetrao parvirostris O. keta Salvelinus malma reptile, reptile, km of river channel in in channel of river km ). The salmon support support salmon The ). Far CA: sh (Amur grayling grayling (Amur sh ), yellow-throated yellow-throated ), Bufo raddei ), Siberian 200 shing, shing, and gath- Oncorhynchus 292 East: Daniel ). The vast vast The ). bird, and and bird, sh-eating sh-eating verte- ]), and sev- ) was ) was sh- A ns & Reference Existing protection measures protection Existing July and August. and July MountainAlin region; fl Sikhote- much of the characterize that monsoon summers the experiences still climate continental moderately m. The 300 from ranging low mountains relatively has region The basin). River (Khor River Kafen of the watershed the along borderruns eastern the River; Podkhoryonok Pravy along border lies western the basin); River (Bikin Alchan between watershed mountain the along border lies southern Its River. Khor of the atributary River, Matai ( Zakaznik Mataisky (forest) Zakaznik Mataisky 2. Recommendations Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ ing has been forbidden, but this regulation is not enforced. not is enforced. forbidden,regulation been but this has ing Since basin. of the lower part the in bank left the along operates Project Forest Model Gassinsky The tected. tributaries. Between Between tributaries. bank) right (on the Gobilla and bank) left Podya (on the the published a few reports. afew published fl on the material We collected have on salmon. information has Oceanography and of Fisheries Pacifi of the branch Amur the and on game, data ( of Sciences Academy of Russian Branch Eastern Far The reserve. anature of creating question up the Raion Anyuisky Arsenev’s from gained be can conduct- Some knowledge been ed. even has research zoological No integrated fi and tourism, uncontrolled Khabarovsk), from year every fi hunting, toVanino, Lidoga from highway constructed newly clude the fi and by logging disturbed been already Daniel. res. Conduct detailed ecological planning of the territory and and territory of the planning ecological detailed Conduct Permit limited trapping fur fi and small-scale activity. of industrial forms Forbid all ecotourism as such activities, Permit some commercial with beginning Anyui, on the park national alarge Create monitored. tobe need points entry road All companies. tologging not leased be must areas New seven or eight people over the course of two or three years. or three of two course peopleover or the eight seven done be work of by may agroup this phologic research; geomor- and botanical, more zoological, comprehensive places. some in tourism and plants, of wild collecting bear, brown mit sport-fi per- year, of the rest the winter. During and autumn the park. anational tocreate aproposal is there fi sport permit-only and a zapovednik ( 1949 shing (hundreds of fi (hundreds shing Anyui tothe come shermen ), on his expedition in 1926 in expedition his on ), shing, limited hunting for hooved animals and and for hooved animals hunting limited shing, 466 to protect the middle portion of the basin. basin. of the portion middle the toprotect Guide . The following actions should be taken: be should actions following . The Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk 20 121 pages and 25 and , ooding occurs periodically during periodically occurs ooding 300 shing in the upper portion, where where portion, upper the in shing ha) protects the 110 the protects ha) . The basin is currently unpro- currently is basin . The percent of the territory has has territory of the percent for ora and fauna and have have and fauna and ora Conservation , in which he brought he brought which , in res. Other threats in- threats Other res. febras mto shing shing during c Institute c Institute ) has some ) has -km long 1996 Ⅲ 1 , , fi 038

sh-

159 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK Eurasian eagle owl ( eagle Eurasian ( deer musk addition, In tiger. consequently, boar, and Siberian wapiti,wild Manchurian for habitat prime was region the conditions, climatic good Village. 100 100 per individuals tosixty (forty area the throughout tolive used also bear Himalayan region. the in living or cubs no females are presentthere permanently. At there live or four three only now region; the in tigers tentotwelve tobe used There lates. of ungu- number declining the and fragmentation habitat of a because as suitable less tiger for the but becoming is ground importance breeding particular has Matai The diversity. genetic reduce and corridors migratory centuries-old disrupt will forests these of fragmentation Continued status. area protected Matai’s the tochange it essential To is tion. territories, these protect destruc- face Matai-Alchan, as well as regions, nok—Khima Podkhoryo- Takhalo—Matai, the in corridors ecological Key loggers. for huntersand access now increased road provides Chita- The hunting: of increased effect an times, tofi three decreased have for example, ungulates, Wild life. animal some of diverse lost its has region the construction, road and logging However, advancing found. be with can walnut ( Manchurian oak, Mongolian pine, Korean rich its with that, reveals research extensively. This region of the zoology and Amur cat ( cat Amur and Ⅲ tiger: the toprotect measures lie north of the Matai. The The Matai. of the north lie which bases, hunting military of the grounds hunting the late in established was 160 Recommendations. measures. protection Existing In the forests. broadleaved pine and Korean the in Araliacea as such families of relict because interest of particular is life plant The of fungae. 75 of moss, cies has basin river The important reproduction area in the south of the of the south the in area reproduction important most the be deer, It musk boar. sable, can snow deer, wild and wapiti, of Manchurian numbers large tosupport enough ginseng the in place only the is Matai The Krai. Khabarovsk in of biodiversity level highest the here have forests the forests, broadleaved pine and Korean rich some of the fragmented has logging Even though Matai. the in no live longer seventies late the J. Promote natural regeneration of Korean pine and broad- pine and of Korean regeneration Promote natural Manchurian deer. Manchurian and boar for wild base food the are which forests, leaved Ⅲ km) but its numbers have declined. ( declined. have but numbers its km) 2004. ) still grows. The territory, if protected, is still healthy healthy still is territory, protected, The if grows. ) still Juglans manchurica Juglans THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 1940 s and 1950 s and McKinleyville, species of lichens, and more than 420 more than and of lichens, species Felis euptilura The It is critical toimplement of anumber It critical is Bubo bubo 1999 800 krai s scientists studied the botany and and botany the studied s scientists Russian species of , 120 plant, of vascular species where Asian ginseng ( ginseng whereAsian . The zakaznik. The ), and hazel ( hazel and ), zakaznik Azakaznik ) that were found in the area in in area the in werefound ) that Moschus moschiferus Moschus ), osprey, and Steller’s sea eagle osprey,), Steller’s eagle and sea also includes Yuzhny Corylus totalling 121 totalling does not include does Far CA: Cuon alpinus ) forests and and ) forests krai Panax Panax ), sable, East: . Daniel species species , 300 spe- ha ve ) A Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Between entirely. disappeared have forests areas low-lying the In forests. second-growth productive less and diverse less with fl Amur the from fi and Hunting Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ reasons: following counted, the number of vertebrate species exceeds exceeds species of vertebrate number the counted, are mammals visiting occasional and birds migrating If vascular plants and 157 of species hundred Four region. of this edge northern at the found plant arelict for water-shield, body,water famous are ancient alarger represent which Lakes, Nedostupnye The birds. and species mammal for large important particularly fl regional three ofall biodiversity, level and ahigh creates ecosystems forest and of wetland interconnectedness The Khalkhadyan. the of forests hilly the and Lakes, Nedostupnye swampy relict the wetlands, meadows, protect would Zakaznik Ozera Nedostupnye the lowlands, Amur middle the along Located wetland) and (forest Zakaznik Lakes) (Inaccessible Ozera Nedostupnye 3. Threats. economically. area the to develop however, plans no current are, There stress. under are region’s The populations. ecosystems animal affected turn, in has which decreased, also has diversity Habitat destruction. of habitat aresult as primarily lost, been & Reference Zone the territory to limit industrial development in the the development in industrial tolimit territory the Zone Bikin upper and Katen, Matai, the along Prohibit logging the in corridors migration ecological the Preserve Need to protect one of the main bird fl bird one main toprotect of the Need of network the expand and forests toprotect Need of wildlife species of rare habitats key toprotect Need in decrease and territory of the degradation Overall fl existing tothe damage anthropogenic Obvious middle the in loss biodiversity of extensive Threat zakaznik areas for tigers. breeding and migration role as their topreserve Rivers znik protected areas in the middle Amur lowlands. Amur middle the in areas protected some orchids. and chestnut, water water-shield, swan, whooper falcon, peregrine duck, mandarin crane, hooded possibly crane, red-crowned stork, white osprey, Oriental eagle, sea e.g., white-tailed Red Data in Book listed those especially plants, and area. Khalkhadyan forested the and lakes of the functions protective and fauna. Amur lowland. Daniel. . The protection of the region is essential for the for the essential is region of the protection The 40 and 50 and . shing are also threats. Frequent fi threats. also are shing oras and faunas thrive here. The region is is region here.The thrive faunas and oras oodplain have replaced old-growth forests forests old-growth replaced have oodplain percent of the original fl original of the percent 466 Guide resident vertebrates inhabit the region. region. the inhabit resident vertebrates pages for yways in East . East in yways Conservation oral diversity has has diversity oral res coming res coming 220 ora ora zaka- . s, and Development. Newell, J. from elevations with aplain is lowlands, Amur ritory, middle the ter- of the portion northern The Mountain. (Tiger’s house) Dom on Tigrovy and River Nelta of the headwaters the in defi upto900 altitudes with mountains, Low River. Mukhen of the tributary aright-side River, Nelta the and Amur, of the a tributary River, Pikhtsa of the basin the in Raion Nanaisky ( area protected proposed This wetland) and (forest Zakaznik Dom Pikhtsa-Tigrovy 4. ment) Assess- Geographical inLight ofthe Raion (Amursky Stability of Ecological Problems amonograph Territory: For example, studies. regional other from obtained be can cover soil and geomorphology about local ideas and pressure tohuman tems ecosys- local of the responses general The conducted. been No signifi percent), spruce and fi and spruce percent), ( some old-growth with forests –broadleaved pine Korean About it. noin water almost winter, is the there during Amur; on completely the almost depends regime hydrological its and are practically unstudied. The Far Eastern Forest Research Research Forest Eastern Far The unstudied. practically are area of the zoology, botany, geomorphology The and Taiga). the (Through work Skvoz Taigu his in about wrote Arsenev that a practice Udege— by the worship asite of Dom religious are Tigrovy of cliffs The region. this in cat Amur and of dhole sightings unconfi are here.There thrive merganser) scaly-sided and duck, mandarin marten, yellow-throated dog, badger, raccoon wapiti, snow deer, Eurasian churian boar, Man- wild of bears, species tiger, two (including broadleaved forests and pine of Korean characteristic Species forests ( forests Taiga in the 1920 Taiga the in Ussuri game-fi and tiger- most “the Arsenev, of opinion Vladimir the in were, Rivers Mukhen and Pikhtsa of the headwaters the and River Nelta of the headwaters the at Dom cliffs Tigrovy The salmon. chum autumnal of the grounds spawning remaining few of the two are Rivers Nelta peat, moss, and bog forests ( forests bog and moss, peat, Chinese softshell turtle ( turtle softshell Chinese of the habitat northernmost the currently are Gassi Lake and river of mouth this The River. Pikhtsa of the basin the in pine forests Korean pristine the be may importance greatest gastrodia ( ( yew Japanese include 50 plants, of vascular 350 between be may there established; accu- notrately been has territory the in of species variety The meadows. and shrubs of mature fragments and percent), nipponica 2004. ne the topography in the south and include unusual cliffs cliffs unusual include and south the in topography ne the 30 was published in Khabarovsk in 1998 in Khabarovsk in published was to60 20 ). About 250 About ). 70 McKinleyville, .2 Gastrodia alta percent), birch and aspen forests ( forests aspen and birch percent), The cant research on the region’s biodiversity has region’s on the has biodiversity research cant percent of the territory is forested and consists of consists and forested is territory of the percent m and numerous lakes. Lake Gassi is shallow shallow is Gassi Lake lakes. numerous m and lichens, and and lichens, Russian r forests ( r forests species of vertebrates may live here. Of Of here. live may of vertebrates species Taxus cuspidata Taxus Trionyx sinensis Trionyx s.” ), and Japanese wild yam ( yam wild Japanese and ), 11 . 5 125 21 percent), larch forests ( forests larch percent), . , 75 000 8 percent), broadleaved broadleaved percent), mosses. Rare species species Rare mosses. lled places in the entire entire the in places lled ), Japanese barbet, tall tall barbet, Japanese ), ha) is located in in located is ha) Far CA: ). The Pikhtsa and and Pikhtsa The ). rmed reports of reports rmed . and 400 and East: 12 Daniel . 8 percent), percent), Dioscorea species species 5. 8 27 A

m, m, .

