Development. Newell,

AMUR 196 J. Ⅲ 2004.

THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE SAKHA Map 5.1

McKinleyville, Ust-Nyukzha The Amur Oblast TYNDINSKY 361,900 sq. km Lopcha Russian Lapri

Ust-Urkima Baikal-Amur Mainline Tynda CHITA !.

ZEISKY

Far Kirovsky CA: Kirovsky Zeiskoe Zolotaya Gora Reservoir Takhtamygda Solovyovsk Urkan Urusha !Skovorodino KHABAROVSK Erofei Pavlovich Never East: SKOVOROD I MAGDAGACHINSKY

Daniel Trans-Siberian Railroad Taldan Mokhe NSKY Zeya .! Ignashino Ivanovka Dzhalinda Ovsyanka ! Pioner Magdagachi Beketovo Yasny Tolbuzino Yubileiny Tokur Lukachek Ekimchan A Tygda Inzhan Oktyabrskiy Zlatoustovsk Koboldo Ushumun Stoiba Ivanovskoe Chernyaevo Ogodzha & Reference Sivaki Ust-Tygda Selemdzhinsk Kuznetsovo KY Daniel. Kukhterin-Lug Byssa Fevralsk Tu Mukhino Novorossiika Norsk DHINS Chagoyan Maisky SELEM Novovoskresenovka OVSKY ! Shimanovsk Uglovoe MAZ SHIMAN A N O V Novogeorgievka Novokievsky Uval SKY SKY Mazanovo SVOBODNEN Chernigovka Margaritovka

466 !. Svobodny CHINA Kostyukovka inline SERYSHEVSKY Guide Seryshevo! ROMNENSKY Bolshaya Sazanka Belogorsk !. Shiroky Log AmurMa BELOGORSKY Pridorozhnoe pages BLAGOVESHCHENSKY Romny Baikal- Pozdeevka Berezovka Novotroitskoe IVANOVSKY Ekaterinoslavka Cheugda Ivanovka Talakan SKY P! O KTYABRSKY INSKY for BLAGOVESHCHENSK Tambovka Zavitinsk BUREI ! Bakhirevo ZAVIT T A M B OVSKY Muravyovka Raichikhinsk ! KONSTANTINOV SKY !

Conservation Poyarkovo Progress ARKHARINSKY Konstantinovka Arkhara ! Gribovka M IKHAIL O VSKY ¯ Kundur Innokentevka Leninskoe km A m Trans-Siberian Railroad u 100 r R i v JAO Russian Far East e r By Newell and Zhou / Sources: Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002; ESRI, 2002. and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian Khabarovsk Krai in the east. east. the in Krai Khabarovsk Autonomous Jewish the and and Oblast west, the in Oblast Chita north, the in of Sakha south. toThe the border China with providesnese) anatural CHAPTER 5 stands of birch monarch ( stands small with forests Larch mountains. on elevations these cover higher tundra alpine and border northern of territory. entire the the across spread stone Japanese pine ( and Oblast Amur and Sakha between line dividing form the StanovoiThe Mountains ecology and Geography 19 are Average temperatures latitude. world the in same else atthe anywhere not does occur acombination that soon streams, mon- and winds continental both It has climate. continental asevere has Oblast Amur Climate 361 Size (or by rail 8 is basin, River Amur upper middle the and in Oblast, Amur Location Amur Oblast of of tains and a parallel southern range running across the center the of across the running southern range aparallel and tains now and over sprawls 2 destruction ronmental much envi- caused aproject Reservoir, that huge Zeiskoe the to create were dammed river great of this reaches middle The northeast. the in mountains these in begins River pinelower (Pinus Scots sylvestris elevations. per year. The western region is comparatively drier. comparatively is region western The per year. up to reach regioncan eastern months. Precipitation mountainous the in half ( East Far Russian the in land farming region, best the Bureya Zeya- southeastern the snow. in little season cold, with and growing The dry is Winter warm. and clear is Fall rapid in growth. vegetation hot, moist—resulting is short,and marshland with Dahurian larch ( larch Dahurian with marshland primarily is which upUpper plain, the make Zeya ranges mountain two the between is the vast Amur River plain, which covers which plain, River Amur vast the is ing Amur from Khabarovsk Krai. These ridges of larch and fi and of larch ridges These Krai. from Khabarovsk Amur ing separat- ridges of mountain series another is Oblast border of Amur eastern the Along 42 , 900 ° c in the summer and lows of and – summer the in sq. km or approximately the size of Poland or the state of California. of Poland of or size California. orstate approximatelythe the sq. km Far CA: 6 , 500 km by air). The Amur River (Black Dragon or Hei Long Jiang in Chi- in or Dragon Hei Jiang Long (Black River Amur The by air). km East: Daniel Betula middendorfi Betula A & Reference Larix gmelini Daniel. 58 ° c in July and Julyand in ° c in the winter. Spring is dry and clear. Summer Summer clear. and winter. dry the is Spring in 40 ) forests grow along the river plains. The Zeya Zeya The river plains. the grow along ) forests i percent of the ) and Dahurian birch (B. davurica Dahurian ) and , 500 ) and pine forests. South of the second ridge of second South pine ridge the ) and forests. 466 Guide sq. km between the Stanovoi the Moun- between sq. km 28 ° c in January, pages oblast r-spruce forests form the form the forests r-spruce borders the Republic Republic the borders oblast , rfe for 000 ), averages four and a and four averages ), . km east of Moscow east km 1 but can reach highs highs reach but can oblast Conservation . The lowlands lowlands . The Pinus pumila Pinus 800 ) grow at ) grow mm

197 ) and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR [ 198 (pop. Blagoveshchensk Largest cities [ wolf [ (e.g., boreal brown bear of fauna: types different with habitat each zones, distinct four has Oblast Amur fauna and Flora ( pine the in left forests richest have the which Rivers, Arkhara and Bureya the are Selemdzha of the Southeast River. empties into Amur then the and of Blagoveshchensk, city continues to the into Zeya, the River, fl which of Selemdzha watershed the tant industrial center. Belogorsk (pop. industrial tant second most the impor- is Railroad, on Trans-Siberian located the and River on Zeya the oblast hub the in center. major the transportation commercial It and also is industrial and capital of administrative city Heihe, the is rapidly developing from the across Chinese River ( ( home are There waterfowl. are to many lakes and zone. Rivers forest-steppe mole the inhabit rat, voles Manchurian and various rodents, including Many pygargus alpine (snow sheep [ mole [ rat Manchurian crane, procyonoides dog [ raccoon crane, stork, red-crowned ( crane red-crowned for place It anesting is intact. of remain forest patches but ploughed large been up or for burned agriculture, has plain Much of Plain. this Zeya-Bureya the Oblast, Amur in biodiversity forhighest the form acradle Rivers fl Manchurian other chinensis crane species, Himalayan bear ( bear Himalayan species, crane oblast and of amphibians, species 67 birds, of ental white stork,ental black stork ( ( duck ( duck many other birds. rare J. Ursus arctos Ursus G. vipio Cervus elaphus xanthopygus elaphus Cervus Nemorhaedus goral Martes zibellina Ⅲ 2004. . Rare and endangered species include anumber of species endangered and . Rare , with an airport, railroad junction, Svobodny river port. and (pop. railroad airport, an , with Canis lupus Pinus koraensis Pinus Aix galericulata Aix ) live in the mixed conifer-broadleaved forests. forests. conifer-broadleaved mixed the in ) live ), Mongolian oak ( oak Mongolian ), THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ), Oriental white Oriental ), stork ( species of mammals, of species mammals, ]); Dahuro-Mongolian (e.g., white-naped (e.g., white-naped Dahuro-Mongolian ]); ], hazel grouse [ grouse hazel ], McKinleyville, The ], moose [ ]); Manchurian (e.g., Orientalwhite Manchurian ]); ora. The Zeya, Amur, and Bureya Bureya Amur, and Zeya, The ora. ), Baer’s), ( pochard Ovis nivicola Ovis Grus japonensis Grus ), magnolia vine ( vine magnolia ), Pandion haliaeetus osprey (Pandion and ), 225 Russian , Alces alces cameloides alces Alces 200 10 Quercus mongolicus ) and snow ( ) and deer Bonaza bonaza Bonaza species of reptiles in the the in of reptiles species Myospalax psilurus Myospalax Ciconia nigra Ciconia ), situated on the Amur Amur on the situated ), Ursus thibetanus Ursus Ciconia boyciana ]). Manchurian wapiti Manchurian ]). 64 oblast ), white-naped crane crane white-naped ), species of fi species Aythia baeri Aythia Schisandra 74 with Korean Far Nyctereutes Nyctereutes CA: , 300 ows south ], sable ], ), mandarin ), mandarin Capreolus ), species species 326 East: ), and and ), sh, ], gray 109 ), goral ]); and and ]); Daniel ), and and ), ), Ori- km northeast of Blagoveshchensk, is is of Blagoveshchensk, northeast km 7

). A & Reference Daniel. p. 217. (see benefi lessees and investors foreign for ts offi Amur expand. to likely is the goldenvironment mining favorable, industry political the and secured is investment foreign If investment foreign for Quest p. 221). the largest in the RFE when it is completed is it when RFE inthe largest the be in1976, will begun station, power hydroelectric Bureinskaya The border. the across just towns and cities Chinese burgeoning the to sell to also but needs, regional supply to only stations—not power hydroelectric ofmore construction the expect inthe potential hydroenergy ahuge With of hydroenergy Expansion p. 215). domestic logging, domestic most on amoratorium imposed China When ofChina. Republic People’s inthe policies and result of widespread changes in forestry practices a as years ten next inthe developments major undergo to poised is industry timber Amur The China to exports Timber Key andprojects issues Zakaznik, have been slated for clear cutting clear for slated havebeen Zakaznik, Urkansky area, protected inone resources forest allofthe practically Recently, inChina). demand up to timber harvests (partially in response to opened maybe areas inprotected forests More areas protected to Threats p. 215). (see harvests timber ofdecreasing adecade after increased by almost 40 percent. 40 almost by increased 70 , 400 466 ), situated Guide 2 the timber harvest in Amur inAmur harvest timber the pages cials have offered tax tax haveoffered cials for 3 This occurred occurred This Conservation oblast, 5 (see 4 (see

and Development. Newell, J. (Grus japonensis) (Grus crane red-crowned the including ofcranes, species endangered Four 2004. McKinleyville, The , breed in or migrate through the Amur Valley. Amur the through migrate or in , breed Russian follows: silver ( silver follows: as tons are in concentrations for mineral nonferrous Estimates plentiful. stone also are lime- and clay, as such gravel, quartz, sand, materials Building Garinsk. and Ogodzha, Yerkovtsy, Arkhara-Boguchan, tons of iron Major deposits. deposits include Raichikhinsk, more in than coal tons ofbillion bituminous brown and ( coniferous timber (spruce, pine, fi (spruce, timber coniferous estimated an containing of forests also tons. metric are about There is twelve gold extraction annual Reported Mineral reserves have been estimated at estimated have been reserves Mineral resources Natural ecutive Committee) during the Soviet period, became governor period, became Soviet in the during Committee) ecutive Ex- (Regional Oblispolkom Belonogov,when ofAmur Anatoly the formerly achairman achieved was amount of stability governor anew Acertain year. each practically Oblast, coal, iron ore,coal, gold fl 100 ), zinc ( Far CA: 400 3 , , East: 000 000 Daniel akes, timber, water, and various nonferrous metals. There are over are There metals. timber, nonferrous water, various akes, and ), iron ( ), apatite ( ), A 2 , & Reference 000 30 r) and deciduous timber (Mongolian oak, iron birch oak, r) (Mongolian deciduous and timber million), zeolite ( zeolite million), Daniel. 2 ), copper ( copper ), billion cu. m of timber, largely larch but also other but also mof larch timber, cu. billion largely $400 billion. 10 Evenks, an indigenous group, oblast the indigenous in an Evenks, is rural. Today, rural. is about only are there consideredpopulation urban; is there were six different governors of Amur governors of Amur different were six there leadership. Between ecutive its ex- in of changes aseries went through of Amur Oblast was was Oblast of Amur 1 of January As Population of the other areas 25 by more than decreased population has the however, recentyears, In extraction. timber and construction of heyday railroad the Populationperiod. rapidly during increased post-Soviet the tremendously during fered suf- has Mainline, on Baikal-Amur the industry. Tynda (pop. major the is Food processing Railroad. junction on Trans-Siberian the a railroad sians whose ancestors migrated to the to the migrated whose ancestors sians Belorus- and Ukrainians, Russians, ethnic composed populationThe of mostly is status Political since since 60 by more than declined tion has and ahalf. and century past the during times at various million), titanium ( titanium million), 466 percent as people have emigrated to people percent have as emigrated Guide 100 1990 11 These abundant resources include resources abundant These million), kaolin ( kaolin million), pages 90 . Approximately . Approximately 9 During the 1990 the During Amur Oblast Ⅲ deposits and close to deposits and , 2001 for oblast 1997 997 40 , the total population total , the Conservation 45 . million), platinum platinum million), . 6 , , 500 10 600 100 65 1991 . s, the s, the 20 7 percent of the ), located located ), The popula- The million). million ha ha million and 1997 and 35 percent 4 , oblast 000 billion billion 1 ,

360 rfe

12 71 199

,

.