2

& Reference the territory, the Pikhtsa River basin. River territory, Pikhtsa the the of part eastern tothe rights received recently Project Forest Model biodiversity.Gassinsky The the tothreaten continue fi and hunting uncontrolled and territory.the Logging Recommendations Threats. posed pro- the Krai, of Khabarovsk region Komsomolsk the In riverine) and (forest Zakaznik Gur-Khoso 5. Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ hotsk-Kamchatkan fl infl To prevalent. the less south, the types Manchurian and nant fl Toboundary. Angarian biogeographical north, the important an is basin River Gur The south. the in is watershed Khoso-Chermal sloping gently the and north tothe region ( Mountain Gorbilya tributaries. Yuli and Khoso the and River Gur of the reaches middle and Nelta River annually tospawn. annually River Nelta tothe come salmon Chum encountered. be also could eagles sea white-tailed and residents wereregular lynx Eurasian deer, boar, musk and wapiti,wild Manchurian species, bear both tigers, that revealed Dom region Tigrovy of the research November In some research. funded has Institute June June Ecological Problems ( of Water Institute and the from Ecologists region. about the data scattered have afew, Only old publications life. animal cover, forest and resources, natural of the studies integrated no signifi been have here.There activity industrial extensive despite the studied, poorly is territory This spawn. salmon pink and salmon chum summer and autumn tributaries, their and ers and in June 1976 in and ers and 250 estimated an about cover forests sparse and percent, more than slightly pine covers 16percent, cover territory,of forests the Korean deciduous 57 cover forests spruce Firand portion. southeastern mountainous the along grow forests larch Pineand life. of array diverse and arich create communities three these Daniel. Conduct basic zoological, botanical, and geomorphologic geomorphologic and botanical, zoological, basic Conduct picturesque tothe access tocontrol ecotourism Develop of regional status Dom tothe of Tigrovy area the Upgrade uence of Manchurian fl Manchurian of uence years. fi research; springs. mineral Mukhen nearby the and road, adriveable cliffs, park. natural 1 1975 , 000 179 Logging and fi and Logging to the lower reaches of the Khoso and Yuli Riv- and Khoso of the lower reaches tothe , plant species. In the Gur, Khoso, and Yuli Rivers Yuli Rivers and Gur, Khoso, the In species. plant 480 ve or six people can complete this over two over two complete this can people ve or six ha Gur-Khoso Zakaznik lies on the lower on the lies Zakaznik Gur-Khoso ha 466 species of land vertebrates, 30 vertebrates, of land species Guide . The following actions should be taken: be should actions following . The Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk to the Dzhaur River basin. Since then, then, Since basin. River Dzhaur tothe ora and fauna are signifi are fauna and ora ivep res have damaged about about damaged have res pages ) visited the region twice, going in in going twice, region the ) visited ora and fauna is stronger, and Ok- stronger, and is fauna and ora 5 for percent, larch forests cover cover forests larch percent, 1 , 221 ora and fauna is domi- is fauna and ora Conservation m) looms over the over m)looms the 0 . 4 percent. There are are There percent. cant. Together, cant. fi 30 sh species, cant 1997 percent of percent percent percent Ⅲ shing shing , initial , initial

161 5

and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK of catastrophic fi catastrophic of threat The Yuli Rivers. and Khoso, Chermal, of the reaches lower the along weredestroyed of forest of hectares thousands when more 1 than forests. This was the case with the catastrophic fi catastrophic the with case the was This forests. tofi more susceptible much are clear-cuts these and toll its taken has logging cut Clear- industry. timber the from comes threat main The preserved. tobe needs and valuable still is for protection proposed territory the sharply. Nevertheless, fallen have populations grouse Siberian and capercaillie, Blakiston’s fi and merganser sided scaly- have as rare, very become have tigers Siberian ceased. practically have cat Amur with encounters and rare becoming ( vine Magnolia todisturbance. sensitive particularly thus found here are at the northern limit of their distribution and 20 cover burns and clear-cuts northwest, the in region; the affected have 162 ( Shantar consists of fi of Okhotsk Sea the in archipelago Island Shantar The (island ecology) Zakaznik Islands) (Shantar Ostrova Shantarskie 6. Recommendations Threats. June ivep and some information provided have loggers and foresters, specialists, game hunters, complex, with Okhotsk-Kamchatkan forests (Ayan spruce spruce (Ayan forests Okhotsk-Kamchatkan with complex, unusually are islands on the communities plant The frequent. are over, storms fogand and freezes winter, sea the the in blow east winds Cold of . Republic of the ity proxim- close of the because of Okhotsk Sea of the coastline the along that than more is severe islands mountainous these Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ tar ( J. Schisandra schinensis Schisandra Concentrate on the areas where the tiger live and on the on the and live tiger wherethe areas on the Concentrate monuments. of natural anumber Establish species rare toidentify life plant and animal Inventory and ground on the both detail greater in area the Study populations of and Manchurian deer. Manchurian and boar of wild populations of declining aresult be may this often; here less comes tiger the show that Studies base. prey of the state current todisturbance. sensitive particularly those and ecosystems. degraded to regenerate measures needed determine and region, propriate for the ap- activity and level the determine disturbance, genic of anthropo- level the determine boundaries, ecosystem delineate health, of ecosystem state the identify should of specialists team interdisciplinary An air. the from Ⅲ 112 1994 2004. sq. km), and Belichy ( Belichy and sq. km), Logging, large-scale forest fi forest large-scale Logging, 1 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE and 1995 and , 790 fteen large and small islands, including Bolshoi Bolshoi including islands, small and large fteen sq. km), Feklistova ( Feklistova sq.km), percent of this lowland terrain. Many species species Many terrain. lowland of this percent McKinleyville, res res remains. The million hectares were burned and tens of tens and wereburned hectares million . The following actions should be taken: be should actions following . The . re, which then spreads to nearby uncut uncut tonearby spreads then which re, ) and Amur grape ( grape Amur ) and Russian ecologists fl 70 sq. km). The climate on climate The sq. km). sh-owl. Wild boar, black boar, black Wild sh-owl. 393 res, and poaching poaching and res, sq. km), Maly Shan- Maly sq.km), ew over the region in in region over the ew amurensis Far CA: res res of East: Daniel 1976 ) are ) are

A About thirty-fi sis ( frog Eastern lizard ( viviparous islands: on found the are amphibians three and iucn the in living on the . The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) ally. Twenty-fi 3 and migratory, are 241 There are 480 tundra. mountain and forests larch with combined ash) [ birch woolly forests, Abundant salmon spawn in the rivers. Sole ( rivers. the in spawn salmon Abundant Okhotsk. of Sea the in elsewhere disappeared almost have which whales, of number increasing an and , breeding several also ( ermine otter, bear, brown river sable, are there species mammal thirty Bay, Among etc. Yakshina Lake, Salt) Solyonoe (Big enter Bolshoe that species marine being one-half more than documented until the 1970 the until documented not systematically was islands on the However, life bird the lished the results in the monograph “Shantar Archipelago” Archipelago” monograph “Shantar the in results the lished pub- and wildlife and vegetation the both researched Society 1986 In forests. spruce the studied ) in (also Sciences Soil and of Biology Institute 1980 the in and, habitat marine and zone of the Biology of Marine Institute of the Members region. the in worked scientifi began Shish- Dulkeit since and kin islands the in interest an had have Researchers River. Srednyaya steelhead ( of Okhotsk, Sea of the coast entire the Along waters. shelf ( crab Kamchatka herring ( & Reference ), and Siberian salamander ( bird species observed on the islands, islands, on the observed species bird Daniel. Lacerta vivipara Lacerta Mustela erminea Mustela Clupea pallasi Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus , ussr Rana dybovskii Rana ve species ( ve species species of plants, many of them rare. Of the the Of rare. of them many of plants, species ve fi febras Red Data Book Data Red Russian , and Paralithodes kamtschatica Paralithodes sh species are found around the islands, islands, the around found are species sh 466 are wintering; 9 wintering; are Betula lanata in Vladivostok have studied the tidal tidal the studied have Vladivostok in Guide ), saffron cod ( cod saffron ), ), common viper ( viper common ), ), , and reindeer. There are are reindeer. There fox, red and ), 10 s, when Roslyakov and Yakhontov and whenRoslyakov s, . pages 4 ), Siberian frog (Rana amuren- percent of the total) are listed listed are total) of the percent is one of many marine mammals c assessments in the the in c assessments Salamandrella keyserlingii Salamandrella , the Amur Geographical Geographical Amur , the ], alder, and mountain mountain alder, and ], for are found only occasion- only found are Eleginus gracilis Eleginus ) are found only in the the in only found ) are 141 s, members of the of the members s, Vipera berus Conservation ) breed in the the in ) breed are breeding, 57 breeding, are s. Twos. reptiles Solea 1920 ), Pacifi ), and ), Far ). s. c