8 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR ferrous metallurgy represents about one-third of the total industrial output. industrial oftotal the representsabout one-third metallurgy ferrous amajor plays role the also in industry mining The to electricity. supply operations own their logging and by mining generators and used stations, Power coal-power Zeiskaya Station, small the accounted for almost for almost accounted about fl Food method. processing, logging main the is The main ports of Poyarkovo, Blagoveshchensk, ports main The public roads, about half of which are paved. of are which public about half roads, Amur Amur also logging. and to mining open up areas new likely will has and provinces neighboring and Amur between trade made imported foodproducts more expensive. benefitry 200 ( Railroad of Trans-Siberian section the line ( Main- Baikal-Amur the to from west east: territory the traverse which major railroads, two has Oblast Amur Infrastructure one in hydroelectricity) is of cornerstones; the output fi for region (see the industrial total the to Amur’s economy, fundamental forestry, are moreand comprising than generation, nonferrous metallurgy, fuel, electricity as such industries, Resource-based Main industries [ gross agricultural product. agricultural gross Amur Oblast has almost almost has Oblast Amur In Amurlesprom and Tyndales are the main logging ventures (see table table (see ventures logging Tyndales main the and Amurlesprom are largest in Russia and third largest in the world. the in largest third and Russia in largest the are gold placer Amur the deposits in that Some estimate future. the in expand likely will reserves, large given industry,the and growing fastest the is company). Gold mining AO controlled is by Dalvostokugol the (joint-stock industry this resource; most abundant rian Highway,rian to from Nakhodka, Chita 1 of the winter. construction The in especially ditions outside unpredictable, cities are the of total. the majority of cargo, vast the carry railways Tynda between Skovorodino. and south railroad The by a connected are lines two south. The the rich The tourism. and purposes for hotvaluable medicinal and springs springs underground numerous to provide clean hydroelectricity. also to harness are There rensis J. Betula ermani make up more than half of the half up more than make oblast Ⅲ 2004. bam ]). The region has a number of large rivers that the Russian government would like Russian the that rivers anumber of large region has The ]). 2000 17 percent of total industrial output. industrial percent of total THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ted from the devaluation of the ruble, which ofruble, which the devaluation the from ted ) ( , the timber industry accounted for accounted industry timber , the 17 1 , There are close to six thousand miles of miles thousand closeto six are There 525 McKinleyville, ], Dahurian birch, aspen [ birch, aspen Dahurian ], The km) in the north and the Zabaikal Zabaikal the and north the in km) 2 , 100 40 km of navigable waterways. of navigable km Russian percent of total industrial output. are Major of percent electricity industrial sources of total 2 billion cu. m of timber over an area of nearly of nearly area over mof an timber cu. billion , 017 -km Trans-Sibe- Far 1 CA: 180 , 19 Populus tremulae Populus 70 rfe 411 will increase 16 percent This indus- 18 -km north- km) in the the in km) ’s arable land and produce a third ofrfe the ’s produce athird and land arable Road con- g. g. 2000 East: 7 14 our milling, and feed production feed comprise and milling, our percent of total industrial output. industrial percent of total Daniel

5 . 1 , the fuel and electricity industries industries electricity and fuel , the generation (much from Electricity ). 20

oblast A ], poplars, and lime [ lime and poplars, ], ’s economy. non- Ferrous and & Reference Daniel. Source: nutilpouto nAu bat 2000 Oblast, Amur in production Industrial 5.1 Figure 5 . 8 blackzem ) and clear-cutting clear-cutting ) and 23 processing 70 million ha. million okmtt 2001. Goskomstat, Food 13 8% percent of Coal is the the is Coal 466 Tilia amu- Tilia Electricity soils of soils Guide 33% Other 9% pages 15

’s ’s oslfuels Fossil ofrosmetallurgy nonferrous for 5% eru and Ferrous Machinery 31% Conservation 7% Forestry 7% and Development. Newell, J. Source: xot rmAu bat 2000 Oblast, Amur from Exports 5.2 Figure 2004. n odproducts wood and mrOls omte fSaeSaitc,2001. Statistics, State of Committee Oblast Amur Machinery Timber 10% McKinleyville, 33% The odproducts Food Russian 16% n ofrosmetals nonferrous and trade in services. In In services. in trade u.s.$5 that actual trade fi maintain and China with trade unreported, thus and illegal, point growing to the analysts 1998 In decade. past tremendously the in increased has its share and China, is partner trading Amur’s main 2000 15 than less share, smaller ing, and logging equipment logging fi from and ing, woodwork- construction, as well as products meat foodand canned fruit, tea, rice, sugar, include demand in Imports from China. imported other products are and shoes, clothing, cheap foods, canned machinery, and for Amur’s materials exchange raw In River. Amur offrozen the Amur’s across trade) foreign for two-thirds (whichaccounts shuttle trade winter, In host border a the points of Poyarkovo, Blagoveshchensk, Dzhalinda and for more than 50 for more than region, producer the accounting in major the is agricultural Amur meat, of and potatoes rfe the As RFE in importance Economic materials, especially timber and metals (see fi (see metals and timber especially materials, thousand ha on both sides of border. on sides ha the both thousand of one atotal encompassing area an Heihe in and Blagoveshchensk nomic Zone between Free Eco- aSino-Russian government to the establish plans To China, with trade expand , 53 Ferrous , exports to Japan were valued at were to Japan valued , exports . 5 38% million annually, accounts for a small fraction ( fraction for asmall accounts annually, million percent, and by 2001 percent, and Far CA: ’s largest producer of soybeans, grain, and milk and its second largest producer its second largest and milk and ’s grain, producer of soybeans, largest Other 3% 1995 East: percent of all grain, grain, percent of all gures are much higher. are gures Daniel , China accounted for 39 accounted , China 2000 percent, of Amur’s exports go to Japan and South Korea. In In Korea. South percent, of and goto Amur’s Japan exports , exports to China were valued at were valued to China , exports A , about 82 & Reference increased by 17 percent of urban dwellers have dwellers telephones.percent of urban ruble, imports to Amur declined by declined to Amur ruble, imports In trade Foreign the year. Svobodny, months of operation for in six are Zeya and undeveloped: Only 10 fairly but Telecommunications remain planned. been exist of city Heihe, has Chinese the with Blagoveshchensk ing the confl one, just below although River no over bridges Amur the rfe fl has Blagoveshchensk in airport The (to Cheugda). River Bureya the Norsk), and (to River Selemdzha the (to Bomnak), Reservoir Zeiskoe the and River Zeya River, the along of Amur the length ruble in August ruble August in of the devaluation of probablythe is result value the dollar by nearly 40 nearly by atu.s.$87 valued Daniel. 2001 rms such as Caterpillar (U.S.) and Sumitomo and (Japan). (U.S.) Caterpillar as such rms and Siberian cities, and to Moscow. and cities, Siberian and are Presentlythere 28 u.s.$6 percent of the trade in goods and and percent goods in of trade the , Amur’s total international trade was offi was trade , Amur’s international total uence of the Amur and Zeya Rivers, connect- Rivers, Zeya and ofAmur uence the percent of all meat, and 30 and meat, percent of all 21 28 River shipping is used throughout the entire entire the throughout used shipping is River

percent since percent since g. g. . percent of Amur’s international trade; in in percent trade; of Amur’s international 8 percent. million. 5 1998 466 . . 2 2 million. The value of trade has declined declined has of value trade The million. Guide ). The trade in services, valued atabout valued services, in trade The ). . In 1999. In percent of rural residents and 14 and residents percent of rural 26 23 7 pages ights to towns in Amur, in to to afew towns ights . Most raw of Amur’s are exports

5 percent) trade. of total 1995 u.s.$46 Amur Oblast Ⅲ , following the collapse of the collapse the , following . for 22 Much of this decline in in decline Much of this . percent of all milk milk percent of all 9 60 million. Conservation percent and exports exports percent and 99 percent of the 25 Amuch cially cially 24 Some

201 27

and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR one-third of Khabarovsk Krai’s. of Khabarovsk one-third than less and Krai’s, of Primorsky one-fi Sakha’s, of one-eighth production approximately is trial son, of value Amur’s the indus- 202 fl pleted, will when com- Dam, Bureinskaya the Nevertheless, Oblast. Amur does as days sunny many as has no Siberia, other region of Russia power. of exception solar eastern the as With such sources energy for suited alternative well is and of energy amounts not massive such need oblast the show that studies needs, energy for local supplying necessary as stations government the justifi While power to China. stations, from hydroelectric of energy, export the mainly eyeing are Government industry and change. practices logging continue unless erosion fl and and continue to bedegraded, soil, will on permafrost primarily clear-cutting, by excessive devastated been have already which forests, The Asia. Southeast in away from logging shifts industry plywood Japanese the as erable resources, the sive in rfe of other regions the with competitive industry log its raw export makes infrastructure rail butother regions, oblast the some in are they as rich not region are as Amur in Forests continuesto expand. China with trade timber the if dramatically People’s increase could Logging Republic of China. The to Amur: its huge the neighbor just cross its future to betying region appears The outlook General rfe the produced in illegal logging and exports. and logging illegal with fraught is industry timber the duties, and ple, to avoid taxes, fees, For tendexam- to becoarse. mates rfe from the , esti- statistics all however, dollars, with million as hundred four and three between production the in annual gross have placed estimates Recent regions, out seventh of ten the ranking of most of other regions the that behind production far lags of value Amur’sthe industrial of rfe the for only accounts that expressing a growing interest in have been companies logging Japanese its forests. threaten but also could China with trade would help River increase Amur the Bridgespanning proposed Blagoveshchensk-Heihe The Zakaznik. Urkansky in logging proposed forneed timber. It imported allowing has J. and eastern Siberia. The Amur government, traditionally one of most progres- the government, traditionally Amur The Siberia. eastern and Ⅲ 2004. 30 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE with an industrial output industrial an with ’s total. rfe ood large tracts of forest and will permanently alter the hydrological balance balance hydrological the alter permanently will of and forest tracts ood large McKinleyville, in creating new protected areas, appears eager to help fi eager appears protected new areas, creating in The 31 For compari- . 29 However, However, 4 Russian . 3 percent at oblast 33 ’s geographic proximity to major export markets and extensive extensive and ’s tomarkets major export proximity geographic rfe fth

, rfe 32

larch trees, a species of which Amur region has consid- region has Amur of which aspecies trees, larch in the Amur basin. Amur the in (Nelumbo lotus Komarov’s endangered The nucifera var. Far CA: East: Daniel es construction of these huge power of these construction es A & Reference Daniel. ooding problems will ll China’sll growing 466 Guide does does pages komarovii) for grows primarily primarily grows Conservation

Vladimir Dinets and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian unprocessed woodfor products accounted unprocessed Offi materials. raw unprocessed primarily are locally. Exports processed is materials of Amur’s fraction atiny Only products. raw to to these value add facilities processing the lacks dependent resources, region, The heavily on exploitation the of natural ventures. support their people strongly often local services, providers of social essential the among and employer predominant area the often an in are they Because communities. their in forces major are social activities out these carry that complete of by the fi lack trated frus- is practices degrading environmentally these Reforming moonscapes. sterile with land agricultural fertile replaced has mining Coal river ecosystems. damaged deposits has ofoblast the part northern the In destructive. environmentally and cheap is which deposits. Currently, by mining, dominated placer is gold extraction of region’s the mining to expand government like The considerable gold would also pollute rivers. the will befl will of forests tracts vast that from ecologists ings followcompletion project, the despite likely ofBureya warn- the powerwill stations small completed, been several and documentation has station, fortechnical hydroelectric which and other equipment to expand the energy production of this dam. production of other equipment energy this and the to expand turbines providing have in shown interest corporations Japanese downstream. wetlands in including a number of globally endangered cranes. endangered anumber of globally including vertebrates, and birds routes for key migratory are and biodiversity animal and plant much ofregion’s the preserve ecosystems both as Plain, Zeya-Bureya the in particularly wetlands, and pine forests government the to protect shrinking the needs Above all, and a mechanical plant in Zeya. plantin amechanical and Blagoveshchensk, in complex factory ajewel Tynda,ing plant and in processing asoy bean atimber-process- promoted include: projects being added government by the industry and value- Other alive. revenue enough industry to the to keep secure need to beexported would timber conceivably less as slow revenue might downlogging and jobs increase and of would wood,generate for example, environment. processing The the population and the benefi beof could great of materials raw processing Investment the in China. and oblast Currently, of unprocessed. the most processing exported also productsare Agriculture — Melinda Herrold, Josh Newell Herrold, — Melinda ’s rich soy bean harvest occurs outside its borders in Irkutsk and Primorsky regions regions outside Primorsky and its borders Irkutsk occurs in ’s harvest soy rich bean Far CA: East: Daniel A & Reference nancial resources for doing so. Additionally,enterprises resources the nancial 36

Daniel. 45 percent of volume in the of exports 466 Guide ooded to build the reservoirs and silt silt and reservoirs the to build ooded pages Amur Oblast Ⅲ , gold mining from alluvial for 34 The Gilyuiskaya Gilyuiskaya The Conservation t to both 1999 cially,

. 35 203

and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR 204 The 3 0 Source: 2 6 1 7 Amphibians 10 Reptiles 4 2 2 64 Fish 8 67 Mammals 37 326 Birds species Total species listing Animal species of Amur Oblast 5.1Table Red Data in Book listed yet 5. table (see endangered are of species protection. special requiring as listed 212 shield ( ( Komarov’s lotus the including species ancient numerous by glaciers, covered never was , which oblast of the region southern the In plants. fl rian Dahu- and Manchurian, Okhotsky-Kamchatsky, Siberian, elements of Eastern includes area diversity. Vegetation the in of bio- level high avery contains region Amur the prairies, Asian East and forests mixed Eastern toFar tundra tainous moun- from ranging of ecosystems, of avariety Consisting Yuri Darman, Gennady Illarionov Ecology 2 1 climate. global the maintaining role in important an play Finland), as such country forested of cover adensely forest entire the cover which of Amur, forests The of assessment. methods special zone require frost perma- of the edge southern atthe lie that ecosystems the particular, In effort. maximal require will restoration and activities, by human damaged been have ecosystems These 3 J. . The wetlands of Arkhara Lowlands in the southeast. southeast. the in Lowlands of Arkhara wetlands The . . The Zeya-Bureya Plain, which contains rich rich contains which Plain, Zeya-Bureya The . . A small patch of broadleaved forest in the southeast, where southeast, the in forest of broadleaved patch Asmall . Siberian tigers ( tigers Siberian soils and unique fl unique and soils species of rare and endangered plants in Amur had been been had Amur in plants endangered and of rare species Ⅲ oblast ora totaling around two thousand species of vascular of vascular species thousand two around totaling ora 2004. Darman, 2000. Darman, Brasenia schreberi THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ’s three most crucial biodiversity hotspots are: hotspots biodiversity crucial ’s most three McKinleyville, The Nelumbo nucifera var. nucifera Nelumbo Panthera tigris Panthera

ora and fauna. and ora 22 . ) have been preserved. At last count, count, last At preserved. been ) have 9 Russian million ha (an area larger than than larger area (an ha million s. Book Data Red Russian Species needing Species Russian ) were seen as late as 1972 as late as ) wereseen 37 1 Asignifi ), including many not komarovii Far CA: Red Data Book Data Red cant number blackzem ) and water water ) and East: Daniel . A Amur Oblast forests are primarily Dahurian larch ( larch Dahurian primarily are forests Oblast Amur Forests Soviet times, is no longer hunted. times, Soviet The Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus) slopes. ( tundra lichen and mosses, stone mountain pine, foxberry. Japanese and sedge, moss, with grow and band) vegetation subalpine the in bution (only after logging. Fir and spruce forests have a very limited distri- fi by forest burned on land regenerate aspen and birch Silver valleys. mountain in grow species Broadleaved land). pine ( Scots percent), ( dron ( rhododendron as such bushes smaller with grow valleys and foothills the in forests stone Larch pine. Japanese of stands small with interspersed occasionally stands, pure in occurs usually larch Mountain Plain. Zeya-Bureya of the areas unforested the excluding region, the throughout grow forests Larch value. commercial greatest the have forests birch ( species broadleaved other and vata ( aspen and birch as such species deciduous broadleaved with together percent), & Ledum Reference ) and East Siberian fi Siberian East ) and ), foxberry ( Daniel. ), or grow as mari as or grow ), Vaccinium vitis-idaea 466 22 3 .2 Guide . 3 percent), Japanese stone pine ( Japanese percent), percent), Siberian spruce ( spruce Siberian percent), r ( (sparse larch forest and marsh- and forest larch (sparse goltsi Abies nephrolepis Abies pages 2 . ) cover the highest mountain mountain highest the ) cover 1 percent). Larch, pine, and and pine, Larch, percent). for ), and Labrador tea tea Labrador and ), , valued for its fur in in fur its for , valued Conservation ) ( 2 . 3 percent), percent), Rhododen- Picea obo- Picea 60 res res or

5. 7

Vladimir Dinets and Development. Newell, J. Broosy 130 vnvk 1974 Source: 1995 Note: Ivanovsky 11,300 Oktyabrsky Tomsky 15,000 Ust-Norsky 1967 1968 Irkun Beryozovsky Seryshevsky Tambovsky Kharkovsky 16,800 34,000 1998 Amursky Voskresenovsky Muravyovsky 2000 Zavitinsky 36,100 Zavitinsky 1974 Blagoveshchensky Verkhne-Zavitinsky Arkharinsky 1967 48,000 60,000 Urushinsky Blagoveshchensky Bureinsky Iversky 1963 67,200 1963 1963 Andreevsky Magdagachinsky Shimanovsky Ganukan Shimanovsky 67,200 67,500 77,800 1995 Zhelundinsky Magdagachinsky Selemdzhinsky 87,600 Ust-Tygdinsky Simonovsky 1976 Tolbuzinsky Gerbikansky Tashinsky Tyndinsky 142,400 Birminsky Bekeldeul Urkansky Zeisky 156,800 Lopchinsky Verkhne-Depsky Ulminsky 1958 Regional Zakazniks Arkharinsky Khingano-Arkharinsky48,800 Orlovsky Zakazniks Federal Khingansky Zeisky Norsky Zapovedniks name and Type Oblast Amur in areas Protected 5.2 Table 2004. Urushinsky Zakaznik is defunct. is Zakaznik Urushinsky Darman, 2000. McKinleyville, The

Russian 6,0 Mznvk 1981 Mazanovsky 162,000 104,700 Zeisky Zeisky 104,700 0,0 Mznvk 1999 Mazanovsky 101,500 2,0 Mznvk 1999 Mazanovsky 121,500 1,0 Slmzisy 1998 Selemdzhinsky 211,200 4,0 Tnisy 1967 Tyndinsky 141,000 Size (ha) Raion Raion (ha) Size 400 rhrnk 1985 Arkharinsky 64,000 680 kvrdnk 1995 Skovorodinsky 36,800 520 aiisy 1963 Zavitinsky 35,200 080 onnk 1967 Romnensky 90,800 000 vbdesy 1963 Svobodnensky 50,000 99,400 Zeisky Zeisky 99,400 650 osatnvk 1967 Konstantinovsky 16,500 780 rhrnk 1963 Arkharinsky 97,800 010 adgcisy 1959 Magdagachinsky 80,100 ,0 Mznvk 1981 Mazanovsky 2,700 ,0 Brik 2000 Bureisky 7,200 Rmesy 1976 Romnensky — Far CA: East: Daniel Established 1995 1963 1976 A & Reference been created to protect these hotspots. these toprotect created been zakaznik additional four time, that Since conservation. for biodiversity priorities new toidentify discussion table round- ataregional gathered specialists conference, hotspots 1998 February In expanded. Zakaznik—was Ganukan aBekeldeul third— Zakaznik; and Zapovednik Norsky years: subsequent two the within werecreated areas protected new two recommendations, its January in Vladivostok held in spots Five hotspots were identifi pogenic disturbances—hotspots. by anthro- threatened most time, same atthe and, servation, con- for biodiversity important most are that territories those on attention tofocus it necessary is conditions, economic fulfi be cannot program entire the Because ha, or 6 In and plants, 2 ground, spawning ichthyological an conservation, species is Zapovedniks Zeisky and Khingansky older the and by Norsky covered area total The Zapovednik. zapovednik minimum of four new of new four minimum of a creation the included program This Oblast. for Amur network aprotected-areas tocreate aprogram developed cies fragments of Mongolian oak and black birch ( birch black and oak of Mongolian fragments also are There varieties. conifer the with together thrive ( elm linden, oak, Deciduous cies. spe- plant in rich are and remain here still forests mixed and However, conifer some Plain. of the Zeya-Bureya the in zone forest-steppe of the portions large destroyed have logging Protected areas in Amur Oblast today cover cover today Oblast Amur in areas Protected areas. of protected amore system comprehensive to develop region’s the is biodiversity toconserve way realistic only The area systemProtected ( willows and poplar, larch, alongside grow which pine forests, Floodplain valleys. River Arkhara Tomya, and Byssa, Bureya, the in found be of pine can patches boundary, eastern On the River). Zeya of the lower reaches the and River Selemdzha oblast of the part western the in grow Pine forests sustainable. be must pine forests. cutting intact any the and protected, be must They shrinking is clear-cutting Intensive gions. Also in existence are are existence in Also gions. rfe of the all among land protected of strictly age oblast of the percent forest. forest. Daniel. Salix 128 ), are the most productive. Intensive agriculture and and agriculture Intensive productive. most the are ), 1991 2 natural monuments (see table 5.2 table monuments (see natural . 5

percent of the oblast of the percent zakaznik , various federal and regional government agen- government regional and federal , various s, of which the most recently created is Norsky Norsky is created recently most the of which s, 466 Guide s with comprehensive protection regimes regimes protection comprehensive s with botanical zakaznik botanical ’s total area. This is the smallest percent- smallest the is This ’s area. total zapovednik pages Amur Oblast Ⅲ 25 , in connection with the second second the with connection , in ed at the fi atthe ed zoological zakaznik ’s total area. There are three three are There ’s area. total for Ulmus s and two national parks. parks. national two s and 1995 Conservation zakaznik rst conference on hot- conference rst s protecting medicinal 408 ), and ash ( ash and ), . In accordance with with accordance . In ). lled lled under current , 2 400 . Betula reofi 36 preserving a preserving million million (west of the of the (west ha, or 1 ha, ’s tenre- s for game s for game Fraxinus

s have s have la . 11 205 )

) and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR 206 cranesRed-crowned (Gros japonensis) ( snow boar deer, wild including of mammal, fi about are There species. hundred three totals Avifauna shield. water and Komarov’s lotus including gered, or endan- rare are of which many found, been have plants of vascular species Athousand birds. hundred or over two up tofi are there years better in and nests, thirty-four —in storks white of Oriental population ing nest- world’s the host largest Lowlands Arkhara The cranes. of white-naped pairs tentoeleven and cranes red-crowned of pairs totwenty for eighteen grounds provide nesting ha) about (covering of wetlands expanses Broad ( senticosus seng (Eleutherococcus gin- Siberian oak, Mongolian with mix forests broadleaved oblast the in place only the is region This of biodiversity. level asurprising boast larch, northern and spruce toAyan forests broadleaved pine and Korean mixed and prairie Asian East from ranging forests, The Oblast. Amur in found ecosystems natural diverse most the have 100 from elevation in (varying range Khingan Maly of the foothills adjacent and Lowlands Arkhara The wetland) and (forest Range Khingan Maly and Lowlands 1. Arkhara Yuri Darman, Gennady Illarionov Biodiversity hotspots euptilura ( cat of Amur sightings occasional been also have There ( lynx Eurasian bear, Himalayan bear, wapiti, brown Manchurian J. Actinidia colomicta Actinidia Ⅲ 2004. Felis lynx ) and yellow-throated marten ( marten yellow-throated ) and THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ), gray wolf, and river otter ( otter river wolf, and gray ), McKinleyville, The ). Russian ), Amur grape, and wild kiwi kiwi wild and grape, Amur ), nest in Zeya-Bureya Plain. Zeya-Bureya in nest Martes flMartes avigula where pine and wherepine and Lutra lutra Lutra Far CA: 1994 Sus scrofa to fty species species fty 250 600 there were there , East: 000 Daniel fty nests nests fty m) ). ), Felis

). A of the Bureya and Amur Rivers. Amur and Bureya of the fl volume of and frequency the increase will that dam the below riverbank the along for logging plans are There mammals. for routes large of migratory anumber destroying and forest fl enormousreservoir an create Power will Station Hydroelectric Bureinskaya the completed, When grounds. spawning important are which Rivers, Birya Urin, upper and Uril, the threatens Goldmining wasteland. a creating gradually is mining coal open-cast Village, guchan Bo- around region the In increasing. is forest coniferous large remaining the in logging Salvage completely unregulated. is residents by local collection Firewood forests. threaten autumn and spring late in Fires species. bird other many and the reach fi agricultural year, Every remain. threats years, few past Threats. fi the considered is territory this degradation, environmental of absence and biodiversity high Giventhe watersheds. the in settlement human little is there because of pollution free largely remain basin, Arkhara entire the including Rivers, not did signifi century twentieth the in earlier logging Selective logging. industrial from forests old-growth valuable the spared pine have of Korean harvest commercial on the aban and foothills Khingan Maly the of slopes steep The rains. heavy after rises Amur when the fl regularly are they because for agriculture drained not have been lowlands of the marshes vast The Railroad. limited been far, so to a narrow has, region strip development of on this either Industrial side of the Trans-Siberian & oods and will affect downstream wetlands in the fl the in wetlands downstream affect will and oods rst priority among the hotspots identifi hotspots the among priority rst Reference Daniel. Despite the decline in economic activity over the over the activity economic in decline Despite the zapovednik 466 , destroying the nests of cranes, storks, storks, of cranes, nests the , destroying Guide pages ooding large tracts of valuable of valuable tracts large ooding cantly degrade these forests. forests. these degrade cantly for ed for Amur Oblast. fored Amur Conservation ooded oodplains oodplains res res and Development. Newell, J. percentage of any of any percentage conserves region of this network protected-area The Basin. Amur the in hatcheries salmon one westernmost of the preserves monument), for example, anatural is (which River Tatakan monuments. The tennatural threatens also tory. dam The terri- this affect will station Bureinskaya planned by the created reservoir the as years, coming in increase will area Bureya River since 1967 since River Bureya of the bank left on the forests broadleaved Manchurian The Zhelundinsky ( Zakaznik Asia. of northeast habitats crane work of key Instatus. 1997 within the zapovednik Khingansky Zapovednik. In 1994 now control of is under and Lowlands Arkhara the in sites nesting crane unprotected remaining last the toprotect lished 1985 In populations. crane white-naped and red-crowned increase rfe the in of kind its facility only the is this species; rare other and birds these toreintroduce established been has a station the Within valuable. particularly are there crane of white-naped the and studies crane, the studied; red-crowned well stork, is white Oriental Zapovednik Khingansky forests. oak and birch riparian and moreto include wetlands Khingan Rivers. In 1978 In Rivers. Khingan and Uril the between Zapovednik Khingansky ment created Korean pine forests from logging. In In logging. from pine forests Korean remaining last the toprotect Rivers Dydy and Urina the Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ rinsky Federal Zakaznik ( Zakaznik Federal rinsky Ⅲ Ⅲ Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ 2004. Establish a natural monument, under the jurisdiction of jurisdiction monument, the under anatural Establish fl of Improve the protection Convention Bu- Ramsar the within documents Finalize Increase fi administered Dolgoe, Lake near station ascience Establish Improve protection for the Zhelundinsky Zakaznik, Zakaznik, Zhelundinsky Improve for the protection region. the in surveys ecological Continue Zakaznik. Khingano-Arkharinsky within Forbid logging a biosphere Create lotus. the to preserve Krivoe, of Lake shores on the Zapovednik, Khingansky Zakaznik. Lowlands. Arkhara for the reau and the Rare Birds Reintroduction Station there. Station Reintroduction Birds Rare the and Zapovednik. by Khingansky particularly in light of the planned Bureinskaya station. station. Bureinskaya planned of the light in particularly Zakaznik. Khingano-Arkharinsky the and Zakaznik, Ganukan the Zapovednik, Khingansky existing of the territories bined . At the station, an international program is under way to way under is program international an station, the . At , a landscape zakaznik , alandscape 38 15 McKinleyville, percent of the lands in this raion this in lands of the percent The nancial support for Khingansky Zapovednik Zapovednik for Khingansky support nancial , the site was included in an international net- international an in included site was , the raion oblast The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The Russian and the zakaznik the and zapovednik in Amur Oblast. Oblast. Amur in . The importance of this protected protected of this importance . The ’s only population of the Komarov ’s Komarov of the population only , its area was expanded to expanded was area , its 48 , Ganukan ( , 800 In 1958 oodplain forests in Ganukan oodplain forests in Ganukan ha) was established between between established was ha) that encompasses the com- the encompasses that 67 the Arkhara Lowlands Lowlands Arkhara the , 200 , the Khingano-Arkha- , the 1963 Far 64 CA: were given Ramsar Ramsar weregiven ha) has protected protected has ha) , , the federal govern- federal , the 000 , the highest highest , the ha), was estab- East: Daniel zapovednik 97 39 , 800