and Development. Newell, J. of the Wildlife Foundation. Wildlife of the chairman the Kulikov, Alexander is project director current The work. todothe agrant provided Fund World Wildlife offi program Russian the and formed, was group a tocreate decided stakeholders the some deliberation, After levels. local and atregional and of Finance) Ministry the and Service Forest federal the (from werefi park for the approved Raion by the tually of azapovednik instead created be park anational that suggested Breeding Captive and agement In ha be offi proposing offi proposing Protection, on Environmental Committee Khabarovsk the to aletter submitted Protection on Environmental mittee protected area. protected the of creating idea the supported all have stations television and Union, the Game Khabarovskpromokhota the Protection, on Environmental Committee Khabarovsk the Biology, Marine of Institute the Breeding, Captive and Management of Game Institute Research All-Union the then, Since again. issue the Young Naturalist Zapovednik beZapovednik created. On July 23 order No. issued Federation 1986 become azapovednikbecome deposits, and unique biological communities. On August OnAugust communities. biological unique and deposits, stone semiprecious unique caves, rocks, protect islands the common target. most the are bladders, gall and skins for their prized bears, Brown pinnipeds. and bears seeking expeditions on hunting are groups of these Many islands. the visited each people, seventeen and three between from ranging groups, tour According effect. to an data having from also is ivep tourism Unregulated defi will for petroleum shelf the and coast, of Okhotsk Sea the Raion, sky development of Tuguro-Chumikan- Imminent wildlife. and biology marine the damaged and of seabirds number a large example, in For fragile. are ecosystems the conditions, climatic extreme tothe Due islands. of the health ecological the threatens shelf Recommendations measures. protection Existing Threats. in Ⅲ 2004. Protect and restore the island’s ecosystems; protected protected ecosystems; island’s the restore and Protect 1990 natural area must be created to conserve the Shantars. Shantars. the toconserve created be must area natural Khabarovsk Press , the Glavokhota (Game Department) of the Russian Russian of the Department) (Game Glavokhota , the 1993 . In the 1930 the . In Oil and gas development on the northern Sakhalin Sakhalin northern development on the gas and Oil cially created. cially McKinleyville, , the All-Union Research Institute of Game Man- of Game Institute Research All-Union , the 1991 The cially that a that cially , a small oil spill off Bolshoi Shantar killed killed Shantar Bolshoi off spill oil , asmall Hunting and Game Management Game and Hunting and , between 1978 , between nished, opposition arose at the federal level level federal atthe opposition arose nished, . The following actions should be taken: be should actions following . The ivep s, Dulkeit suggested that the islands islands the that suggested Dulkeit s, and, in 1980 newspapers, and regional radio and and radio regional and newspapers, Russian nitely exacerbate the situation. the exacerbate nitely , the Amur Geographical Society, Society, Geographical Amur , the zapovednik 309 administration. When the plans plans the When administration. Five natural monuments on Five natural and 1992 and zakaznik proposing that Shantarsky Shantarsky that proposing , a suggestion that was even- was that , asuggestion and 1982 and , 1989 encompassing 300 encompassing Far CA: , the Federal Com- Federal , the instead. A working Aworking instead. , more than twenty twenty , more than , the magazines magazines , the East: Pacifi Daniel ce of the of the ce c Star raised raised , 000 A 1

,

& Reference by expeditions led by led Vasily Poyarkov ( by expeditions Territories, initiated River Amur of the ’s occupation from fertile fl taiga Siberian Eastern the separating boundary were anatural Krai Khabarovsk present-day in Mountains Stanovoi The Pacifi , the from toward southeast further attention offi crops, for growing inadequate tundra and forest boreal the Finding of food. supplies stable securing the in Yenisei of River the east 1632 in Sakha) of (Republic of founding the after uptoand Leading Tasch Jeremy Mirzekhanova, Zoya Voronov, Boris Economy Ⅲ In borderconfl and hostility cultural as well region’s as of the peoples treatment indigenous brutal Khabarov ( seagoing vessels and riverboats) to the tothe riverboats) and vessels seagoing both (including shipbuilding and manufacturing, artillery production, technical agriculture, construction, commercial forestry, transport, mining, introduced settlers Russian Amur. the along lands lated unpopu- so-called the in for settling incentive as exemptions draft and tax and loans, government land, state were offered of peasants thousands and were relocated, of exiles groups formed, was regiment Cossack Amur aspecial Amur, of the bank left of the Russia’s following annexation Immediately Khabarovsk. capital, regional the later Khabarovka, founded Muravyov Ussuri, the with convergence toits Amur the along Continuing determined. be border could delineated a until property common considered be would bank right of the portion remaining The control. Chinese under River Ussuri uptothe Amur of the bank right the toleave ness Pacifi tothe the from Amur, of the bank left entire of the acquisition for Russia’s case the he presented There gunboats. Russian two with atAigun Chinese Muravyov, the approached lai which 380 tons. Completion of the Ussuri and Amur railroads ( railroads Amur and Ussuri of Completion the tons. as high as reached gold yields annual century, twentieth of the years early the in economy and initial of Khabarovsk’s however, gold, weremainstays and Fur alone. portion sian Daniel. Support Support scientifi appropriate zakaznik for the of use range the within programs, international including and maintain park. this todevelop help provideincome will ecotourism Regulated steamships and 340 and steamships 1858 55 , 000 , the governor-general of Eastern , Niko- Siberia, of Eastern governor-general , the 1649 oodplains of the Amur River and its tributaries. tributaries. its and River Amur of the oodplains tons of tons fi 466 – , every Russian military governor serving governor serving military Russian , every Guide 1653 c. In return he expressed Russia’s willing- he expressed return In c. c research and environmental education, education, environmental and c research Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk years of often often of by 165 years punctuated was ), sh were harvested that year in the Rus- the in year that were harvested sh pages barges plied the Amur basin, from from basin, Amur the plied barges for 1600 . ict with . with ict s was concerned with with concerned s was Conservation krai 1643 cials directed their their directed cials . In 1914 . In – 1646 19 ) and Erofei Erofei ) and more than than more Ⅲ 1897

12

163

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KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK industry. of branches different within of decline rate comparative the and formation of value tendencies disproportionate the of services rose. of services During the years of economic reform between between reform of economic years the During negative. was regions between balance trade the and duction pro- than greater was consumption regional en, whereaverage krai development of the cent and 49. and cent 3 to69 grown had regional gross domestic product ( product domestic gross regional in of manufacturing share the with macroeconomically, itself 164 diffi the industries, metallurgical and forestry, chine-building, ma- well-developed relatively the given economy explains, regional of the organization Soviet of the legacy The Economic reform. The Chegdomyn. and Gavan, Sovetskaya River), Amgun (onthe Bereyozovy to Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Railroad Tran-Siberian the from extended spurs Rail it or abroad. toMoscow sending just than some of ore its rather processing began industry mining 1930 the from continued region of the industrialization Intensive 1940 the in Khabarovsk in began ing min- coal Large-scale topre–World War Ilevels. compared output krai of the industrial by and sectors, transport and agricultural, industrial, Krai’s Khabarovsk present ment reorganized economy. govern- regional The intothe investments capital the throughout government Soviet the the in presence and borders international its strengthen To toKhabarovsk. Chita from relocated center ministrative In Trans-Siberian Railroad. the and of Sea tothe access with Khabarovsk providing and in production in the the in production in declines with unbalanced, increasingly became situation the By By ing. Between Between ing. manufactur- and extraction resource both in decline, and fi production, paper and forestry enrichment, metals and mining metallurgy, and approximately equal share in the the in share equal approximately By petrochemicals). (including chemicals and fuels, metallurgy, nonferrous power, and ferrous electric industry, fi (including processing food mining, products, forest and forestry ing, process- metal and tool machine included and consolidated, J. percent. This trend is refl is trend This percent. culties of this period for the krai for the period of this culties Ⅲ 1916 s to the 1980 s tothe 2004. 1922 1992 1994 1980 respectively) spurred economic development by economic spurred respectively) 21 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE the Far Eastern Krai was created, with the ad- the with created, was Krai Eastern Far the the krai the the production of goods and services had an an had services and of goods production the sh), construction materials production, light light production, materials construction sh), 3 s were characterized by economic stagnation stagnation by economic s werecharacterized percent respectively). Two years later, services Two later, services respectively). years percent 1992 McKinleyville, .2 The s, with focus on the machine-tool industry industry machine-tool on the focus with s, As with the rfe the with As and 1996 and percent and manufacturing dropped by dropped manufacturing and percent ’s current industrial structure was largely largely was structure ’s industrial current rfe sh processing, and oil refi oil and processing, sh had traditionally been subsidy driv- been traditionally had most pronounced in Khabarovsk. in pronounced most Russian ected nationally and highlights , however, the had increased by fourteenfold by fourteenfold increased had gdp gdp more generally, economic economic more generally, . As a whole, the region’s awhole, the . As s in the Urgal deposit. deposit. Urgal the s in of the krai of the ) dropping as the share share the as ) dropping 1930 krai 1937 Far s made heavy heavy s made CA: reinvented the gross gross the 1990 ( ning. The ning. 47 East: and 1996 and per- Daniel rfe, 20

, A use, such as hunting, and fi and herding reindeer hunting, as such use, resource by single dominated and undeveloped comparatively krai of the percent the development across uneven caused have on availability development, labor and constraints natural potential, Resource return. investment of high asource as for agriculture potential great see Some analysts investment. capital needs and not demand able tomeet currently is tion Gavan. In total, these industrial centers comprise about about comprise centers industrial these total, In Gavan. Gorny, , Urgal-Chegdomyn, and Sovetskaya Solnechny- Komsomolsk-on-Amur, of Khabarovsk, centers are signs of recovery among declining production trends. production declining among of recovery signs are there as uncertain, remains situation current The demand. in krai the tomake combined regions, other with compared labor of cost ahigher with coupled prices, energy and transport in Current structure. ished In goods. output of the fi toward oriented sectors werein decreases sharpest but the economy declined, of the sectors All goods. imported with not compete could consumers appropriate for civilian goods Consumer fi did as sharply declined government the ordersfrom consistently. topay Military unable was state 1991 After goods. output on the of military focused economy was with low-energy power lines. The The lines. power low-energy with krai the connecting laevsk) Niko- and Komsomolsk, (Khabarovsk, grids electricity three tet refi oil and production, and mining coal includes sector energy The fi and householdfoods sectors: large of two consists industry food The crafts. native and ics, ceram- decorative knitting, sewing, includes industry Light cleaners. synthetic and products, pharmaceutical chemistry, basic with deal that by enterprises production of specialized consists signifi industry but no longer. is chemical The cant tobe used moldings trim and furniture, tiles, chip wood and fi of wood manufacture industry, timber the Within ing. manufactur- apparatus electrical and radioelectric and turing, manufac- machine-tool production, machinery electrical and energy equipment production), aviation and repair ship and (shipbuilding machinery its in unique is of transport consists industry and diversity machine-tool Krai’s Khabarovsk 40 more than receives and mainstay the is Industry developmentpresent trajectory. krai the underlies that structure industrial historical the established state Russian of the interests geopolitical the and were just 2 were just below of & Reference 1990 s (thermal electric generating stations) that together form form together that stations) generating electric s (thermal krai the single largest consumer of the krai of the consumer largest single the ’s industrial output more expensive and consequently less less consequently and output more expensive ’s industrial Daniel. 35 levels, light industry and food processing were both wereboth processing food and industry light levels, and among the six primary industrial production production industrial primary six the among and percent, and chemical and petrochemical industries industries petrochemical and chemical and percent, ning. The basis of the krai of the basis The ning. percent of 1990 percent 1996 The diverse natural resources of the of the resources natural diverse The ’s territory. The remaining ’s territory. remaining The 466 , machine building was just 16 just was building , machine percent of primary investments. investments. of primary percent Guide levels. ’s economically developed areas areas developed ’s economically pages sh sh processing. 22 krai Sharp and rapid increases increases rapid and Sharp for nancial compensation. compensation. nancial energy comes from city city from comes energy ’s agricultural produc- agricultural ’s Conservation ’s output, the shing, and shing, 90 percent is is percent . 5 percent percent krai n- ’s ’s 10 ber