ha A , & Reference Kani-Kurgan Village. near wetlands destroy completely may Zone Free Economic of aSino-Russian establishment the and Amur the across of abridge construction planned The stork nests. and crane of dacha expansion gradual The region. this in use timber tomanage unit no specialized has unscathed by fi for fi tologging leads settlements forests in the in rewood fi year Every landowners. small among ownership land in quent changes fre- and drainage, land activity, agricultural by increasing threatened is territory the resources, not adequate have does and toprevent poaching only jurisdiction has tion, which hundred hooded cranes ( cranes hooded hundred three more than migration autumn the over here.During fl massive migration, spring the During dybovskii geese ( swan Oriental werealso and there times cranes, earlier here.In nest storks white white-naped cranes, Red-crowned soil. blackzem rich with meadows and marshes are there Chesnokovka), and Zavitaya, Dim, Gilchin, Alim, (the Amur of the tributaries smaller the Along Lowlands. Arkhara of the that similar is region of this ogy ecol- The lands. on these placed been have restrictions strict border, Chinese tothe proximity totheir Due River. Amur fl untouched relatively last the is lands, pasture and agricultural with interspersed wetlands and marshes, lakes, abundant territory, with This (wetland) Plain Zeya-Bureya the of part Southern 2. Threats. Ⅲ ous projects. projects. ous for numer- funds provided have and birds rare and wetlands of the protection promoted have the organizations national scientifi complicated have regulations borderzone Strict animals. fi conducted regularly have Zakaznik ovsky and frequently. place by Since air take censuses bird land studied; well been has area The fox red ( and dog, of snow deer, populations raccoon dense are there species; The fl Daniel. Create Create a ber of decrees on expanding the protected-area network. protected-area the on expanding ofber decrees anum- in area protected planned this included ment has govern- Amur The Rivers. Zavitinskaya and Verkhnyaya, Bureya, of the banks right the along routes migratory Bureya. on the dam the behind forms reservoir the as monitoring conduct to found be must Power funding Station, Hydroelectric Zeiskaya of the mistakes To tragic the avoid repeating oodplain forests and marshes sustain many mammal mammal many sustain marshes and forests oodplain Anser cygnoides Anser c studies along the Amur. Since 1992 Since Amur. the along c studies Protected solely by the regional hunting administra- hunting regional solely by the Protected ), and Dahurian partridges ( res destroy crane and stork nests. Fuel shortages Fuel shortages stork nests. and crane destroy res 36 , re. Unfortunately, the Federal Forest Service Service Forest Federal the Unfortunately, re. 000 466 Guide Vulpes vulpes -ha regional biological zakaznik oodplain in the middle reaches of the of the reaches middle the in oodplain ), Manchurian bustards ( bustards Manchurian ), pages Grus monachus Amur Oblast Ⅲ ). for gardens is also disturbing disturbing also is gardens 1981 , scientists atMuravy- , scientists Conservation Perdix dauurica Perdix ocks of geese stop of geese ocks ) stop here to refuel. ) stop here torefuel. eld of studies , many inter- , many Otis tarda to protect toprotect ).

207 40 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR Importance, according to a government order 1050 (No. toagovernment according Importance, Convention’s of International of Wetlands List Ramsar the in included was Zakaznik Muravyovsky within Plain Bureya 1994 In meadows. and marshland leases park The use. land forPark sustainable ( organization mental are eight regional natural monuments. natural regional eight are there deltas River Bureya and Zeya the between basin Amur the Along designation. tothis agreed have government Amur September signed In to16 expanded later and River, lower Dim ( Zakaznik Amursky the Ⅲ Ⅲ construction are all prohibited in the territory. Also in in territory. Also the prohibited in all are construction new and reclamation, land use, pesticide and fertilizer cal chemi- burning, agricultural Hunting, Delta. Zeya the from River Amur intothe feeds which River, Ⅲ needs. ecological ic and econom- balance that implement and programs tocreate sary region’s the protect completely neces- be biodiversity. It will Existing protection measures. protection Existing 208 days. over, coldest on the even do not freeze springs thermal and mineral rich its and temperature, in tions fl small only with mild, is Mukhinka in winter result, a As areas. nearby other hit that winds northwesterly cold prevailing the from protected are there hills of the slopes ern south- and eastern The Oblast. Amur in unique microclimate and alandscape has region The of Blagoveshchensk. north River, Zeya of the bank right on the is Mukhinka 3. Mukhinka forest area Recommendations. in to expanded (and established was Zakaznik ovsky J. Preserve the uncommonly rich soils of the Zeya-Bureya Zeya-Bureya of the soils rich uncommonly the Preserve host that systems marshland remaining small the Study Increase fi 1995 1993 ing such a plan. aplan. such ing allow- regulations of legal passing and for rangers funding requires This Zakazniks. Amursky and Muravyovsky the into someincorporated of them with protected, and leased be should by farmers abandoned plots Agricultural erate. regen- can ecosystems prairie Asian East the that so used, Some of these Plain. locations. these in monuments natural create and birds, of sites rare nesting isolated region. this in protection seasonal with anature establish should government the River; Kupriyanovka of the lower reaches the along nests crane white-naped and crane, red-crowned stork, white Oriental In Park. Muravyovka in sites nesting Ⅲ 2004. ) to protect wetlands in the basin of the Arguzkikha Arguzkikha of the basin the in wetlands ) toprotect , the Socio-Ecological Union, a Russian nongovern- Union, aRussian Socio-Ecological , the THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE nancial support to control fi tocontrol support nancial McKinleyville, The 13, 1994 13, Creating new protected areas will not will areas protected new Creating ngo pasture lands must not must be lands pasture blackzem 12 Russian ). Regional land users and the the and users land Regional ). ), set up the private Muravyovka Muravyovka private upthe set ), , 200 In 1967 ha) was established on the on the established was ha) , a section of the Zeya- of the , asection , the 31 , the 30 1997 res and protect protect and res km downstream , 500 Far , CA: 600 , scientists found found , scientists 5 ha in 1995 , 206 -ha Muravy- 30 34 East: ha of zakaznik Daniel km uctua- , 000 1967 , . ha ,

A botanical gardens. botanical offi hotel and control of the totransfer way under are now efforts wereprotected; sites fi the and completed was gardens of the design the ecological importance. importance. ecological of areas are lakes numerous with dotted marshlands the and fl Zeya wide the pine forests, tothe addition In purposes. tional for scientifi garden for abotanical educa- c and possibilities excellent presents area small arather within of communities juxtaposition This others. and grape, Amur vine, magnolia Ⅲ Ⅲ sewage. sewage. by untreated polluted is Galyanie Lake gullies. and ravines creating erosion, and causing vegetation, degrading is activity recreational Unregulated slopes. and forests on Mukhinka’s toll its taken had construction controlled poorly the before but not halted, was activity this ago Five years complexes. tourist and sanatoria large toconstruct began bureaucrats ing the In popular. are rafting river and riding Horseback Blagoveshchensk. from for tourists attractive very fl 1980 late the in here garden abotanical toestablish support governmental mobilized Institute Pedagogical State Blagoveshchensk the and of Sciences Academy Russian the from Scientists Service. Forest Amur by the monument administered and anatural as designated is Aportion area. Mukhinka of the establish the Blagoveshchensky encompassing Zakaznik part In Mukhinka. toprotect tried Threats. Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing ( churian fl of Man- typical species border for many eastern the as serves It also plateau. Amur-Zeya on the pine forest of continuous near fl pine forests eastern an natural Blagoveshchensk, remaining last the has Mukhinka & oodplain extending 2 between oodplain forests offi oodplain Juglans manchurica Juglans Reference Increase funding for the botanical garden, which could could which garden, botanical for the funding Increase tourist and areas recreation tocreate Find funding Service and the Blagoveshchensk administration. Blagoveshchensk the and Service oblast the in included been has tourism, tocontrol measures facilitate and institute nature-protection asingle be will 35 this tocreate proposal The Park. Nature Mukhinka proposed for anucleus the as serve campaign. implement and apublic-awareness rangers, hire trails, Daniel. Basin lakes and natural hot springs make this area area this make hot springs natural and lakes Basin ’s work plan and is supported by the Amur Forest Forest Amur by the ’s supported is and work plan ora such as Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut walnut Manchurian oak, Mongolian as such ora s, but only in 1994 but in s, only The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 466 ), Amur maackia ( maackia Amur ), cially set aside for this purpose. In 1997 In purpose. for this aside set cially Guide ces from the sanatorium to the tothe sanatorium the from ces pages For years, ecologists have have ecologists For years, ank of what was once a band once aband was of what ank 1975 and 3 and were300 , activists managed to managed , activists for km from the foothills foothills the from km , Maackia amurensis Maackia 000 Conservation 1970 ha of pine and of pine and ha -ha park, which which park, -ha s, high-rank- rst of three of three rst ), , and Development. Newell, J. critical role in maintaining herd populations of both species. of both herd populations maintaining role in critical a play grounds wintering These in. settle also ridges nearby fi and forty between approaches density population the summer the in individuals); thousand seven of snow (about deer population migrating largest world’s for the famous most perhaps is region But the oblast the in else anywhere cygnus ( more swans whooper are There basin. River Amur the in population crane hooded total of the proportion cant asignifi is which cranes, - of hooded pairs seven about also are here. There nest pairs) six least (at osprey and nests), (three eagle sea white-tailed nests), stork (three black nests), six and four stork (between white Oriental the as such birds Rare 50 about and including species, vertebrate hundred three are There type. boreal the are mammals of the most types; two latter of the primarily are Birds here. thrive all Mongolian, Manchurian, and Okhotsk-Kamchatkan fauna Dahuro- Boreal, of ecosystems. mixture arich creates this northward; migrate species southern corridors which as serve through valleys River Selemdzha Nora and The ( Sargent’s and hawthorn dahuricum), (Menispermum where between 250 where between valley, Orlovka-Gramatukha tothe migrate winter, deer the ( ash Manchurian birch, Dahurian oak, Mongolian ginseng, Siberian elms, habitat: of their reaches northern on the growing species oblast the in species cause further damage. further cause fl would that areservoir with station, hydroelectric Dagmarsky fi destroyed has fi increased and tion pollu- This Nora River. the polluted have chalcedony as such stones for semiprecious mining open-pit and basin the within springs mineral from metals of precious extraction and tion oblast the throughout here and which poaching, animal increased to led and habitat valuable destroyed has routes migratory snow deer along gold mining Placer tologging. forest pristine of it areas uphuge opened along settlements and railroad Existing protection measures. protection Existing Threats. the Of area. the throughout grow forests Larch landscape. and vegetation the affects region, this covers which Permafrost, (forest and wetland) and (forest Rivers Selemdzha and Nora the Between 4. ( ood most of the low-lying Nora-Selemdzha basin, will will basin, Nora-Selemdzha low-lying of most the ood 2004. Crataegus sargentii 40 , 481 000 has reduced the number of deer by half. The explora- The by of half. deer number the reduced has ), estimated to be as many as eighty individuals, than than individuals, eighty as many as tobe estimated ), species of vascular plants (about (about plants of vascular species Construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (bam Mainline Baikal-Amur of the Construction ha) was established. In 1984 In established. was ha) McKinleyville, The . oblast the in found mammals of the percent sh stocks. The construction of the proposed proposed of the construction The stocks. sh Fraxinus manchuricus Fraxinus and 300 and ). ) that grow here, most are Manchurian Manchurian are most here, grow ) that sh poaching, often done by electrocution, done by electrocution, often poaching, sh Russian . moose migrating down from the the from down migrating moose In 1968 fty head per 1 per head fty , because of concern of concern , because , the Norsky Zakaznik Zakaznik Norsky , the 70 Far CA: ), Asian parilla parilla Asian ), 25 percent of the birds birds of the percent percent of all the the of all percent , 000 East: Daniel ha. In the the In ha. Cygnus A ) & Reference Ⅲ Station, which may be built where the reservoir narrows to narrows reservoir the where built be may which Station, Power Hydroelectric of Gilyuiskaya construction The mind. in needs ecological with not regulated are levels water and is declining, fi reservoir the in Water quality discontinued. been has search re- of funds, lack tothe Due Ridge. of Tukuringra fauna fl on the reservoir of the effects the studying been ( ( eagle sea Ⅲ Ⅲ species include golden eagle ( golden eagle include species 52 plant, and cular bird, 230 637 including Oblast, Amur of central forests mountain the protects reservoir, tothe next Zapovednik, remain forest Zeisky intact. of old-growth areas large Nevertheless, for ecologists. concern stant acon- therefore, is, and unstable become has ecosystem entire This basin. depression pathway, Ogoron Lake the migratory of the Construction basin. Amur the in on nature impact of human study for the case aclassic as serves it now called, is as Reservoir, Zeiskoe plains. (forest) Reservoir Zeisky surrounding Mountains 5. Ⅲ Ⅲ Recommendations. Threats. fl reservoir the when eighties, early the in station hydroelectric Zeiskaya southern species. The fi for these path migratory northern primary the are basins river depression Ogoron Lake and Valley Zeya The plain. river the fl boreal and slopes, southern fl ecosystems Dahuro-Mongolian and churian Man- forests. taiga middle the from taiga southern the vides di- Range Mountain Tukuringra-Soktakhan-Dzhagdy The creased to 211 creased bam of the construction the about also located in the Nora-Selemdzha basin. Nora-Selemdzha the in located also fi and Zakaznik Ust-Norsky ha). ( Zakaznik Orlovsky deer, the toform weremerged established in 1959 zapovednik znik Daniel. Falcipennis falcipennis Falcipennis Increase funding to purchase equipment and hire staff for staff hire equipment and topurchase funding Increase Upgrade Orlovsky Zakaznik to federal status to protect toprotect status tofederal Zakaznik Orlovsky Upgrade site. aRamsar wetlands Nora-Selemdzha the Make Establish a buffer zone, which limits some kinds of of Norsky station research biological the Establish Norsky Zapovednik. Norsky the snow populations. deer the economic activities, around the the around activities, economic Island. Sorokaverstka nearby on the Zapovednik . Then, after fi after . Then, Staff and scientists of the Zeisky Zapovednik had had Zapovednik Zeisky of the scientists and Staff ooded more than Haliaeetus albicilla . The Mamynsky and Maisky Hunting Zakazniks, Zakazniks, Hunting Maisky and Mamynsky . The sh stocks have been reduced by 90 reduced been have stocks sh , 200 466 Guide ve years of lobbying, it was upgraded toa upgraded it was of lobbying, ve years ha and the preserve became a federal afederal became preserve the and ha and 1978 and The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The ). rst of these paths was destroyed by the by the destroyed was paths of these rst pages 41 Amur Oblast Ⅲ bam , respectively, to protect snow toprotect , respectively, mammal species. Notable bird bird Notable species. mammal 240 ora and fauna may be found on found be may fauna and ora ), osprey, and Siberian grouse grouse osprey,), Siberian and Aquila chrysaetos 42 for railroad degraded the second second the degraded railroad