and Development. Newell, J. other compounds. other and acid, sulfuric fertilizers, potassium chlorine-free sulfate, would produce alumina, metallic aluminum, aluminum that plant processing aluminum alarge todevelop proposal a is There Amur. Lower the in bauxite and anorthosite, of alunite, deposits in found are materials Aluminiferous metals. antimony, rare and mercury, silver, arsenic, bismuth, gold, copper, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, include concentrations that are essential for agriculture. essential are that concentrations phosphoric ore iron but also titanic not high-quality only toextract it possible is and of apatite, quantities large contain ores The simple means. technologically through accessible are that levels titanium by high characterized are which Canada, fi of the ores the than quality of no lesser are that ores ore) iron (apatite-titanic titan-phosphate compound resources: of titaniferous reserves of large made been has assessment and exploration Initial ties. activi- of mining expansion potential present also platform Siberian on the discovered deposit of zirconium large the and shield, on the Raion, Solnechny the in of deposits of anumber ores the in elements found earth rare and Rare for sites mining. potential are mercury, and of antimony and coast), of Okhotsk Sea the (near ranges Badzhal and Alin Sikhote- pristine the in of tungsten Raions, Ayano-Maisky and Okhotsky the in of molybdenum deposits unexploited yet water. as The of mineral kinds various and sand, gravel, applications, for facing rocks cement, mold sands, and ous vitre- zeolites, peat, alumina, concentrates, iron-ore num, tin, plati- zinc, gold, coal, brown and hard include These Rim. Pacifi of the tocountries exported be feasibly could resources form, and in the Tatar the Strait. in form, and plat- Siberian of the part eastern the valley, Amur Middle confi been have gas and Oil torise. continues oil of crude price the if change could unprofi Khabarovsk near basins hard-coal gasifi make conditions economic Current peat. and zeolite, limestone, phosphorites, alunites, apatites, here: found to be are chemical for agricultural materials of raw types all cally j. newell i. debelaya, Mining primary importance. raion administrative of the all almost in found is Mining mining. huge deposits at Nilan could eventually support a facility afacility support eventually could atNilan deposits huge The mixtures. sand-and-gravel and clays, rock, building cement limestone, sands, of vitreous deposits are region East als, and fresh and mineral waters. Out of waters. mineral and fresh and als, materi- construction resources, mineral nonmetallic as well as metals, precious and of rare quantities supply commercial 24 34 only are krai,there the in 2004. are being mined. being are s. In the center and south, forestry and agriculture are of are agriculture and forestry south, and center the In s. McKinleyville, The 26 Of great importance to the entire Far Far entire tothe importance great Of 23 nest deposits in the United States and and United States the in deposits nest Russian Almost all of these notable mineral mineral notable of these all Almost rmed at the Bureya deposit, the the deposit, Bureya atthe rmed —The with notable reserves, of which of which reserves, notable with 25 Some of these deposits also also deposits Some of these krai ’s mountainous regions ’s regions mountainous Far CA: 118 table, but this this but table, cation of the of the cation known minerals minerals known East: 24 Daniel Practi- A c & Reference posits, and to modernize technologies. tomodernize and posits, de- new todevelop surveys, for geological investment needs general, in industry, The reserves. for undiscovered potential by the following considerations. following by the Throughout the mined. are concentrations copper and tungsten, lead-zinc, wheretin, Solnechny in is facility Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Environmental impact. in the large-scale underground coal mining operation in in operation mining coal underground large-scale the in problems occur Comparable air. and by water transported are compounds toxic the and erode, often which ponds, tailing end upin materials of these all Almost mony, cadmium. and anti- arsenic, elements including tenchemical more than contain totin, addition in and, compounds with rich are ores The complex. mining Solnechny the around center to mining Solnechny and Gorny. of villages the near those as such reservoirs, groundwater tant fi riverine damaged has mining (particularly in the the in (particularly conducted far so surveys geological few The scale. on alarge exploited not have been that of minerals and materials mined traditionally other and of tin, gold, production for expanding a base tobe continue economy, resource of the astrong will backbone is and there been and has industry mining The molds. casting for metallurgical glass and glass bottle and sheet producing for industries material of raw asource are sand of quartz deposits The products. other and carbide, calcium gravel, decorative reclamation, land in used producing pipes, cement, materials slate, asbestos-cement Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Daniel. Wasteful mining practices. Losses range from range Wasteful 6to11 practices. Losses mining fi Exact of some surveying. gures geological Limited devel- are deposits new If of minerals. for Potential export Komsomolsky, in development. Mines Uneven resource Large impact on the environment. Mining occurs in in occurs Mining environment. on the impact Large and of investment Lack production. overall Declining concentrates. of raw processing of value-added Lack 27 27 and percent sites. of the ness remote- equipment the and and infrastructure inadequate due to primarily high, are costs Survey regions. northern the in particularly unknown, remain deposits mineral markets. mineral international and domestic in player amajor become could krai the oped, and Tuguro-Chumikansky Raions. Ayano-Maisky, Okhotsky, the in are developed least the developed; most the are Raions Osipenko Solnechny, and for tin, 28.2for tin, for gold, 9 optimize management practices and levy fi levy and practices management optimize to necessary is assessment Environmental areas. wilderness production. limits technologies modern materials. of raw processing toincrease needs krai The 45.1 percent for lead, and 29.2 and for percent lead, percent for platinoid alloy, for platinoid percent about percent for tungsten, 25.7 for percent tungsten, 466 Guide to krai Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk krai 43 Destructive open-cast and placer placer and open-cast Destructive 29 pages percent during alluvial dredging dredging alluvial during percent ’s northern regions) leave open the the open leave ’s regions) northern , the mining industry is characterized characterized is industry mining , the The most pressing problems related problems related pressing most The sheries and polluted impor- for 28 percent for percent zinc. Conservation 27 The largest mining mining largest The percent for percent copper, nes. 16.4 16.4 percent Ⅲ

165 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK reaching reaching clouds, dust of huge formation the documented has stone quarry Korfovsky atthe explosions done during Research Vyazemsky. and Nikolaevsk, Komsomolsk, of Khabarovsk, cities the in but particularly open pits and strip mines. mines. strip open pits and from toxins gaseous and liquid, solid, carry groundwater and waters, surface Air, bronchitis. chronic and silicosis as such illnesses respiratory causing residents, and workers nearby 166 by permissible those exceeding often levels pollution with and of the all in found are affected Areas areas. populated most near primarily occurs gravel) and sand, clays, stones, (construction materials for construction quarrying open-pit Destructive of topsoil. slumping and settling the as such developed, have processes exogenous Catastrophic topography, fi forest and including limited air circulation due to valley-mountain environment, harsh The Raion. Verkhne-Bureinsky Urgal, J. 900 CHINA Ⅲ AMUR 2004. – hbrvkKrai Khabarovsk of deposits Mining 3.2 Map yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By 1000 1 SAKHA THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . km in height and extending for upto extending and height in 6 km Au times. McKinleyville, URGALSKY JAO The Au Sources: Urgal 30 ! The dust has affected the health of health the affected has dust The Au Au SS(oepae) 98 G,20 ca) SI 2002. ESRI, (coal); 2000 AGI, 1998; (lode/placer), USGS res, res, intensifi Au Russian Solnechnoe(Sn) Konder(Pt) " PGE ! Au Vyazemsky ! P ! Korfovsky KHABAROVSK Gorny KHURMULINSKY Au

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hotsk Company was formed. was Company 100 times greater than that during fl during that than greater times 40 is channel into the back poured water of the turbidity by fl extracted are aggregates The pollutants. petroleum-based and particles suspended with fi sediment carries water bed surface the from and River, Amur of the aggregates gravel and sand mine Companies nonetheless affecting spawning beds. spawning affecting nonetheless is sedimentation runs, salmonid fall the during and juveniles of salmonid migration downstream the during mining gravel prohibit agencies protection environmental Although leys. fl river affects which riverbed, the in todevelopment depressions of deep leads accounts, extraction began in accounts, began extraction By region. offi the in gold industry of founder the the fi the being Gold. & Reference Placer Roads Coal ore Lode km ¯ km from Nikolaevsk, when the Nizhneamursk Gold Gold Nizhneamursk the when Nikolaevsk, from km Daniel. Nikolai Anosov, a mining engineer, is credited with with credited is engineer, Anosov, amining Nikolai 200 rst to discover alluvial gold deposits and thus thus and gold deposits alluvial todiscover rst renewed in in renewed prohibition was This mines. atthe working trains, and hydraulic mining. hydraulic and trains, steam-powered machines, gold-washing excavators, electric-powered), and (steam- dredges time: of the ment characteristic equip- and technology used enterprises These Association. Gold Novo-Udilsk the and Enterprise, Genrikhsen G.I. the Company, Gold Company, Okhotsk the Gold Company, Amgun the Levashov and Eltsov the including companies, larger by the controlled was yield Much of the Okhotsk. and Tumninsk, Gora, Belaya Amur, Lower Udil-Limuriysk, Amgun, times greater. tothree two been have fact in may yields offi are These to decline. 10 and 1899 between years eight forgrew, the and labor. Gold yields Korean and Chinese of proportion ahigh used companies the and Tas-Yurakh deposits are now ready now ready are deposits Tas-Yurakh and Yurev The sites. Khabarovskkandzhinsk and Mnogovershinnoe atthe deposits silver gold and important are There until in adecree Muravyov,ernor, issued Nikolai gov- The land. their abandoning from ants toprevent peas- despite efforts government emigration to a largely unpopulated region, attracted gold rush Khabarovsk’s before, California’s early gold fi strikes ow and exacerbates erosion in river val- river erosion in exacerbates ow and 466 and 12 and 1864 Guide 32 1906, 1907 Gold was mined in Kerbinsk, Kerbinsk, in mined Gold was that prohibited peasants from from prohibited peasants that tons, after which output began output began which after tons, pages annual yields reached between between reached yields annual . 34 1871 1903 With labor in short supply, short in labor With ood stage. 35 oating scoop devices. The The devices. scoop oating on the Amgun River, River, Amgun on the and remained in effect effect in remained and for 31 Conservation cial data; actual This practice 33 fty years As had had As cial cial lled – 50

and Development. Newell, J. ore:GryZhurnal, Gorny Sources: erctons Metric 1991–2000 Krai, Khabarovsk in production Gold 3.3 Figure In deposits. placer alluvial being remainder the About deposits. alluvial from still volumeis of yield main the ore deposits, gold processing begun has combine) (Mining-enrichment Mnogovershinnoe Though for gold ore extraction. production reportedly doubled to 14 duction in Mnogovershinnoe. And in in And Mnogovershinnoe. in duction 1998 than higher percent Sibneft, produced about 1 about produced Sibneft, of Company, asubsidiary Finansovaya ment of Neftyanaya fi also delayed; Okhotskaya Gorno-Geologicheskaya Company, Gorno-Geologicheskaya Okhotskaya delayed; also deposit was silver gold and Development Khakandzha of the about toproduce expected is developed, if deposit, The technology. equipment and American supplying about is investment Expected fi U.S. the with venture ajoint held by SPTas-Yuryakh, depositis for this license the delayed; again deposit was Development Tas-Yurakh of the 10 more than and year per 1 about produces currently Staratelely year. per of tons gold afew toproduce expects goldvoe deposit and Ryabino- atthe prospecting began of platinum, producers one is of ore Russia’s gold and and biggest placer both mines 3 to between production annual bring will facility development of this Further year. of the months six last forthe it only operated rm, Mnogovershinnoe, which was established with invest- with established was which Mnogovershinnoe, rm, 2004. 12 15 0 3 6 9 1999 9119 9319 9519 9719 992000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 McKinleyville, gold production reached 7 reached gold production The and 6 and 70 percent of known reserves are ore, with ore,with are reserves of known percent tons a year. The artel The ayear. tons Russian 00 n aeyv 2001. Vasenyov, and 2000, rm Pioneer Corporation and Delplast. Delplast. and Pioneerrm Corporation , largely due to resumption of pro- due toresumption , largely .2 percent of all Russian platinum. platinum. Russian of all percent tons of gold in of tons gold in u.s.$27 tons (see fi (see tons million, with Pioneer with million, tons in Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk, in tons 2000 Far CA: AS Amur, which which Amur, AS 2 1999 , the krai , the tons a year. ayear. tons East: ton of gold g. , even though though , even Daniel 3 . gok 3 ). The The ). ’s gold gold ’s

(est) A 28

& Reference ment of the deposits began in conjunction with construction construction with conjunction in began ment deposits of the develop- Intensive pits. open and tunnels, shafts, via began mining later years sixteen and Raion, Verkhne-Bureinsky present-day the in located Urgalsky, the basin, hard-coal Source: Zarya AS OOO Primorzoloto OAO 450 AS Progress Pribrezhnaya PK AS Resursy Dalnevostochnye ZAO Primorye ZDK AS OAO OOO Ros-DB Sever ZAO AS AS Amur OOO Mnogovershinnoe Firm Amount 1999 Krai, Khabarovsk in companies mining gold major of Production 3.2 Table Coal. Platinum. tion. gold produc- double annual its toatleast company the allow would which Raion, Ayano-Maisky in Ryabinovoe deposit 350 about totalling outputs with each Progress, and Pribrezhnaya, Primorie, fi major Other gressively. than in Ros-DV, which called by acompany gold was of placer production the in growth sharpest The toyear. year from considerably output varying with levels, production erratic have that by companies rfe undertaken , is the in mining Placer platinum yearly. platinum 3 about mines Amur found. been have world’s largest, weighing site. Nuggets of the part upper the in reserves the are valuable Particularly reserves. and of yield terms in adeposit atKonder,from Russia’s largest second expects an annual production of 4 production annual an expects u.s.$21 toinvest plans had of Polimetal, organization a subsidiary silver. Daniel. 37 In 1932 600 36 Gorny Zhurnal Gorny Table 3 million dollars by the end of 1999 by the dollars million Since 1986 Since kg of gold and has plans to increase production ag- production toincrease plans has of gold and kg , V. Z. Skorokhod discovered the krai the , V. discovered Skorokhod Z. .2 466 shows the krai the shows 38 Guide , 2000. kg in 1999 Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk , AS Amur has been extracting platinum platinum extracting been has Amur , AS pages krai rms or , as in many other regions of the of the regions other many in , as . AS Amur plans to develop the the todevelop plans Amur . AS for ’s gold major producers. artel tons of gold and 81 of tons gold and s producing gold include gold include s producing Conservation 1,150 1999 600 450 650 350 350 350 350 825 . The company company . The (kg) produced more more produced 3 . 5 kg, the the kg, ’s largest Ⅲ tons of tons tons of tons

167 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK mines and the capacity to produce toproduce capacity the and mines three has company The company’s of control took the stock. fi aRussian Impex, Duran combine. producing tin- Russia’s is largest operation Solnechny The metals. other and of copper, silver, concentrations tungsten, with extracted 168 3,171 15,823 Source: cover land Nonforested cultivation forest for Open canopy, intended m) cu. (million stock Wood ha) (000 Coverage cover Total forest species tree Dominant coverForest in Krai Khabarovsk 3.3 Table Tin. 100 about produce annually which companies, mining coal Marikanskoe and Okhotskoe include majorproducers Other Sakha. rfeof the , mainly regions other from plants power its tofeed of tons lion coal krai the because sial controver- is This toJapan. mainly exports, coal to increase production toexpand like would government The sites. tive prospec- representadditional deposits lignite Liansk the and coal) (coking basin Tokinsk site. The atthe coal mined also the the in of production terms in mines 1 than more produces Urgalugol, company) by AO (joint-stock mined at Urgal, (bam Mainline Baikal-Amur of the about By end of plants. power for not suitable was coal but ofthe Komsomolsk, of city west Solnechny, about deposit near coal brown mulinsky fi planned. rm Quaker invested u.s.$2 J. Aspen 708 708 Aspen pine White Yellow pine 53 Ash 97 1,105Pine Larch 29,079 Fir 573 N/A 7,958 Spruce 2834 Pine Korean 1,329 Mined primarily in the Solnechny Raion, tin is often often is tin Raion, Solnechny the in primarily Mined krai Ⅲ 2004. Goskomstat, 1998. Goskomstat, 100 . Sands, gravel, construction stone, and brick clays are are clays brick and stone, construction gravel, . Sands, 39 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ,

000 tons, rather than the 500 the than rather tons, McKinleyville, The annually has to import about about toimport has annually million tons annually, one of the largest one largest of the annually, tons million 1997 Russian , .2 52,503 52,503 , this plant was producing only only producing was plant , this 000 4,109 million to develop the Khur- the to develop million 849 849 542 542 tons each. In In each. tons 14 ). Today, ). mine shaft the rfe tons of tin annually. annually. of tons tin and the largest in in largest the and , 000 Far CA: tons originally originally tons rm, recently 5,265 1997 N/A N/A 100 218 114 72 12 6 East: , the U.S. , the mil- 40 Daniel km A Production in the krai the in Production stock. wood and of coverage terms in distribution, the shows river. Table of the tributaries southern the along grow forests broadleaved mixed pine and Korean spruce. and larch of amixture are forests the river great of the southwest to the Amur; of the west and north landscape the dominate forests the in exporters company. timber major The by logging and about approximately thirty thousand fi fi past the In areas. fi Forest return. can softwoods commercial the before in come to tending hardwoods and areas many in dominant being still bushes with areas, many in marginal been has logging clear-cut after Regrowth overcut. heavily been have forests krai the in considerably declined have cover of forest extent and quality the Both Trading. Smena and administrative responsibilities. administrative and economy, forest infrastructure, issues, regeneration forest use, and topography, and type forest climate including factors eral on sev- werebased zones six The Service. Forest Khabarovsk doneby the for astudy was as zones, into forest of the divided being tothink it useful is vast, is region the As capacity. atabout operating is company the Reportedly depths of permafrost typifi of permafrost depths newell j. tasch, j. Timber abroad. or exported forNovosibirsk processing Sikhote-Alin zone. Sikhote-Alin Dom Zakaznik (Hotspot no. (Hotspot Dom Zakaznik no. 1 (Hotspot Park National Anyui no. (Hotspot Zakaznik Mataisky povednik, Za- Bolonsky zone: this in are areas protected proposed and of fl terms in richest the are Range, Mountain Sikhote-Alin northern and map 3 map and ( exported was Krai Khabarovsk By By bordertoChina. over the logs raw trucking ingly but increas- , South and toJapan roundwood shipping Pacifi of the markets export tothe sights its switched has industry however, harvesting the meantime, the logging, lost most of the coniferous overstory and the Korean Korean the and overstory coniferous of most the lost logging, of extensive years forty more than after has, larch, and spruce, pine, poplar, Korean aspen, birch, white and yellow walnut, ash, oak, with forest coniferous and deciduous amixed being classifi technically section, western The zone. of the part eastern the cover forests spruce-larch mixed and Spruce znik. & res, almost entirely human-caused, have devastated huge huge devastated have human-caused, entirely almost res, Reference krai Daniel. 2 1999 . in 1999 5 40 million ha of forest. of forest. ha million oral and faunal biodiversity. A number of existing of biodiversity. existing Anumber faunal and oral Most of the tin concentrate is either shipped to shipped either is concentrate tin of Most the . , about 80 , about 3 show timber production for 2000 production show timber were Dallesprom, Forest Starma, Flora, and and Flora, Starma, Forest wereDallesprom, Forests of the southernmost zone, the the zone, southernmost of the Forests fty years, Khabarovsk has experienced experienced has Khabarovsk years, fty 466 —Boreal forest growing on varying on varying growing forest —Boreal percent of all timber produced in in produced timber of all percent Guide over the past twenty years. Accessible Accessible years. twenty past over the has fallen steadily since since steadily fallen has es most of the krai of the most es pages 4 ), and Khalkhadyan Zaka- Khalkhadyan and ), res, and in 1998 in and res, 4 million cu. m). Table m). cu. 3 million 42 for ), the Pikhtsa-Tigrovy Pikhtsa-Tigrovy the ),

Conservation c Rim, initially initially c Rim, 2 ’s forests. Larch ’s Larch forests. ), the proposed proposed the ), , both by raion , both 65 alone, lost percent percent 1986 krai 3 as . . 41 3 ed as In

. 4

and Development. Newell, J. open up prime forests to increase logging and the harvesting harvesting the and logging toincrease forests up prime open will Gavan Sovetskaya of Vanino and seaports tothe zone this within communities several from roads planned of the Construction high. relatively is density population and sive, exten- zoneare the in roads logging here—the found are sites krai of the Many peoples. Slavic and nese by Chi- later and Udege, the and Nanai the as such peoples by indigenous historically began, logging commercial before here long wereharvested products forest here. Nontimber remain forests temperate world’ssome of the diverse most zone, the within of logging long history Despite arelatively by half. reduced been have Khabarovsk southern in forests pine Korean the decades two past the during that estimates The species. Book Data nowpine aRed is Source: raion multiple in timber harvest some but Note 114 . Hijau Rimbunan 126 . Vega 370 . Starma Forest JV 432 . Raion Lazovsky ..1,211 Raion Vaninsky 18 . . Flan 26 . Mariinskles 26 . Harpin 38 . Mir Ves 38 . Monolit 39 . Klyuchevoi De-Kastrinsky 59 . Amgun 60 . Krona 65 . Tzimmermanovskoe 66 . Taiga 67 . Takhtinskoe 141 Sredne-Amgunsky LPX 150 . Hijau Rimbunan 161 . LPX Gorinsky 223 . De-Kastriles 249 . LPX Evoronsky 726 . Raion Ulchsky ..1,148 Raion Solnechny m) cu. (000 .Amount Company and Raion Timber production in 2000 Khabarovsk Krai, 3.4 Table 2004. ogv o ...... 43 . Dom Torgovy : Only major logging companies are listed. Companies are listed in the raion the in listed are Companies listed. are companies logging major : Only Khabarovsk Forest Service, 2001. Service, Forest Khabarovsk McKinleyville, The ’s logging companies and leased logging logging leased and companies ’s logging Russian s. Company timber harvest totals refl totals this. ect harvest timber Company s. am ...... 58 . Magma 61 . Snezhnoe 65 . Vizir 127 . Arkaim JV 135 . LPX Komsomolsky 188 . LPX Shelekhovsky 93 . Raion Khabarovsky 799 . Raion Komsomolsky 8 . Modul 11 . Progress 19 . Ost 22 . Mukhenskoe 28 . Dallesstroy 35 . Port Vanino Marine 35 . Chistovodnoe 38 . 2 Tumnin-les 43 . Khorles 45 . Tis 47 . Ros-DV 50 . Sovgavanles 61 . Vaninolesexport 63 . Extrales 68 . Arkaim 85 . Kato 88 . Vodolei Far CA: krai ’s forest service ’s service forest East: Daniel A & Reference where they are based, ra ...... 8 . Urgal 28 . Mercury 35 . Dallestroi 52 . Skidder 118 . LPX Badzhalsky 122 . Suluk Verkhne-bureinsky 12 . Gector 28 . Mezhdureche 28 . Germes 29 Anchor Center Business 34 . Lestransservice 55 . Fart 72 . Lazarevskoe 99 . Nelma 101 . SAR Sovetsko-Gavansky 18 . Magdusa 21 . Mir Ves 34 . 42 . Skimen-les . . . 40 . . . . Kaskad . . LPX Ulikansky 50 . Yasen examples of both. of both. examples contains region transition The on permafrost. grow which spruce, and larch of mixed forests has elevations) higher zone’s the as well (as section northern the pine forest, Korean mixed tothe addition In types. forest main three contains zone the basin, its within located and River Amur by the Bisected zone. Upper Bureya the and zone this overlaps Zapovednik Badzhalsky zone. Amur Lower the and zone this borders Zakaznik Dzhevdukha planned the and here, no. 5 (Hotspot Zakaznik Gur-Khoso proposed The zone. this in found are pine forests Korean mixed of the Komsomolsk zone. Komsomolsk these products. of subsequent export the and products of forest nontimber Daniel. ao ...... 348 . . Raion 452 . Raion 466 Guide Moving north, the most boreal examples examples boreal most the north, Moving Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk pages for Total harvest ..6,393 harvest Total 37 . Raion Bikinsky 23 . LPX Litovsky 32 . Kaskad 37 . Snezhnoe 38 . Yasen 59 . Raion Amursky 23 . Amgun 53 . Cheatyn 115 . Raion Osipenko Poliny 92 . LPX Vyazemsky 117 . . Raion Vyazemsky 9 . Altai 20 . Spektr 23 . Forest Model Gassinsky 61 . LP Sindinskoe 263 . Raion Nanaisky 20 . DOK Nikolaevsky 21 . Flox 25 . Nord 41 . Liman 53 . Nikolaevskles 94 . Lazarevskoe 302 . Raion Nikolaevsky Conservation ) is located located ) is Ⅲ