, ve natural monuments are monuments are ve natural 000 railroad, the area was in- was area the railroad, zapovednik ha of forest and river river and of forest ha Conservation ourish on the on the ourish . ), white-tailed ), white-tailed percent, ora and ora and 121 ,

500 vas- zaka- 209

and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ In transfer. prevented the has of funds but lack Zapovednik, toZeisky added tobe posed prohibited within the reserve. This zakaznik ties established Bekeldeul ( Zakaznik fi tothe response in Also, areality. become may reservoir the around uplands the for planned park national Anew Ridge. ofmost Tukuringa tunately, Ogoron. Unfor- Lake and DepRiver the toprotect organized Ⅲ Ⅲ larged tolarged thirteen regional natural monuments. natural regional thirteen another degraded has mining placer and 210 alpine from atransition is wherethere Ridge, of Nyuzhinsky onion ( Altaian rare the include and the in nowhere found else are Amur of the part this fl the Flora in region. Siberian primarily this topenetrate manage origin of Dahuro-Mongolian species plant Many health. for ecosystem indicators as serve region, Baikal the in found tothose similar are which forests, Pine (forest) Pinelands Amur the and Ridge Nyuzhinsky 6. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing marshes. surrounding its Ogoron and Lake nearby the polluted and waste mining and hills of barren alandscape left have River, Dep of the bank right of the tributaries the all along occur which gold mining, placer and Logging logged. being are fi last tolog. The headwaters river tothe now moving are and ridges of these foothills the along growing forests ofmost the clear-cut have companies Timber situation. the exacerbating is basin, Gilyui the in underway is which Goldmining, dam. new the behind siltation cause will River, Gilyui the become In addition to the tothe addition In snow deer.and route for moose amigration as value its lost has Ogoron basin the and species, animal key in toadecline led have activities r-spruce forests remaining in Verkhne-Depsky Zakaznik Zakaznik Verkhne-Depsky in remaining forests r-spruce J. Create a national park on the entire upland area, with with area, upland entire on the park anational Create of shores the mountainous the along forests Designate into Zakaznik Bekeldeul toincorporate Find funding Enlarge Enlarge the Provide fi Zeisky Zapovednik serving as the core area. area. core the as serving Zapovednik Zeisky use. for recreational reservoir the River. Gilyui of the bank left the along watersheds of Zeiskoe Reservoir. Reservoir. of Zeiskoe effects tomonitor ecological the principally Zapovednik, Ⅲ 2004. 1976 zapovednik 5 99 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , , Verkhne-Depsky Zakaznik ( Zakaznik , Verkhne-Depsky 000 , nancial and technical support for Zeisky for Zeisky support technical and nancial 400 McKinleyville, ha of forest have been commercially logged, logged, commercially been have of forest ha zapovednik ha in 1986 The . rst Hotspots Conference, oblast Conference, Hotspots rst The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The zapovednik Russian northern portion to include the the toinclude portion northern , the Zeisky Zapovednik protects protects Zapovednik Zeisky , the Established in 1963 in Established s and zakazniks and Alnus altaicus 104 , 156 15 700 , Far 000 oodplains oodplains along , CA: was initially sup- initially was 800 ha); logging ha); is s, there are are there s, ha. These These ha. ha) was was ha) and en- and ). The fl The ). authori- East: oblast Daniel ora ora

A Ⅲ Ⅲ governments will fi will governments Chinese and Russian the Amazarskaya); and dinskaya (Dzhalin- Amur on the stations hydroelectric new for two ist ex- for development. plans Complete areas upnew open will when complete, road, Chita-Nakhodka The for gold mining. toallow dissolved was Zakaznik Hunting Urushinsky basins. River Khaikta Oldoi and the in underway is mining and signifi other Several plete. com- is headwaters Urka the site in Snezhinka work atthe exploratory and decade past over the place taken has mining gold Intensive Rivers. Urusha and Urka of the headwaters the in constructed been have roads logging New logged. being now are forests remaining the area’s and of the pine forests, in place taken have logging selective and cutting Clear- industrialized. heavily been has region of the part at Cherpelskie Krivuny. at Cherpelskie those being famous most —the Amur the along cliffs scenic the preserving mostly region, monumentsthe in natural four are There zone. arecreational as designated been has springs mineral Ignashinsky surrounding area The Zakaznik. sky Urushin- now-defunct for areplacement the as toserve ha, regional zoological zakaznik Threats. Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing here. found also are Urushinsky) and (Ignashinsky springs mineral Therapeutic eagle. white-tailed and osprey as well as wapiti, Manchurian including ungulates, of other which is 100 species, of the habitat primary the from isolated is population moschiferus oblast of the part infl Dahuro-Mongolian shows fauna the fl the Like region’s studied. of Most the poorly is fauna is noteworthy. also stone pine, of Japanese communities toshrub pine forests & Reference Create a similar protected area in the region encompass- region the in area protected asimilar Create federal the for in called as Zapovednik, Urkinsky Create areas. included in the oblast as headwaters, Nyukzha and Omutnaya, Urka, the ing headwaters. Urka the in Lespromkhoz Erofeevsky by the prohibition of logging tothe led support This initiative. favor of the in for apetition werecollected signatures fi more than reserve; of this creation the port sup- Residents basin. River Khaikta nearby the in mining done by gold being damage for the help compensate and zapovednik This Rivers. Omutnaya and Urusha, Urka, of the waters head- the toconserve Areas, Protected for New Program Daniel. Because it is adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railroad, Railroad, Trans-Siberian tothe it adjacent is Because ) live among the cliffs along the Amur. This This Amur. the along cliffs the among ) live km away. The forested valleys support a number anumber support away. valleys km forested The would protect transbaikalian alpine forests forests alpine transbaikalian protect would where this is the case. Musk deer ( deer Musk case. the is wherethis nance construction. construction. nance The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 466 Guide ’s own program for new protected protected ’s for new program own cant deposits have been discovered discovered been have deposits cant pages , which covers an area of area an covers , which At present there is only one only is there present At for uence, the only only the uence, Conservation ve hundred ve hundred 80 percent percent Moschus Moschus 36 , 800 ora, ora,

and Development. Newell, J. Machinery 8.2 8.2 Machinery fuels Fossil Forestry processing Food Nonferrous metallurgy more than 60 than more how drastically industrial structure has changed. The energy energy The changed. has structure industrial how drastically comparing fi In collapsed. practically has industry light and disappeared, Ⅲ Ⅲ lu-iln,ot,fde rcsig . 56 . 49 . 38 . 4.7 2.9 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.8 5.6 Source: Other 8.7 Light materials Construction processing fodder oats, Flour-milling, industry Electricity 13.8 1992 1992–1999 Oblast, Amur in industry of Structure 5.3 Table line. poverty the below income aper-capita has population the 45 Currently times. Soviet since dramatically declined has Russia, in elsewhere as of living, standard The Yuri Darman, Gennady Illarionov Economy Ⅲ changed substantially (see table table (see substantially changed

2004. Protect the pine forests along the Gerbelik River, near the the near River, Gerbelik the along pine forests the Protect to area protected administered aregionally Establish Establish the second zapovednik second the Establish new protected areas. protected new oblast the in included been has region this in park anational tocreate Aplan of Chernyaevo. village confl atthe plains conserve fl Krivuny. Cherpelskie border zonenear the in pine forests zakaznik botanical afederal establish alternative, an As clear-cut. been already have area the in forests the because scrapped was idea but that basin, River tamanda proposal called for creating the the for creating called proposal Upper Avariant the Amur. along growing pine forests typical the toprotect program, federal the in proposed 43 The structure of industrial production has not only has production of industrial structure The Amur Oblast Committee of State Statistics, 2000. Statistics, State of Committee Oblast Amur McKinleyville, gure The ora near the village of Ignashino and the fl the and of Ignashino village the near ora percent since 1992 since percent 5. 3 uence of the Amuzara and Amur Rivers. Rivers. Amur and Amuzara of the uence with fi Russian gure 5. . 5. 44 3 1 Much manufacturing has has Much manufacturing zapovednik ), but also has declined by declined has but), also , Verkhne-Amursky, as as , Verkhne-Amursky, (see p. 200 Far CA: % (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 31 76 37 32 33 08 08 12.1 10.8 10.8 13.3 13.2 13.7 17.6 13.1 12.7 8.9 6.7 8.3 5.8 4.2 4.6 6.0 4.6 4.2 5.8 8.3 12.76.7 8.9 11.01.3 1.5 1.3 1.61.2 2.2 2.3 74 30 76 37 . 1. 1. 25.9 13.1 11.0 9.8 13.7 17.6 23.0 17.4 . ’s for program . 68 . 66 . 45 . 3.3 6.0 4.5 6.0 6.6 7.0 6.8 5.9 2.1 1.90.10.1 0.1 0.90.3 2.1 6 . 80 02 . 97 34 12 5.8 11.2 13.4 9.7 8.5 10.2 8.0 7.1 along the Ku- the along East: percent of percent ), one can see see one), can Daniel in the the in 1993 1993 19.2 ood- 7.8 A & Reference of the of the In period. transitional the ing dur- stable most the been have industries fuel and generation oiteaidsr nAu Oblast Amur in industry Soviet-era 5.3 Figure Electricity production and nonferrous metallurgy metallurgy nonferrous and production Electricity 2000. Goskomstat, Source: construction for 25 accounted tation Product ( Product Daniel. 1994 1994 29.9 6.6 6.6 Electrical 2000 gip energy 10% . gip 46 processing 1995 1995 , approximately 17 , approximately 35.5

6.1 ) came from industrial production. Transpor- production. industrial from ) came Food 4 Other 25% percent, and commerce nearly nearly commerce and percent, 9% 466 ih industry Light Guide 7% 1996 1996 42.2 percent, agriculture 15 agriculture percent, pages 6.4 6.4 45 Amur Oblast Ⅲ

Machinery percent of the Gross Internal Internal Gross of the percent for oslfuels Fossil 17% 1997 1997 45.7 5.2 5.2 9% Conservation Forestry 16% 1998 1998 45.1 Construction percent, 4.7 4.7 percent 16 percent materials 7%

1999 36.1 4.7 211 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR 212 doubled. nearly has commerce 26 clined by de- has sector industrial employed the in of those number 40 by more than declined has construction in 1992 since considerably changed has by sector population of the distribution The oblast of the parts southern and central the in located are enterprises animal-breeding and agricultural signifi All undeveloped. largely remains Horticulture beekeeping. and north), the in (mainly breeding reindeer ing, by followed hunt- husbandry, animal is importance in Next Russia. in of soy beans producer leading the being Oblast Amur with soy beans, and wheat summer are products tural rfe of the area land the role in 58 important with region, economy of an the played always has Agriculture Power Station. Hydroelectric Zeiskaya the and Ogodzhinsky) the and Blagoveshchensky, the Raichikhinsky, (the stations power thermal by three supplied is power tric Elec- deposit. Yerkovetsky coal atthe amine for opening performed been also work had Some preparatory sites. smaller atseveral and deposits, Ogodzhinsky and Boguchansky, Arkharo- Raichikhinsky, atthe facilities coal-mining cludes power) in- and heat supplies (which industry coal The production. dominate industry, accounting for 64 Source: 3.7 Other scientifi and Science 4.8 0.4Forestry insurance and Banking management housing Public police and judiciary, Government, security andsocial health Public Construction 9.3 14.6 arts andthe culture, Education, Agriculture 11.3 andTransportation communication mining including Industry, Commerce 16.9 Sector Percentage 1999 Oblast, Amur in Employment 5.4 Table tors of the Amur economy in economy in Amur oftors the sec- various the in population local of the distribution of the J. percent. Concurrently, the number of workers engaged in in engaged of workers number Concurrently, the percent. Ⅲ 2004. Amur Oblast Committee of State Statistics, 2000. Statistics, State of Committee Oblast Amur THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 27 47 percent and that in agriculture has decreased by decreased has agriculture in that and percent McKinleyville, The c services cservices concentrated there. The main agricul- main The there. concentrated . The number of workers employed of workers number . The Russian 1999 48 percent of the total arable arable total of the percent See table 5. table See . percent of all industrial industrial of all percent 16.0 10.7 . 3.8 0.4 0.9 7.2 Far 4 CA: for a summary for asummary percent. The The percent. East: cant Daniel A 2 to increased by forests not covered of timberlands area 735 to1 amount reserves timber of the of the on 7 predominant pine is Korean philodendron. Amur and birch, white pine, Scotch larch, rian Dahu- the include Oblast Amur in species timber-producing from period the in cut timber fi of this half more than represents mated at 1 oblast the in of timber reserve total The by logging. destroyed those and areas burned including lands, nonforested these table for prevention (see no funds are there because primarily expanding, is disease and damage toinsect subject area forest the time, same the At burns. tural for fi cutting uncontrolled through depleted rapidly being are which Plain, Bureya Zeya- zoneof the forest-steppe the in do not forests include by decreased forests coniferous Predominately trends. declining revealed resources timber ha, of which 22 of which ha, The total area of timber resource lands covers covers lands resource of timber area total The Timber Source: ha) (2,797,200 Oblast Amur in lands Nonforested 5.4 Figure and birch. Timber resources are listed in table 5. table in listed are resources Timber birch. and fi pine, larch, are for construction used species tree primary 5. table in listed lumber, are Clearly the harvest is steadily declining, reaching only only reaching declining, 10 steadily is harvest the Clearly & Reference , 797 or 11 or . 65 Daniel. , aldregrowth failed iestsand sites Fire 200 million cu. m of coniferous species. A species. mof coniferous cu. million oblast percent of the intended amount in recent years. The The years. recent in amount intended of the percent okmtt 2000. Goskomstat, arnsites Barren ha. It should be noted that the stated forest areas areas forest stated the It noted that be should ha. 23% n glades and , 943 ’s forests. These forests require special care as as care special require forests ’s These forests. 20% , 000 , 578 cu. m. Mature and overmature timber timber overmature and m. Mature cu. , 466 800 Guide ha ( rewood and by constant agricul- by constant and rewood 6 , pages 175 Logged 1999 . areas pregrowth Sparse 30% 1985 1 . 14 , 896 ) are forested. Commercial Commercial forested. ) are gure. The quantities of quantities The gure. areas to1999 million cu. m, including m, including cu. million 27% for , 900 , 000 5.5 ). Figure 5. ha or 0 ha, and the total total the and ha, , for primary use use , for primary Conservation ’s esti- is forests 1993 30 7 . , . The main main . The 746 04 survey of survey 4 percent percent shows , 500