169 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK a special logging agreement with the North Korean govern- Korean North the with agreement logging a special years For region. several much of the throughout prevalent is Permafrost of spruce. some areas with larch, mainly are ests for- The zone. Upper Bureya the is west tothe Amur the bordering and Mountains Badzhalsky and Bureinsky the 170 zone. Bureya Upper logging. by fi into grassland transformed been has area contains zone The zone. adisaster area the todesignate government prompted Russian the that Komsomolsk-on-Amur near and fi fi forest krai of the percent Sixty decreased. has for roundwood demand local Komsomolsk-on-Amur, near of mill apulp closure the With use. subsistence and recreation, struction, con- road logging, of intensive along history has area The res combined with the industrial pollutants generated in in generated pollutants industrial the with combined res J. Ⅲ CHINA ibrpouto nsuhr hbrvkKrai Khabarovsk southern in production Timber 3.3 Map 2004. res occur in this zone, and it is prevalence of forest of forest it prevalence is and zone, this in occur res ! ! ! ! ycmay(u m) (cu. company By ! nytptme avsesaelbld(nwie;dt r o 2000. for are data white); (in labeled are harvesters timber top Only 700 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 8,0 370,000 - 180,001 180,000 - 100,001 100,000 - 60,001 60,000 - 30,001 30,000 - 8,000 JAO , 000 McKinleyville, The ! ! ha of once-forested land, but much of the land, of once-forested ha ! Separated from the rest of the krai of the rest the from Separated ! ! Chegdomyn ! ! Suluk Lespromkhoz Badzhalsky ! Russian ! ! yrin(u m) (cu. raion By ! ( ! Bikin Lespromkhoz ,0,0 1,211,400 - 1,000,001 1,000,000 - 500,001 500,000 - 150,001 150,000 - 50,001 50,000 - 0 ! ! Everonsky ! Komsomolsky ! ( ! Lespromkhoz ! ! ! P Khor ! Solnechny Vega KHABAROVSK ! Lespromkhoz Sredne-Amgunsky ! ! ! ! ! ! VRimbunan JV ! ! Far ! ! ! ( ! ! ! CA: ! ! ia Int. Hijau ! re and heavy heavy re and Lespromkhoz Gorinsky ! ! yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By !. ! ! Amursk ! ! ! Komsomolsk -on-Amur PRIM ! VRmua ia DV Hijau Rimbunan JV Lespromkhoz Shelekhovksy ! ! East: ! ! ! Daniel !

ORSKY by ! Sources: ’s ’s Nikolaevsk-on-Amur ! ! e fOkhotsk of Sea ! hbrvkFrs evc,20;ER,2002. ESRI, 2001; Service, Forest Khabarovsk ! VArkaim JV ! De-Kastriles VForest JV ! ! ! A ! Starma ! ! 01 ! ! SAR ! ! ! town of Chegdomyn and give give and of Chegdomyn town the tolog near laborers Korean North permitted ment has Lower Amur zone. Amur Lower settlements on either side of the Amur and along the Strait. Strait. the along and on Amur side either of the settlements port the especially logging, from revenues much of their Raion spruce. and larch of mixed are Forests zone. Komsomolsk the in here and both located is Zakaznik Dzhevdukha planned the and zone this in is Zakaznik Shaman-Yai proposed The regions. highland and lowland varied and wetlands, and marshes Amur, of the the lated regions. more iso- the in camps gold mining and tohunting access provide helicopters so between, far and few are roads logging Northern region. the through cut railroads Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur the and mining, coal is zone the within krai tothe back cut ! ! & ! Reference ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !. ! ! ! ! ! ! krai ! ! ! !. ! Daniel. ! ! Vanino 0 0 , and includes the Tatar Strait and the delta region region delta the and Tatar the Strait includes , and km This zone hugs the eastern borderof eastern the hugs zone This centers, and building infrastructure to transport coastal from distant creasingly in- are stands timber Fresh harvesting. cranberry commercial and trapping, and fi salmon support here also forests The decreasing. been has extraction timber quite developed, is logging support to infrastructure Although regions. logging it one krai made ofhave the zone’s tothe and forests access extensive facilitated have centers port These road. krai tothe access year-round have seaports), large (both Gavan Sovetskaya Vanino and zone’s The towns, major understory. two the in common are species broadleaf prevalence; in of spruce more instances with larch, and spruce mixed here are Forests Zapovednik. Botchinsky created recently the as well as Nelma, the and Koppi, the Ulike, the including zone, this proposed Several Krai. of Primorsky portion ern northeast- by the south tothe bordered zone, coastal the is of Japan Sea the along Coastal zone. of gold mining. gold of aresult as disturbed tobe continue zone of route. the Portions only the is River Amur the year of the rest the winter; the in krai to the connected is region remote. The are areas industrial other Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, of town of the exception the With as compensation. The main industry industry main The compensation. as 466 Guide ’s industrial centers via air, rail, and and rail, air, via centers ’s industrial pages zakaznik ’s capital, Khabarovsk, by road by road ’s Khabarovsk, capital, 60 Extending further south south further Extending percent of the roundwood roundwood of the percent s within this zone receive receive zone this s within for s are located within within located s are Conservation shing, hunting ’s most active active most ’s and Development. Newell, J. Northern zone. Northern toJapan. for export stands nearby toextract it feasible however, would, make of Nelma port costly. Development coastal is of the stands these access sport hunting. hunting. sport ( snow sheep and pasture, for reindeer inhabitants by local used are region of the expanses Large valleys. river a few confi operations along and scale portion southern tothe ned krai the in lowest the are hectare per volumes harvest and tivity produc- forest latitude, due northern toits and pine, scrubby with larch region’s here. The primarily are located are forests Toromsky proposed the Zakaznik and Zapovednik zhursky (approximately density low population extremely an has and or road, rail either by inaccessible virtually centers, remote industrial from 2004. Ovis nivicola Ovis . Very little logging takes place in this zone, with small- with zone, this in place takes logging . Very little its own in the international markets for lumber. for markets international the in own its hold to standards production and capacity the develop can industry the that unlikely is it otherwise, or foreign manufacturing.value-added Without such investments, and processing wood for than rather infrastructure, port ex- and harvest for been largely had invest- industry the in ment international however, 2002, the of end the By — JN equipment. timber of manufacturers American from investments on krai the and concerns, international by made be must industry timber the in investments however, areality, plan To this make jobs. new create as profi increase well as will investment 10 15 by the to times ts that projects suggests administration The Amurmash. at cellulose and plant Biochemical Khor the at duction include paper pro- projects proposed The processing. complete on focused investment for proposals of number a developed has administration The modernization. ties facili- in profi enough reinvestment allow to generated ts have enterprises timber major region’s the because sible krai the to According lumber. structural and processed only export will companies producing timber- Khabarovsk’s of all 2003 By exports. log raw from away industry the reorient offi to suggests efforts cial Ishaev Governor by 2000 spring in decree ambitious An exports? log raw to end An McKinleyville, The ) and brown bear feed a small demand for demand a small feed bear brown ) and This northernmost zone is mountainous, mountainous, is zone northernmost This 43

Russian 1 person per 10 administration, this plan is fea- is largely relying relying largely is sq. km). Dzhugd- sq. km). Far CA: East: Daniel A & Reference in “Toward sustainable development,” “Toward 1 in chapter sustainable more detail in described initiatives a component larger of the ngo international ernment, gov- Canadian Development, the for International Agency World U.S. the Bank, including organizations international by funded been have projects These of success. degrees ing krai implemented the development been in have indigenous people express concern, however, that Canadian Canadian however, concern, that express people indigenous for advocates and Ecologists Raion. Nanaisky indigenous of the territory forested the in development efforts economic territory. In est for- of the survey ecological extensive an conducted has and solutions,” local todevelop need the and values “model forest on Trade. focuses project The International and Affairs of Foreign Department Canadian by the administered Fund, Partnerships for International Plan Green byprovided the not have moved toimplement it. administration regional offi service forest written, well it be may though al- however, that, Even acknowledge, proponents law of the considerations. ecological local devalues often and centrally refi and passed been has participation, that legislation nes is regionally specifi that of legislation movement toward example an is law This of Russia. regions other in amodel as used being currently is itself, law the as well as meetings, open in review and input, participation, public included law’sest which development, for- for the used process The forth. so development, and resource nontimber leasing, lands forest review, public and specifi regionally specifying articles includes law development. The sustainable toward specifi regionally directed, locally out as stand created it was by which process and passed Russia’s fi the representatives, service forest international international and regional involving and Service Forest by Khabarovsk ated initi- project of 1999 acollaborative , in beginning the At law forest Krai Khabarovsk Since Tasch Jeremy Newell, Josh development Toward sustainable ing ( Fund- program. Forest Model of Canada’s International part about270 includes project This Project Forest Model Gassinsky Daniel. c$3 1994 million) for the four-year project, project, four-year for the million) , several projects aimed at ecologically sustainable sustainable atecologically aimed projects , several 466 1999 c, and internationally important movements important internationally and c, Guide ngo c, encourages and incorporates public Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk , the project was extended to integrate tointegrate extended project was , the rst regional forest law. This law and the the and law law. forest This regional rst s, scholars, and local, national, and and national, local, and scholars, s, pages c requirements for public auction for auction public c requirements s, and others. Some overlap or are Someor overlap are others. and s, for , 000 ha of forest and is is and of ha forest Conservation 1994 krai cials and the the and cials . – , with vary- , with 1998 drafted drafted Ⅲ , was , was