r, r, and Development. Newell, J. Source: pine Korean 166,600 Aspen 432,300 Oak 16.61 fi Spruce, 17.04 685,800 Pine m) cu. (million stock Wood Birch 4,980,000 ha) (000 Coverage 54.32 13,477,200 Larch 320.04 species tree Dominant 1439.86 1999 Oblast, Amur in cover Forest 5.7 Table Source: 16.04 16.04 1999 1.31 16.04 0.85 1998 15.84 1.53 1997 15.84 1.54 1996 15.84 1.72 1995 15.84 1.82 1994 12.42 3.16 1993 10.92 3.95 1992 10.92 — 5.12 1991 — 6.06 1990 — 6.54 1989 — 6.32 1988 — 6.57 1987 Planned 5.87 1986 5.70 1985 Actual harvest (million cu. m) Year –1999 1985 Oblast, Amur in production Timber 5.6 Table 1,700 20,700 Source: 121,900 136,900 262,000 Imminent 269,000 274,000 Diseased desiccation3,6007,000 279,000 5,000 5,000 outbreaks Pest Weakened forests (ha) 1997 Oblast Amur in lands forest Degraded 5.5 Table 2004. Amur Forest Service, 2000. Service, Forest Amur 1999. Service, Forest Amur 1999. Service, Forest Amur r McKinleyville, The Russian 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 495,200 495,200 7,900 7,900 1998 1998 (ha) Far CA: 1999 1999 (ha) East: Daniel 80.96 1.44 (forecast) 2002 A & Reference cess. diffi are that areas in operations logging undertake to intends enterprise This created. was markets, of export advantage totake connected well being touted as AmurLes, February In industry. the vive tore- attempting been have enterprises timber Individual ( dent States of Indepen- Commonwealth tothe belonging countries and of Russia regions toother exports of lumber reduction the and of home markets complete collapse nearly of the because but also increases, of production more, not because even only increased recently has share Export timber. of it commercial up to for accounted Exports of Russia. regions other and Koreas, the Japan, China, are products for these markets current The the comprised industry between timber the years several past the Over long term. the in tion reproduc- for possible areserve as and monuments of nature Source: total. the mof cu. 278,000 produced Lespromkhoz * Zeisky 1,531,000 Total Others 758,000 TOO Tayozhny TOO Agalan LPK Taldansky AOOT AO Tyndales AOOT Amurlesprom* Company 1997 Oblast, Amur in producers timber Main 5.8 Table led to an increase in timber production in 1999 in production timber in increase toan led Korea South and North and China, Japan, from Demand wood fi 1997 in organized was which one, Shakhtaum, anew is enterprise processing 5. table (see timber of commercial transport and production the doubled from the 73 the doubled from remains in a very diffi avery in remains of the industry timber the Nevertheless, Germany). Corporation, (Bison partners of foreign technology and capital the by attracting industry awood-processing to create efforts considerable exerting been has ofover years, aperiod from the the from forest products represented 45 almost Daniel. 8 ). There are very few milling enterprises. The only wood- only The enterprises. milling few very are There ). oblast 53 Another is AO Tyndales (in the town of Tynda), town AO is the Tyndales which, (in Another 40 Amur Forest Service, 1997. Service, Forest Amur berboard, percent of the total timber production, almost all all almost production, timber total of the percent 6 . The industry is now almost exclusively limited to oblast and 7 and cis and were valued at about u.s.$22 atabout werevalued and 466 ). percent of the total industrial production of production industrial total of the percent 49 . In 1998 . In Guide and by 1999 and , 000 cult position for three main reasons: main for position three cult pages cu. m produced in 1998 in mproduced cu. , the fi , the Amur Oblast Ⅲ 1999 Harvest (cu. m) (cu. Harvest for , production had more than more than had , production rm started to manufacture tomanufacture started rm 382,000 267,000 54,000 29,000 41,000 , a new enterprise, Export- enterprise, , anew percent of all exports exports of all percent Conservation . 51 million. In that year year that In . cult to ac- 50

oblast

52

213

and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR 214 Japan. and toChina exported is Amur in harvested timber ofthe Most The 3 2 1 to erosion, thawing, and waterlogging of the fragile topsoil. topsoil. fragile of the waterlogging and to erosion, thawing, lead has zone permafrost the in of trees where clear-cutting oblast of the sections northern the in logging by commons infl been has Major damage forests. of the ecosystems the tothreaten continue that production with associated problems many are there decade, past over the production timber in decline spite In of amarked areas. large in poor is Regrowth species. valuable less commercially and productive less by biologically replaced and logged, completely almost been have sectors) Svobodny, Blagoveshchensk manovsk, and Shi- Magdagachi, (Skovorodino, Railroad Trans-Siberian the along exploited intensively. been have pine forests region The of the resources forest the years, recent in Nonetheless, future. near the in sector forestry the in investment for foreign no prospects are there Thus, industry. forest on the focused is attention less generation, power and mining, development on of the agriculture, been has ties authori- of regional emphasis Moreover, traditional the as regions. coastal Eastern Far and Siberian eastern neighboring of the that than investors Russian or even foreign potential J. . The remoteness of the area from potential customers of customers potential from area of remoteness the The . . The almost total absence of factories that manufacture manufacture that of factories absence total almost The . . The comparatively low quality of most of the timber pro- timber of of the most low quality comparatively The . fi Siberia). eastern in to pine produced inferior is species, primary the (larch, region the in duced exported. be could timber which from of seaports absence and timber commercial nished wood products. Ⅲ oblast 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ’s forestry sector is, therefore, less attractive to attractive less therefore, is, sector ’s forestry McKinleyville, The Russian Far CA: East: Daniel icted icted , A For many years timber production was one of the leading one leading of the was production timber years For many signifi social its existence, for their industry forest dependupon the centers populated many Because work. restoration for forest used be will that guarantees which passed, was of Forests Restoration for Fund the a Special-Purpose some 10 estimates, to expert According not preserved. are saplings and growth new ample, for ex- violated; constantly are logging for commons Rules Amur Oblast Reforestation Program for the 1993 for the Program Reforestation Oblast Amur under restoration and protection for forest programs range oblast of the head The cuts. of budget because years two past over the reduced been have measures reforestation time, way. same the At this in of forest ha one million more than The mining. primarily uses, toother areas conversion frequent of forestry increasingly the been has years forests of the oblast of the forests the toprotect of measures a series It encompasses accepted. and proposed was for Amur program aregional forests, of utilization rational and restoration, protection, for the ha ( of of thousands, hundreds sometimes and tens, destroy ally prone tofi are that stands overly mature of numbers increasing are there year Every plans. tocomplete harvesting failure the from arise likewise Problems oblast for the loss irretrievable an become and bogs and sites into barren turn they Instead for self-restoration. ability their lose annually period. In & Reference 384 Daniel. , 000 1997 ha in 1996 , within the framework of a federal program program of afederal framework the , within ’s resources. timber . In November 1998 . In 466 Guide ). Another serious problem in recent problemrecent in serious Another ). administration authorizes short- authorizes administration pages , 000 50 percent of forest revenues revenues of forest percent ha of the 22 of the ha for , a regional law for law , aregional res. Forest fi Forest res. Conservation cance is very high. high. very is cance oblast , 000 has lost lost has – ha logged 2005 res res annu-

and Development. Newell, J. The Mining techniques. forest-management sustainable with situation this to remedy for the advantageous It be would out well. of work as tradespeople other leaving down, closed have plants cessing pro- Timber work. without specialists lumber and forestry many however, left has, industry of this decline recent The work. social and commerce, transportation, maintenance, fi other many in of personnel services the required plants the addition, In area. the in workers highest-paid weresome of the enterprises employees of timber-related and region, the in industries tive elements (see table table elements (see tive radioac- and rare-earth work, and for lapidary suitable stones other stones, semiprecious and precious alunites, kaolin, phosphorites, and apatites, talcum, graphite, as such minerals coal, anthracite and brown diamonds, copper, platinum, lead, antimony, mercury, molybdenum, zinc, tungsten, titanium, iron, gold veins, as well as reserves) Russia’sin estimated deposit largest the tobe of gold (considered placers merous 2004. oblast need for revenues, makes the forestry situation critical. situation forestry the makes revenues, for need desperate Amur’s and protection, forest inadequate port, ex- timber facilitate to abridge needs, timber immense — MH demand China. from to response in logging for areas more up open to pushing are interests business Pacifi at Amur ests cEnvironment, for- Eastern Far and Siberian on expert an Gordon, David to According shortfall. the up make help to exports timber increased has that regions the of one is Oblast Amur 1995. since fold four- increased have timber Russian of imports Chinese China with trade Timber supply, has turned to other countries to meet its needs. its meet to countries other to turned has supply, domestic aplentiful without now China, unabated, grow to continue demands timber its As severely. logging restrict government subsequently passed sweeping legislation to central The devastation. the for blamed was watersheds important most nation’s the in logging unrestricted China, for our oblast our for extent greatest the to chance this of use make to essary nec- is It great. is products wood for China in demand the And harvest. timber on China of provinces northern the in moratorium the from come have industry timber our for possibilities greatest “The stated: has China, to exports timber increased of opportunities the about report siastic is a rich source of raw materials including nu- including materials of raw source arich is McKinleyville, The elds including construction, power generation, generation, power construction, including elds ’s economy.” 54 After the 1998 catastrophic fl oods in Russian 56 5. The Amur government, in an enthu- an in government, Amur The 9 ). 57 The combination of China’s China’s of combination The Far CA: East: Daniel oblast 55

A

& Reference The concentration of mercury on former mining sites is three three is sites on former mining of mercury concentration The by mercury. of soil contamination problem the is Arelated mining. placer to expand oblast tothe danger aserious presents sort of logic this Simplistic techniques. extraction better and newer with hence years afew revisited be will areas same these placers, alluvial the gold from of the all toextract fails technology current because that, holding altogether, attempts restoration of soil cessation the advocated have enterprises some gold mining years several past the Over todamage. of resistance low level ecosystem’s extremely northern by the aggravated is situation the and place, takes Only sites. oftion new Environmental impact. in length) with a total watershed area of some area watershed atotal with length) in some 150 destroyed has er mining forest ecosystems of the adjoining river valleys. Thus far, plac- the and swamps and of rivers ecosystems toaquatic a threat additional 36 approaching area atotal occupy currently sites Mining system. hydrologic rolethe in acrucial play that of wetlands destruction by the impeded is Waterlost. runoff fl valuable some Consequently, Daniel. Zakazniks. Simonovsky and Iversky damaged and destruction, of brink the to Zakazniks Verkhne-Depsky and Tolbuzinsky brought have Zakaznik, Urushinsky destroyed already have activities These way. under are mining and logging ( grouse black grouse, Siberian deer, musk rare to home is that system forest boreal aunique protects Amur, This timber. harvest to Most AO called acompany to over handed was Zakaznik Urkansky 141,000-ha the in land forested of ha 100,000 of aconcession 1999 late in that oblast the in Environmentalists Timber lease Zakaznik in Urkansky — MH are pushing to have one done. one have to pushing are groups environmental local and conducted was ment other protected areas. other protected tion of wildlife and wildlife habitat in zakaznik destruc- the prohibits that 1995, in passed law, a federal contradicts areas protected some in activities economic oblast an that is problem amajor NGO), conservation Russian (a Union Socio- the of Ecological Branch Amur the to According deal. this of status the on information and other species. and other Tetrao tetrix zakaznik 1 , 500 61 466

ha being destroyed every year in prepara- in year every destroyed being ha ), black capercaillie ( capercaillie black ), , located in Tyndinsky Raion in northern northern in Raion Tyndinsky in , located Guide ’s environment, especially in view of plans of plans view in ’s especially environment, 58 Gold mined at placer deposits poses poses deposits atplacer Gold mined No environmental impact assess- impact environmental No pages 30 60 percent of the needed restoration restoration needed of the percent Accordingly, in many Accordingly, law passed in 1999 that permits permits that 1999 in passed law Amur Oblast Ⅲ oodplain have ecosystems been for 59 were shocked to learn learn to shocked were small rivers (upto rivers small Currently there is little Tetrao parvirostris Conservation , 000 s and s and 12 zakaznik , 000 ha with an an with ha ), 200 sq. km. sq. km. s,

km 215 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR 216 economy. southeastern the In farming the support that soils fertile but tothe not towilderness here is threat primary The soils. signifi has posits de- ofcoal brown mining active oblast of the south the In levels. permissible maximum the than fi are hydrocarbons and nitrates, of phenols, concentrations stream down- ecosystems: river on the effects detrimental long-range has also dumping peat Similarly, reaching concentrations particle mineral by suspended lifeless rendered are water. Rivers to ore amounts volume of washed By now, of rivers. the portions climates damage downstream modifi the and of contaminants dumping The riverbeds. tem’s dry and rivers ecosys- the with interfere sites abandoned and active Both ticles. par- suspended with oftion rivers contamina- tothe lead has mining open-pit Similarly, areas. inhabited these mounted in been have efforts No cleanup deposits. mercury manufactured as areas the label literally one could that high so levels, permissible than higher times Source: Copper 10 Titanium 40 Graphite 50 100 Kaolin Anthracite 1,000 Iron 2,000 Brown coal Ore Millions Oblast Amur in resources Mineral 5.9 Table uses up 1 fteen to twenty times higher higher times totwenty fteen J. 50 Ⅲ million cu. m per year and and year m per cu. million 2004. The Amur Oblast: A Guidebook for Businessmen for AGuidebook Oblast: Amur The . billion cu. m of river mof river cu. 5 billion THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE cation of micro- McKinleyville, cantly modifi The 15 Russian 3,000 g/liter. , of ed tons iigdpst fAu Oblast Amur of deposits Mining 5.2 Map Far CA: , 1998. " Au URGALSKY Tokursk(Au) CHINA East: aso(u Ag) Bamskoe(Au, Au Daniel Au " eeioo(n Pb) Berezitovoe(Zn, Placer Roads Coal ore Lode Takhtamygda Au A " Au ha, less than 5 than less ha, Predicted reserves amount to amount reserves Predicted oblast Gold. exceeds today areas of such surface total The formed. are landscapes lunar deposit development, so-called coal of most course However, the in preserved. been have habitats wildlife and high is biodiversity deposits, Boguchanskoe Arkharo- and Raichikhinskoe tothe adjacent territories gold and 1 gold and cast for 2003 cast deposits and and deposits hundred placer deposits. More than More than deposits. placer hundred abouttwo from mined territory. being gold present is At representing an area equivalent to equivalent area an representing work force. industrial of the percent employ which enterprises, over gold mining one hundred administrative eight the In gold production. from revenues on tax budgets their base raion Four generation. power and construction, transportation, oblast for revenue the of tax source & Reference !. BLAGOVESHCHENSK Tynda Au More than fi than More Au Daniel. Today, gold mining is the primary industry in the the in industry Today, primary the is gold mining s (Zeisky, Tyndinsky, Selemdzhinsky, and Mazanovsky) Mazanovsky) and Tyndinsky,s (Zeisky, Selemdzhinsky, , constituting Au " , 740 orvaA,Ag) Pokrovka(Au, SAKHA Tygda Au TYGDINSKOE calls for 24 calls Au 4 percent of which is cultivated annually. cultivated is of which percent SVOBODNOE tons from ore deposits). It is the fi It the is ore deposits). from tons tons of ore gold) and the production fore- production the of tons ore and gold) fty gold-bearing deposits have been found, found, been have deposits gold-bearing fty !. Au Zeya BOGUCHANSKOE ARKHARO ! P SERGEEVSKOE yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By YERKOVETSKOE 17 466 percent of the total industrial output. industrial total of the percent !. Guide RAICHIKHINSKOE Belogorsk Au tons of tons gold ( raion Sources: Au pages 2 s where gold is mined there are are there mined s wheregold is Au Malomyrskoe(Au) , 640 SS(oepae) 98 G,20 ca) SI 2002. ESRI, (coal); 2000 AGI, 1998; (lode/placer), USGS 42 budget, after commerce, commerce, after budget, Au tons ( tons for Au Au OGODZHINSKOE 80 . 6 20 percent of the oblast of the percent percent of the placer placer of the percent tons from placer placer from tons KHABAROVSK 900 " JAO Conservation Au Au tons of placer of tons placer 0 " fth largest fth Tokursk(Au) URGALSKY ¯ 100 12 km , 000 18 ’s ’s and Development. Newell, J. placer gold for more than 130 gold for moreplacer than mined having of Russia, all in enterprises gold mining oldest one of the also is which Priisk, Solovyovsky is production, The specifi tofund ready are Canada) and United States the from (primarily companies tions (the ifc fi Various international enterprises. to mining industry. Several are prepared to provide preliminary credits gold, they began to show interest in the the in toshow interest began they gold, with for working licenses weregranted banks Moscow certain leaching methods and factory operations will follow. will operations factory and methods leaching concentrated exploited using be initially deposit will the atPokrovka, As deposit. Bamskoe atthe exploiting began license, the holds investment. which In 1999, Apsakan, foreign seek also Bamskoe and atBerezitovoe gold deposits mine for and toprospect licensed enterprises Gold-producing 1 about produced enterprise the and companies. In autumn afi through to of gold (up amounts modest tocontain estimated are deposits to produce between three and four tons of tons gold annually. four and three between to produce banks. banks. the from support tostrong thanks region, Amur the able in now favor- are companies for gold mining whole, conditions Zarya- Maya, them produced Financial Corporation ( Corporation Financial International the from of form credits the in capital foreign attracted gold has lode development Pokrovka The of the problems. ecological but it, too,causes mining, placer than damaging less is gold ore mining perspective, environmental From gold ore from deposits. an primarily annually, mined by that predict experts and gold, placer of potential that twice of gold the ore in potential resource overall the Presently, sites. promising of other dozens as well as Raion) (Selemdzhinsky Malomyrsky and Raion) (Zeisky likansky for Borgu- planned are gold ore mines Additional Raion. sky Tyndin- in ore deposits Bamskoe the and deposits polymetal gold and Berezity the and Raion, Magdagachinsky deposit in ore Pokrovka Raion, Tokursk Selemdzhinsky include in mine areas Gold mining years. fourteen next for the reserves oblast the year), per tons ten metric (some gold production of placer levels Givencurrent being disrupted. of ecosystems number the in asubsequent increase with year, every increasing been has deposits for placer open casting over 25 for alittle method dredge the region; the in gold obtained ofcent the 2004. . 52 700 2005 tons in in tons oblast kg). Opencast methods account for more than for more than account methods Opencast kg). oblast , between thirty and thirty-fi and thirty , between administration and greater interest from Russian Russian from interest greater and administration 1 McKinleyville, . nancial intermediary from private foreign foreign private from intermediary nancial 2000 8 The tons. Other major producers were producers major Other tons. and the World Bank) and private gold mining gold mining private World and the and Bank) ’s largest gold mining company, of terms in gold mining ’s largest . percent. The total area used for conducting for conducting used area total The percent. 62 By 2002 By 1 , Zeya, Rassvet, and Khergu. On the Onthe Khergu. and Rassvet, , Zeya, Russian c extraction projects. projects. c extraction 1999 ifc ) and investments procured procured investments ) and , production at Pokrovka began began atPokrovka , production , the Pokrovka operation plans plans operation Pokrovka , the years. 200 has enough placer gold placer enough has 65 ve tons of gold will be be ofve tons gold will In 2000 Far kg; it produced about about it produced kg; CA: oblast nancial nancial institu- ’s gold mining mining gold ’s , Solovyovsky , Solovyovsky East: oblast artel Daniel s, among among s, 64 is After 60 per- 63 A

& Reference Daniel. and Russian authorities a small portion. asmall authorities Russian and percent, 25 about AO Pokrovka the percent, 75 owns tion Corpora- Mining Zoloto British the which in venture joint a is project The year. per ounces gold 90,000 produce and ore of tons million 12.5 of atotal excavate to years oblast the of part northeastern the Tygda in 14 from km Raion, oblast the of areas some in problem aserious been has groundwater the polluting and soils local into leaching Cyanide method. extraction primary the be likely will Cyanide gold. of tons 46 extract to seeks million, U.S.$60 cost to Aproject, mdeep. 350 and 300 between holes bore in copper and tungsten, silver, ore, gold found have Geologists station. train the from km years. seven of time investment on return expected an with sought is million $25 of investment Foreign million. U.S.$115 cost and years three take will Construction m. 600 of adepth at excavation open-pit for selected been has site this gold, of 170 tons around containing Raion Selemdzhinsky of corner northwest 85,000 tons of lead. and zinc, of tons 142,000 silver, of tons 225 gold, of tons 42.3 includes deposit this station, train Takhtamygda concern: particular of are benefi sites than harmful following more The cial. be to value long-term their prove may destruction and the ments in the oblast the in ments invest- for aguarantee as established been has sour) goes project investment an that event the in investors foreign to promised reserves (gold Fund Golden the tion, addi- In purchased. or created been has that collateral fi the for leasing on oblast the of reduction percent a50 includes package standard The lessees. and investors foreign for benefi offi tax Amur offered have ts deposits. cials new exploit to rights given be soon will companies private and mining, through primarily production, gold oping devel- to committed are authorities Regional projects. sought to help underwrite capital-intensive extraction been has investment foreign mining, ore gold toward and mining placer gold from away shifts emphasis As watch to mines ore Gold — DJ Pokrovka deposit. Pokrovka Bamskoe deposit. Malomyrskoe deposit. Berezitovoe deposit. oblast , this mine is expected to operate for eighteen eighteen for operate to expected is mine , this ’s economy, but environmental negligence negligence environmental but ’s economy, 466 Guide rst two years of the lease and on on and lease the of years two rst . 66 pages These projects seek to develop develop to seek projects These Located in northern Tynda, 60 60 Tynda, northern in Located Located in the Magdagachinsky Magdagachinsky the in Located Amur Oblast Ⅲ Located 60 km southwest of of southwest km 60 Located A 75-sq.-km deposit in the the in deposit A75-sq.-km for . Conservation profi ttax

217 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR

Vladimir Dinets 9 Currently, production. only overall in precipitous declines to led have deposit Raichikhinskoe the from yields Reduced mined. being are (Ogodzhinskoe) one deposit of anthracite Yerkovetskoe) and and Arkharo-Boguchanskoe, inskoe, oblast 218 basin. Amur of the parts many crisscross poachers, for routes access as serve now which roads, mining and logging Abandoned addition In exploited. being are deposits ofpercent) these phosphorites. Currently, and apatite, forty-fi only talcum, vermiculite, graphite, zeolite, of kaolin, deposits ing includ- materials building and of minerals deposits additional over ahundred document Records Kurany. and Seim Bolshoi in ores of titanium-magnetite-ilmenite deposits untapped several and Garinskoe deposit in iron-ore untapped a large The of it used. is little very gold placers, of uncovering process the in excavated are of peat amounts large that However, fact deposits. despite the of gold placer on top located are of them many and north the in are Most fi peat hundred six About ignored. largely been have peat, ore iron and including region, the Coal. surveyors. and specialists environmental both lack frequently that enterprises private by exploited small been have areas accessible easily small, many Moreover, soil. years recent in of affected area total exceeds activity for this concerns mining coal debt of the the out, and carried not been far thus has the in soils fertile most the containing land by destroying production agricultural of the part southern the in Yerkovetskoe are and Arkharo-Boguchanskoe, skoe, atRaichikhin- deposits brown-coal of the sections working The years. forty and seven for between tolast estimated are sections mining coal active of the reserves The cuts. active tothe adjacent tosectors addition of in Yerkovetskoe) section eastern the Tygdinskoe, and Sergeevskoe, Svobodnoe, (in deposits reserve explored atthe located are resources coal J. .2 percent of the total coal reserves are being mined. Other Other mined. being are reserves coal total of the percent Other mineral resources. mineral Other Ⅲ Coal mining is another signifi another the is in mining industry Coal cant 2004. . Currently three deposits of brown coal (Raichikh- of coal brown deposits three . Currently THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE McKinleyville, The oblast rfe Russian . Mining of these sites decreases decreases sites of these . Mining . Planned recultivation of the soil soil of the recultivation . Planned Abundant raw materials in in materials raw Abundant elds have been located. oblast 50 Far percent of the of the percent CA: also contains ve ( East: Daniel 37

A nomic improvements have resulted. Regionally, agriculturally agriculturally Regionally, nomic improvements resulted. have eco- no fundamental that It unsurprising is farmers. of the support short-term atthe aimed have and unstructured been always have industries farming local todevelop by nation- authorities al years recent in undertaken programs and Plans use in 1996 land of agricultural . Categories oblast of the area total of the products. their tosell nowhere else had farmers when prices reduced further toChina exports soy bean and of Russia regions toother exports meat restricted temporarily unprofi livestock raising of be benefi may This reduced. werealso prices Meat abroad. from beans with ted wereglut- who processors from prices reduced toaccept had farmers bean Soy products. for their markets without farmers 1999 in toRussia United States the from aid Humanitarian farmers. hurt also have food urban cheap low topromote prices product farm keep Policies that fertilizers. and fuel for bartered is produce they Much of what tocredit. access little very have Currently, farmers state. the from no support or little receive Farmers products. for farm received prices the with comparison in high very are parts and machines, izers, fertil- fuel, as for such inputs prices the land, fertile of the spite In even. tobreak struggling are cooperative, and private both farmers, Nevertheless, products. dairy and for meat toes, and vegetables (see table 5. pota- grains, soy beans, for growing ideal are Plain, Bureya plots. Altogether, agricultural land constitutes constitutes land agricultural Altogether, plots. family on crops small these primarily produce urban, and Far East. Far the Product for accounting Agriculture, Agriculture by almost 50 1990 the in almost declined by for farming used area land total The tifi by scien- recorded been have sites groundwater mineral two and reserves groundwater fresh thirteen deposits, to mineral vegetables) has actually increased. actually has vegetables) and potatoes (e.g., crops commercial than rather subsistence the in itof was what two-thirds production soy bean and probably one-third is production grain statistics, Soviet in of harvests reporting over- for the Even allowing plummeted. has Oblast, Amur in crops commercial important most the are and farms, state and cooperative as such enterprises by agricultural primarily produced are which soy beans, and of grain production the profi the “all which in asituation from resulted has production toincrease for farmers incentives of economic ally, alack & Reference c survey. oblast t goes to the processor, rather than to the farmer.” tothe than rather processor, tothe t goes Daniel. (gip) 67 , traditionally considered the granary of the Russian Russian of the granary the considered , traditionally The rich soils, particularly those in the Zeya- the in those particularly soils, rich The are shown in table 5. table in shown are percent. in 2000 466 1980 t to urban consumers, but it made consumers, t tourban 70 , is one of the economic mainstays of mainstays one economic , is of the Guide Since the end of the Soviet period period Soviet end of the the Since table. Local government policies that that policies government Local table. s. However, the production of However,s. production the pages 15 percent of Gross Internal Internal of Gross percent 10 11 71 ) and for raising livestock livestock for raising ) and . Local people, both rural rural both people, Local for and 2000 and Conservation 7 68 . 42 Addition- percent percent left some some left 69

s and Development. Newell, J. Source: Total 3,775,300 Landfi substances toxic by Contamination erosion wind and Water Waterlogging 755,000 contamination Pesticide inhumus Reduction Indicator Ha 1996 Oblast, Amur in lands agricultural Degraded 5.12 Table 0.001 Source: 0.5 Total 2,682.2 planting Long-term Fallow land7.42 Hayfi landGrazing land Arable use Land 1996 Oblast, Amur in use land Agricultural 5.11 Table Source: 211.31999 304.8 1998 1997 318.4 6.6 182.6 315.0 1996 161.59.1 258.8 1995 8.8 169.5 1,030.6 1990 8.4 8.1 156.2 444.4 601.4 1980 7.6347.8 6.5 170.4 468.6 7.314.2 358.8 5.6 95.1316.7 Soy 126 8.2 292.5 Grain Year 125 102.3 266.8 5.8 338.0 11.0 –1999 1980 79.6 Oblast, Amur in production 126 Agricultural 73.3 83.1 5.10 114102148 Table 6.1 244.0 97.7 162 117 99 129 71.6 136 85 152 83