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KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK 172 including coordination, project and management public ports sup- third The products. wood of nontimber improved use the and practices, business and management technologies, processing and harvesting improved forest in programs ing train- offering enterprises, industrial forest restructuring in administrations regional supports second The regeneration. and protection, improved forest management, information and planning land-use forest reforms, policy ment through fi The nents. compo- main three has project The Siberia. central in Krai Krasnoyarsk and Russia of region European northwest the in Oblast Leningrad are two other The pilot regions. of three 1999 in PilotProject Forestry au.s.$60 World initiated The Bank Project Pilot Forestry Bank World market. rfe the in afoothold get companies timber Canadian tohelp used being is forest model the that suggested have Others forests. who dependon the Nanai of local expense atthe industry timber local the strengthen will investment clear-cuts. by done still is Khabarovsk in logging Most J. Ⅲ 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE rst aims to support sustainable forest manage- forest sustainable tosupport aims rst McKinleyville, The Russian , with Khabarovsk Krai as one as Krai Khabarovsk , with million Sustainable Sustainable million Far CA: East: Daniel timber A In July 2000 project forestry USAID-funded monitoring. and ment, on implementation, fi assistance technical bodies responsible for forest management. management. for forest responsible bodies fi necessary not providing offi government by some Russian criticized been has stages, planning in still project, The program. loan and grant aforestry and research, forestry applied reform, legal and policy forest are included Also generation. biomass including alternatives, development energy of the renewable and ing, process- wood secondary and products of forest nontimber fi forest project: components tothe primary four are There species. endangered and for rare habitat critical and sink carbon important aglobally as forests Russian preserving ment and manage- forestry sustainable by promoting biodiversity serve topre- and change climate of global threat the toreduce are Moscow. project’s and The objectives major Siberia, East, Far Russian the in Technologies working and Project, Resources & Reference Daniel. re prevention, pest management, the development the management, re prevention, pest

usaid launched afi launched 466 Guide nancial support to the agencies and and agencies tothe support nancial pages ve-year, ve-year, for nancial nancial manage- $20 Conservation million Forest Forest million cials for cials and Development. Newell, J. has offi has which PeoplesNorth, of the of Indigenous Association by the represented are interests krai out the of area an territories, use land- traditional forty about present At region. tothe native krai of the regions northern the in live also Somefamilies Yakut Krais. Khabarovsk and 1 about and several hundred Orochi. There are more than more than are There Orochi. hundred several are there Tumnin the River along Raion Vaninsky in Udege; In Land rights about are there basins, River Anyui and Khor the home to also are valley River Amgun the about River, about are there Raion, Chursky In basin. lower Amur the in primarily live 10 about number Nanai, the of these, largest The map (see Krai Khabarovsk inhabit groups ethnic Eight Gordon David Voronov, Boris peoples Indigenous the The areas. traditional-use inventory and to map made being is effort an and area tional-use some of aproperly defi to atleast title togain trying are peoples Indigenous self-management. for law native federal the in aprovision is there and comanagement, resource natural some allows legislation Regional rights. those have governments Regional territories. traditional their from resources toallocate right the have donot and territory own their to or own donot hold peoples title Indigenous by forest. covered are much of the though even industry, timber the and peoples native between for interaction mechanism effective an for searching still is government the later years Eight for them. of regulations a set tional Nature Use ( of Territories borders the mine of Tradi- interests of local people. people. of local interests best not the in often is lands of these use government management and industrial that It clear is harvest. timber commercial for designated forests and forests pristine 2004. 1992 krai krai ces in the city of Khabarovsk. city the in ces , after a decree from the governor, the from adecree , after administration started todeter- started administration has forty ttp forty has McKinleyville, , for ; their their peoples; for indigenous 500 The 2 , 500 2 in the northern part of Primorsky of Primorsky part northern the Evens in , 500 Nivkhi make their home. This area and and area home. This their make Nivkhi ttp Ulchi. In the lower reaches of the Amur Amur of the lower reaches the In Ulchi. Russian s, which include include which s, s) and to develop todevelop and s) 30 million ha, are set aside through- aside set are ha, million , although they are not considered not considered are they , although ned ned tradi- ttp Far s CA: 500 . In In Negidals. 3 East: , 500 Daniel , 000 1 , CHINA Evenks 000 AMUR SAKHA and and 3 fKaaos Krai Khabarovsk of lands Indigenous 3.4 Map

. 4 A ). & Reference JAO for native peoples. for native for life basis the are that forests landscape—the the protect to it necessary is lifestyles, To traditional protect survival. are fi peoples native villages, the In vulnerable. especially peoples Russia’s rfediffi the , donot. throughout indeed, and, region Khabarovsk in peoples indigenous Many management. forest over legislators and makers policy with adebate in involved becoming are and meetings attend peoples some indigenous participation, of public guarantees Givengovernment Lazovsky. Solnechny, and Ulchsky, Sovgavansky, the region in such such in region the throughout laws and rights these violating are operations Logging allocations. resource natural when making them ignored always have on paper, bureaucrats government ized Even though Daniel.

Evenk Evenk

R. ghting not only for ethnic survival, but also for physical for physical but also survival, not for only ethnic ghting Evenk Nanai Evenk

Bu R. reya R Negidal . Evenk ! P ! Nanai

KHABAROVSK Khor Udege Evenk Nanai

cult economic conditions make indigenous 466 R.

S ttp ! h Guide

Gvasyugi a

n ! raion Udege ! t Komsomolsk-on-Amur Amursk Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur a s are offi s are

r

I s

Am l

a pages

Anyu ur n Vaninsky, Verkhne-Bureinsky, s as

R. d s iR

unnR. Tumnin Ulchi Negidal . Nivkhi Orochi cially recognized and formal- and recognized cially Even yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By for ! ! ! e fOkhotsk of Sea Maisky Vanino

Conservation Ta t a r S t r a i t

Even SAKHALIN Sources: 0 aav 01 SI 2002. ESRI, 2001; Sapaev, ¯ 200 Ⅲ km

173 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK

Alexander Panichev 174 Khabarovsk. southern in live Udege The In February Orochi. the are region this to deer. peopleindigenous The and animals fur-bearing has range coastal watershed’s The tospawn. Butu, the tributary, cherry salmon ( a contain Raion, Vaninsky in River, Khutu of the headwaters The watershed. the in toharvest alicense issues government that before fi the and wildlife, the forest, on have the will harvest timber effect what todetermine assessment impact mental environ- an toproduce government the toget Khutu river raipon (Khabarovsk North of the Peoples of Indigenous Association Regional Khabarovsk The Arkaim and Butu, the Khutu, The to log forests in the Khutu. the in to log forests for permission asked again Arkaim liquidated, was Protection Yet June 2000 in toArkaim. watershed Khutu of the forests the togive going Khabarovsk from toaletter response In Arkaim. from watershed Khutu asked Khabarovsk raipon Protection, on Environmental Committee local of the man P. time, region’s same chair- Slobodchikov, the At forests. krai the pressure J. Ⅲ 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE raipon McKinleyville, Oncorhynchus masu 2000 , after the Committee on Environmental on Environmental Committee the , after administration to allow it to develop the the it todevelop toallow administration The zakaznik , the administration said that it was not it was that said administration , the the joint venture Arkaim started to started Arkaim joint venture the Russian . Salmon, including endangered endangered including . Salmon, to help defend the tohelp the defend ) is using the small taiga taiga small the using ) is ), enter the Khutu and its its and Khutu enter), the Far CA: ttp in the the in East: Daniel sh A Federal Law on the Protection of the Environment requires requires Environment of the Protection on the Law 36 Federal article property, and federal are forests Russian damage these resources. fi and hunting is life specifi in only areas traditional-use peoples’ indigenous in land toannex allowed are Khabarovsk and Federation Russian peoples.” for The these of way life atraditional of assuring “interests the in resolved be must issues other all nomic and eco- Peoples North, of the Use for Indigenous Nature tional on Territories law of Tradi- Khabarovsk tothe According an for ademand with concluded meeting The conducted. been ( review expert no environmental government because watershed Khutu on the of logging effects potential on not the able toreport was Arkaim consideration. under was concession the that informed notbeen even had they approved. Indeed, was license the before consulted not been had people local the that clear it became meeting a public At representatives. Arkaim with tomeet and people local raipon of Khabarovsk chair and lawyer environmental an Bogdan, raipon Khabarovsk from provoked representatives request This & Reference expertiza Daniel. c cases. In the Khutu, the Orochi’s traditional way of way traditional Orochi’s the Khutu, the In c cases. , including Galina Volkova, the director, and Irina Irina Volkova, and director, the Galina , including ’s advisory board, to go to the Khutu to talk with with totalk Khutu tothe togo board, ’s advisory before any license is issued. is license any before shing; irrational or unwise logging will will logging or unwise irrational shing; 466 Guide assessment is completed. completed. is assessment environmental this that sure make to authorities federal and regional with now working is association The awarded. be would concession the which under for conditions gestions raipon Khabarovsk logging. from species mal or ani- plant endangered with places and grounds, hunting corridor, key afi protect to agreed tory. administration The Together,tion. terri- the zoned they associa- the with tonegotiate agreed of Khabarovsk aresult As raipon Khutu. for the plans logging tender or the timber commercial the subject to the same same tothe subject are payments compensation and fees harvest of timber estimates All pact. im- environmental on the by areport timber tendercial must be preceded acommer- Code, Forest Khabarovsk 91 article In environment. tothe threat adirect pose that tions No No an expertiza expertiza pages was also allowed to make sug- tomake allowed also was ’s advocacy, the administration ’s administration the advocacy, sheries refuge, an ecological ecological an refuge, sheries for ac- government for has been conducted on conducted been has Conservation expertiza expertiza of the of the process. process. of the of the ) had ) had and Development. Newell, J. and the other ( other the and ducer in the krai the in ducer on entirely fair terms. fair on entirely toRimbunan not awarded was concession logging the that suspect environmentalists Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in factory fi jet purchased government Malaysian the as time same atthe made was Rimbunan cal fi politi- key by afew controlled aregion in support political enjoys strong company the thus and Rimbunan, courted personally governor of Khabarovsk, the Ishaev, Viktor 1999, in logging began Rimbunan north. the in Raion Ulchsky about basin River Sukpai one ( Krai, Khabarovsk in leases logging forty-eight-year two Hijau secured Rimbunan In forests Khabarovsk’s log to in moves Hijau Rimbunan Gordon David Karpachevsky, Mikhail Aksenov, Dmitry Newell, Josh Perspective Convention on the Biodiversity. in by Russia assumed bilities order tofulfi in essential work is for this port sup- organizational and legal, Economic, activities. practical rfe for the framework ecological of an creation the It outlines conservation. for biodiversity strategy aconceptual in resulted have cooperation, national inter- with Krais, Primorsky and of Khabarovsk of scientists efforts The future. the in areas for protected land designating defi will that document planning the lishing pub- in adelay be Nor there should territories. protected the regulate would and level federal atthe function will enacted, regionally law, though This Territories) not delayed. must be territoriyakh prirodnikh yaiemikh okhran- osobo Ob law Krai Khabarovsk ofAdoption the Yezhelya Tamara issues Legal concession and and concession cu. m to those countries from the Bitchi site and 58 site and Bitchi the from countries mtothose cu. 2000 In Korea. South and na, Chi- markets—Japan, region’s for the only export logs main produced have far thus ventures both capabilities, processing timber- todevelop lease the in agreement Despite aformal ing timber for export. timber ing no intention process- of ever has company the point out that region the from site. Environmentalists Sukpai the m from 2004. 1998 gures and industrialists. Pointing out that the deal with with deal the Pointing out that industrialists. and gures and in 2000 in and , the Malaysian multinational logging corporation corporation logging multinational Malaysian , the McKinleyville, The 485, 114 , producing 150 , producing emerged as the second-largest timber pro- timber second-largest the as emerged , 000 000 Russian 44 cu. m) in the Bitchi River basin in in basin River Bitchi the m)in cu. cu. m from the Sukpai concession. concession. Sukpai the mfrom cu. 150 550 ghters that were built at a defense atadefense werebuilt that ghters km from the city of Khabarovsk of Khabarovsk city the from km , 00 , Rimbunan exported 73 exported , Rimbunan , (On Specially Protected Protected Specially (On 000 cu. m per year) in the the in year) mper cu. and a system of consequent asystem and cu. m from the Bitchi Bitchi the mfrom cu. Far CA: ne the process of process ne the ll the responsi- the ll East: Daniel , 000 , 000 cu. cu. A

& Reference volumes that Rimbunan has plans for: plans has Rimbunan that volumes logging the sustain cannot region the that out repeatedly pointed has Surkhov Krai. of Khabarovsk territories southern of the Protection on Environmental Committee Interdistrict of the Surkhov, former head Viktor maintains area,” to our coming their tender and Rimbunan the against been always offi government regional Many administration. local the and company the between fi or the plans of Rimbunan’s unaware largely are affected tobe communities local the this governmental decree, in in decree, governmental this to response In area. protected afuture as basin River pai Suk- the designated originally government Russian The agreement. lease the even study, or prefeasibility plan, business the toobtain unable offi government and Rimbunan with meetings In Khabarovsk. with engaging avoiding tions, opera- its about secretive very been has company The held. is concession Bitchi the where Raion, Ulchsky more inaccessible about known is little values; for ecological its known well is region Sukpai The basin. of the lower part the in only place taken has now, Until mouth. river atthe logging established the of beginning the until region Sukpai the in not arrive did processing timber and Logging dominant. birch and larch spruce-fi are Sukpai the of forests The Range. Mountain Sikhote-Alin biodiverse the of slope western of the part and River Khor of the tributary ( lease Sukpai the parks to be created between between created to be parks of for creation comprehensive plan No. decree Chernomyrdin in listed was Protection, on Environmental Committee Khabarovsk This proposed zapovednik watershed. of the portions middle and upper the protect to Zapovednik Verkhne-Sukpaisky of the for creation tion justifi ecological-economic an prepared Khabarovsk in Daniel. cials in Khabarovsk, ngo Khabarovsk, in cials ngo oped and communities are dependent on are them. communities and oped devel- been has infrastructure after tenyears in leave them have than today Rimbunan tostop It better is of cut 550 projected annual Rimbunan’s for fi timber enough is There years. defi and for logging much forest not is that there aresult As streams. and rivers of protected number forbidden) alarge is and over 30 slopes numerous are there mountainous; is region the Generally, reasons. for environmental but more is important value, economic in terms in valuable not is that forest The 1970 s and Russian scientists are most concerned about about concerned most are scientists Russian s and s, when a small settlement of the same name was was name same of the settlement whenasmall s, 466 361 Guide Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk , 454 nitely not enough for forty-eight for notnitely forty-eight enough pages r ( cials oppose the project. “I have “Ihave project. the oppose cials ha), as the Sukpai River is a major amajor is River Sukpai the as ha), 45 , after gaining support from the the from support gaining , after 66 The general public and even even and public general The 1994 nancial arrangementsnancial made percent), with the remainder remainder the with percent), s, despite extensive efforts, were efforts, despites, extensive 1994 ngo for degrees (where logging (where logging degrees and 2005 and , researchers from ivep from , researchers s and even the media in in media the even s and zapovednik 572 Conservation ve to ten years at ve totenyears -r, which outlined a outlined which -r, . The Khabarovsk Khabarovsk . The , 000 s and national national s and cu. m. cu. 46 Ⅲ ca-

175 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK 176 more realistic approach to limiting the environmental impact a dire, are settlements nearby and of Sukpai town the in tions condi- economic and begun already has logging Given that development. road and mining, logging, prohibit large-scale but would products forest of nontimber use traditional mit azapovednik not as haps Russian a as onceproposed area the in remains habitat signifi that revealed (Moscow) ScanEx in completed However, analysis an value. ecological minimal due tofi that, was transfer justifi of the Part Russia. in precedent ous adanger- sets matter) for that use land intensive other (or any logging toindustrial for conservation slated of land transfer Such decree. on the through tofollow will political or the fi not, however, the did either government have RFE. the in communities ofvillage component economic important an remains Hunting J. 2002 Ⅲ 2004. by Greenpeace-Russia and the remote sensing fi remote sensing the and by Greenpeace-Russia ngo THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE s would still like to see the area protected, per- protected, area the tosee like still s would McKinleyville, The but as azakaznik but as res and logging, the Sukpai had had Sukpai the logging, and res Russian cant frontier forest cation for this land , which would per- would , which Far CA: nancial means means nancial zapovednik East: Daniel rm . A received. received. werenot bids other and process, aclosed through issued was tender the that appears It also dependent on logging. largely economy already aregional todiversify region Sukpai the for options not other did explore government Khabarovsk How will the timber be transported out of Sukpai? of out transported be timber the will How known. not of is well jobs number the residents, for some jobs provide Sukpai will Rimbunan although and base, resource their damage will logging large-scale that fear fi and hunters Local by Rimbunan. planned logging large-scale tothe alternative an as region the develop Rimbunan, than record logging amuch better with panies, and then out of the port of Nakhodka in . Krai. Primorsky in of Nakhodka out port of then the and Railroad Trans-Siberian tothe road and by railroad exported is timber of site, the most From Sukpai timber. the the confl & Reference icting reports of Rimbunan’s long-term plans to export toexport plans long-term of Rimbunan’s reports icting Daniel. ngo s would rather see other smaller forestry com- forestry smaller other see rather s would to log in the region for fi region the to log in only plans Rimbunan development but, if Trans-Siberian Railroad, need economic the with region the links which railroad, Borskaya the along communities small those such as Papua New Guinea? It appears the the It appears Guinea? Papua New as such countries, other in operates Rimbunan suffi community local benefi long-term the proving astudy been there Has basins? River Nelma and Samarga the in forests upnew toopen seek they or will railroad Borskaya the resurrect government the and Rimbunan Will community? local for the jobs and more toprovide income timber toprocessing itself commit Rimbunan Will benefi the will rumoured, communities? nearby and Sukpai of conditions social and economic the improve venture the will How unanswered: remain still operations the about questions Essential regularly. operations logging of Rimbunan’s tomonitor both are they if ngo sian Khabarovsk’s government among offi corruption and collusion minimize also will scrutiny topublic consultation this up Opening consulted. regularly media and ngo and available publicly made are documents if only occur can This plans. Rimbunan’s about more information need istrations The public, place. totake needs venture Rimbunan benefi economic the enhancing and 466 s, local government and communities, communities, and government local s, Guide s need to be fi tobe s need pages Clearly Sukpai settlement and and settlement Sukpai Clearly ngo ts of the venture? Is the the Is venture? of the ts for s, and local admin- local and s, ciently aware of how aware ciently nancially supported supported nancially ve to ten years as as ve totenyears ts be long lasting? bets long lasting? Conservation shers in the area area the in shers cials. Rus- cials. There are are There t of the t of the and Development. Newell, J. intersect the west-east paved Lidoga-Vanino road. road. Lidoga-Vanino paved west-east the intersect offi Khabarovsk by consideration under currently scenario Yet possible another port. Nelma Khabarovsk-based through timber Samarga exporting than rather Samarga, the from exports to control want government Primorsky the and company the as region, Primorsky in port asmall atAdimi, capacity port to expand Terneiles plans region. the has through timber exporting RH unconfi according and, River won atwenty-fi Terneiles,recently giant, logging However, Primorsky-based the boundary. tive administra- Krai Primorsky the reached side had Sukpai the from Construction road: Nelma-Sukpai the building is nan 2000 August in research Field corridors. wildlife and habitat unroaded previously fragmenting Sikhote-Alin, central the from Sikhote-Alin northern the divide it effectively would because road this resist strongly Environmentalists Nakhodka. via exported krai the which taxes, export and duties transfer port toreceive Khabarovsk allow would and tologging peoples, Udege homeis to the which basin, River Samarga unroaded upthe open would This of Nelma. port tothe Samarga the across road Sukpai the toextend plans developing is Rimbunan department, logging Khabarovsk of the Markov toGrigory According 2004. McKinleyville, The would not have access to if the timber were timber the toif notaccess have would cials is to build a road from the Sukpai to Sukpai the from aroad tobuild is cials Russian ve-year tender to log the Samarga Samarga tender tolog the ve-year confi rmed reports, does not want not want does reports, rmed rmed suspicions that Rimbu- that suspicions rmed Far CA: East: Daniel A & Reference in the area.” area.” the in of Russian presence of “no the found evidence which Department, Inventory Forest Khabarovsk by the prepared tender documents, leasing initial the in data of ecological absence virtual the is troubling Also region. Sukpai the in ofmitment Rimbunan com- long-term the and conducted, tobe of logging type the cut, annual allowed the about questions serious raises This tenyears. out no more in than logged commercially be will watershed the estimates Surkov Therefore, I forest. asignifi systems, river to extensive forest lies along steep slopes of more than of more slopes than steep along lies forest Surkov, much of toViktor the According region. of the ogy diffi it is public, on the watershed? logging large-scale of effects ecological the be will What fectively fragment northern Sikhote-Alin old-growth forests. forests. old-growth Sikhote-Alin northern fragment fectively ef- and railroad, Borskaya the along Sukpai, the including towns, small cripple the logging, uptolarge-scale region the open Samarga, the in Udege of the lives the change permanently would road Nelma-Sukpai out. The them shut dealings political secretive Rimbunan’s decision. the in however, involved tobe need communities, affected tentially po- the All routechosen. is export timber which determine infl and Time Daniel. 466 cult to assess the future effect on the ecol- on the effect future the toassess cult uence from various interest groups will will groups interest various from uence Guide As very few documents have been made made been have documents few very As Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk Red Data Book Data Red pages for cant percentage is Group is percentage cant –listed plants and animals animals and plants –listed Conservation 30 degrees and, due and, degrees Ⅲ

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