2004. elds lls and dumps dumps and lls The State Report on the Environment of Amur Oblast ofAmur Environment the on Report State The 2000. Statistics, State of Committee Oblast Amur 2000. Statistics, State of Committee Oblast Amur McKinleyville, The 00tn) (100(000 tons) kg/ha) Harvest Yield Yield Harvest Russian ,8. 4.93 1,783.7 (000 ha) total land area land total ha) (000 Area Percentage of Percentage Area 7. 1.33 479.5 0. 1.13 407.8 07 0.03 10.7 Far CA: 1,752,200 1,125,000 132,100 6,800 4,200 East: 00tn) (100(000 tons) kg/ha) Harvest Yield Yield Harvest Daniel , 1997. beans beans Potatoes Vegetables A & Reference third of gip times. In 1990 oblast the in ture of agricul- share implementation. The for actual mechanism for show, purely been no with has Husbandry) Animal OnPedigree Reclamation, Land (On legislation oriented crane, and the Oriental white stork. white Oriental the and crane, red-crowned the crane, white-naped the as such species, bird of rare areas nesting e.g., the settlements, human near tolife adapted has that of wildlife habitats natural last the destroying threat, greatest the pose burns by spring mostly caused Fires south. the in areas wilderness remaining few the threatens constantly activity Farming landscapes. agricultural into plains of the forests mixed and coniferous the formed and oblast of the trans- section southern of the appearance ral signifi has production Agricultural increase. oftors damage indica- other and reduced, is soil the in of humus proportion The storms. todust rise gives and runoff organic the receive that watersheds of the degradation and soils of fertile loss the to leads Erosion of windbreaks. absence the and place, in soil the tokeep measures using without on slopes soils of light ing table to erosion (see 0 tobetween degradation amounts of humus loss aprogressive The soil. of the reveal observations Long-term Russia in protection special under territory nongovernmental fi Park—the Muravyovka of the territory on the riculture ngo Union, aRussian Socio-Ecological The realization. from far remain production soy bean in investment foreign attracting for hopes and Plans products. food manufacturing and ucts prod- farming processing by enterprises basis limited very on a introduced being are capital and technology Foreign the total and few agricultural enterprises are profi are enterprises agricultural few and total the Daniel. . 6 tons/ha annually, and more than 132 more than and annually, tons/ha , is implementing a small-scale project in sustainable ag- sustainable project in asmall-scale implementing , is 00tn) (100(000 tons) kg/ha) Harvest Yield Yield Harvest for the region; by 1999 region; for the , agricultural production constituted almost a almost constituted production , agricultural 466 ’s ’s Guide gip 5. has declined substantially since Soviet Soviet since substantially declined has 12 pages ). The primary causes are the plow- the are causes primary The ). Amur Oblast Ⅲ for , it was only one-tenth of one-tenth only , it was cantly altered the natu- the altered cantly 00tn) (100(000 tons) kg/ha) Conservation Harvest Yield Harvest , 000 ha are subject subject are ha table. 0 . 4 and and 72

rst 219 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR economic demand for metals. Demand for chemical agricul- for chemical Demand for metals. demand economic the satisfy would products metal worn-out reusing and cling recy- Instead, activities. industrial from excluded be region would the in resources natural of nonrenewable Mining populations. reduce donot that ways in wildlife use would industry recreation the while ways traditional in resources wildlife use would people indigenous Evenk The dams. with rivers blocking fl water of free only use tomake built be would In order to generate electricity, hydroelectric stations purifi be would levels third and second the from water Used agriculture. and toindustry below, eventually, level tothe and supplied then fi the from water used The purposes. sanitary and fi for only the supplied is sources Water separately. natural from agriculture and industry, use, household purposes, sanitary and drinking for water supplying entail would This system. closed-cycle amultilevel in Water used be needs. would and industries wood extraction would be limited to supplying only local scenario, this In on reforestation. emphasis aspecial place and everywhere industry timber its todownsize need will Amur planet. on the levels oxygen and dioxide carbon between balance the tomaintain importantly, most and, activities, recreational to toincrease products, mainly forest nontimber produce used be would resources forest particular, In environment. of the capacity reproductive natural the exceed not would used are resources renewable atwhich rate the and processes, natural imitate would processes technological All environment. tothe damage minimal incur would that gies technolo- and toprinciples given be would ment region of the 220 scenario. ideal The development scenarios. possible two development. One suggest may of sustainable acourse follow suffi has Oblast chapter, Amur this problems mentioned in environmental the sible. Despite all pos- still is Amur development in Healthy more damaged. even and industrialized more heavily are that regions other however, are, There of Amur’s developmentterms prospects. At fi orientation. political of their less regard- Moscow in politicians from attention little it received of Russia, region coastal Eastern Far the and Baikal between rfe the economy in of the rest the supplement to agricultural of an that was function other Its economy. Soviet for the base resource of aperipheral that was period Soviet the from inherited Oblast Amur position The Gennady Illarionov development Toward sustainable J. Ⅲ 2004. rst glance, this situation may not look promising in in not may look promising situation this glance, rst THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ed and reenter the system. system. reenter the and ed McKinleyville, The The fi rst level of the system—for drinking drinking system—for of the level rst rst priority in the economic develop- economic the in priority rst Russian . Because Amur is located located is Amur . Because cient natural reserves to reserves cient natural Far CA: ow without rst level is East: Daniel A long term. long the toward adedication and patience, cooperation, require will sustainability tomature transition The environment. effi more the from result development would social and industrial further doing, so In banned. be would areas altered logically anthropo- existing of all expansion Further impact. mental environ- the tominimize River Amur of the banks the along area the in conditions climactic it tothe more suitable make to reorganized be would Agriculture communications. and transportation, by industry, or occupied areas, populated and lands into agricultural by or converted altered environments years—natural previous the in caused damage on the based assessed be will environment by the sustained Damage resources. these using operations on mining quotas strict impose should government the general, In fertilizer. organic and industry construction for the base aresource as only used be would peat as such fuels Fossil recommended. highly is panels of solar use the Russia, in one highest of the being Oblast Amur in days of sunny number the with particular, In sources. energy by met alternative for electricity demand and satisfi be would products tural Scenario for partial sustainability. partial for Scenario ing insurance bond deposits prior to mining. This system is is system This prior tomining. bond deposits insurance ing by requir- degree, toacertain assured, be can mining after environment the Restoring mining. to placer related those will than toresolve easier be will butable problems, these of unavoid- however, toaset is, tied ore Gold mining norms. sanitary relevant the comply with they if industry tion construc- the in used be can tailings The tungsten. and zinc, silver, copper, ore, including componentslead, of the valuable other the all but not gold, also only use and sible toextract and qualifi skills improve the will that arequirement methods, duction pro- more complicated requires and technologically plicated more is com- Oredeposit mining region. the in permanently live who for jobs those create will which gold ore deposits, development of the toward mining placer from industry the todirect it necessary is order situation, toimprove in the that, agree environmentalists) and gold miners, geologists, mists, (econo- specialists all Nearly safety. environmental and ciency is fi issues regional one key of Therefore, the environment. to the amajorthreat it poses and region, the in industries important most one of is the goldmining mentioned, previously As economy. the and environment the both toimprove changed be would use on resource policy regional the that is scenario of this feature essential The processing. effi the increase and environment on the impact human toreduce system resource-use existing of the adjustment the and resources development natural of the new require will This Amur. in sustainability topartial transition the tomake possible & Reference cient use of the space already taken out of the natural out natural of the taken already space of the cient use nding ways to restructure the industry to increase effi toincrease - industry the torestructure ways nding Daniel. cations of the employees. Furthermore, it pos- is employees.Furthermore, of the cations ciency of local resource extraction and and extraction resource of local ciency 466 Guide pages ed by natural organic material, material, organic by natural ed In the near future, it is future, near the In for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Total 1,862 Total 1,862 produce produce afi with sources, power main upon four centers sector, which energy the is important Also land. the recultivate to used be can fund the money in bankruptcy, enterprise of amining case the In ahead. years many planned operations signifi involves which mining, deposit for ore suited well are deposit funds insurance environmental mining, placer Unlike countries. foreign many in successful 1998–2000 Source: a. Under construction. Station Power Electric Thermal 1,330 Blagoveschenskaya Station Power Hydroelectric Zeiskaya Current Oblast Amur in stations power Major 5.13 Table (KW/hour) Power Station Station Power Electric Thermal Raichikhinskaya table Bureinskaya Hydroelectric Power Station Power Hydroelectric Bureinskaya Power Station Ogodzhinskaya Thermal Electric environmental impact. environmental lowest- the have that sources economy, energy use wemust so element regional of the important most the become should sector energy The region. of the policy energy the to adjust region, the in resources of energy number the considering it imperative, is scenario, sustainability partial for the Hence, facilities. of hydropower plant construction from results damage environmental Enormous mining. coal and tion produc- of electricity because decreases reservoirs water and signifi is enterprises with these associated damage environmental combined The more plants. hydropower of several construction for include development region of the plans federal Therefore, rfe the in potential hydro-energy entire ofpercent the 80 approximately has also region The of China. Republic People’s neighboring tothe and of Russia regions to other energy exports consumption, and production of electricity balance apositive with Oblast, Amur of System Russia. ergy United En- of the part are region the in electricity producing enterprises energy. largest The supply thermal en- that terprises mining coal are sector energy the in included Also region’s tothe contribution supply insignifi is energy but their boiler-houses, mainly enterprises, small numerous 2004. 5. The Concept of Socio-Economic Development of Amur Oblast for for Oblast ofAmur Development ofSocio-Economic Concept The 13 7 . ). Besides these plants, electricity is produced by produced is electricity plants, these Besides ). , McKinleyville, 600 The million kW hours of electricity annually (see (see annually kW of electricity hours million Russian cant. The quality of the air, soils, soils, air, of the quality The cant. fth under production, that that production, under fth cant investment and and investment cant capacity capacity Far a CA: 0 2,000–7,100 0 230 230 280 280 22 East: Projected Projected Daniel cant. (KW/hour) . capacity 4,900 1,550 1,100

A 50 — & Reference Daniel. and moose will again be disrupted. be again will moose and deer snow of fl be will routes povednik Migration ooded. Za- Zeisky of part constructed, is station power this If Reservoir. for Zeiskoe the from proposed been upstream has River, Gilyui project the hydroelectric Another spawn. to fi of cycle tributaries natural into swimming sh the interrupt will that hydrostations seven of cascade the and dam concrete high 140-m the of construction the against out spoken have residents of number large A alternatives. effi more and energy-producing cient cleaner to suited well aregion in solution generating electricity outdated atechnologically build to choosing unilaterally for government the criticized have drinking, unfi and polluted heavily tfor already is which River, still remain to be cleared. be to remain still land forest mof cu. 2million deforestation: substantial requires project This China. to energy electric of sale the from income generate to and emissions dioxide reduce to are carbon project the of aims stated Two the of with China to cut timber at the plant construction site. contract million aU.S.$1 signed government Amur the more than double what was disbursed in 2000. in disbursed was what double than more fi for funds federal in million 2001, scal U.S.$123 marking ear- project, the on priority ahigh put has government federal Russian The companies. Chinese and Japanese includes from investment AO and Amurenergo reportedly by is supervised project The billion. at U.S.$1.4 estimated been has project the of cost total The funds. of lack for times several delayed been has but 1976, in launched fi was project The 2003. in completed be to expected fi the and built, is been stage already rst has River Amur the on Station Power 335-MW (six Hydroelectric Bureinskaya units) 2,000-MW the of percent Fifteen ment of replace- the and banks, modifithe reservoir of cation fl the to led habitats, also has riparian of ooding reservoir the to adjacent microclimate the of alteration sequent sub- The river. the of characteristics hydrochemical the and cycle temperature the changing by ecosystems riparian and aquatic the damaged River, Zeya the of fl the controlling in ow Reservoir, Zeiskoe the and tion Sta- Zeiskaya The environment. the damage to projects planned and current the expect must one indication, any is Station Power Hydroelectric Zeiskaya of history the If stations power Hydroelectric — MH, DJ —MH, poaching. increased and areas protected to access greater meant have reservoir the at activities recreational moose and isolated some animal some populations. and isolated moose and deer snow of routes migration obstructed reservoir taiga 466 landscapes with coastal landscapes. The The landscapes. coastal with landscapes Guide pages Amur Oblast Ⅲ 76 Citizens living along the Amur Amur the along living Citizens for 77 Conservation 73 75 Increased Increased In 2001, 2001, In 74 rst

221 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR Amur. With the exception of eastern Siberia, no other region region no other Siberia, of eastern exception the With Amur. insignifi is Oblast Amur in drop the formation; cloud increased and day solar shorter of the because winter in drastically decreases radiation solar regions most In intense. is latitude, same the at regions other in that with compared radiation, solar the air, of the transparency tothe Owing clone region. over the anticy- astable during of clouds absence by the explained be can which favorable, are too, conditions, day. solar Winter longest to the corresponds peak summer the day-length; ing grow- the and of clouds absence by the characterized is peak spring The June. and peaks—March two has radiation solar of cycle yearly The radiation. solar of mode the favorable the 222 Solar. of investment. due toalack taken being is action no of enterprises, private level the At ecosystems. rounding sur- tothe threat aclear present they though even support more have still projects traditional large level, federal at the but prepared, implement been have projects some concrete to Proposals studied. been have region for the possibilities energy alternative Several of dams. use the without plants power electric on small generated hydro-energy and solar in energy, particularly for clean reserves large holds region The Alternative energy J. Ⅲ 2004. yrpwrdvlpeti mrOblast Amur in development Hydropower 5.3 Map The potential for solar energy generation is justifi is generation energy for solar potential The THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE cant. Simply put, the sun shines a great deal in in deal agreat shines sun Simply put, the cant. CHINA McKinleyville, 100 0 The ¯ yreeti oe Station Power Hydroelectric Gilyuiskaya Proposed km Russian !.

Tynda

mrR. Amur Gi yiR. lyui SAKHA !. Far Reservoir CA: Zeya Zeiskoe P ! BLAGOVESHCHENSK

Zeya v R. oe Station Power Hydroelectric Zeiskaya !. Svobodny !. Belogorsk East: Daniel ed by BureyaR

Ze yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By . ya R. udrconstruction) (under Station Power Hydroelectric Bureinskaya K A produce biogas, Amur Oblast could economize on 27 economize could Oblast Amur biogas, produce if Preliminary calculations in the early fertilizer. high-quality the by using productivity agricultural toincrease and on farms, costs heating toreduce protection, toenvironmental allocated be could money that save but also generation, not contributetoenergy would only technology of this Introduction concentrate. vitamin aprotein and ing be- by-product the fertilizer, ahigh-quality produces also 5 is heat burning whose of methane, concentration ahigh with odor and unpleasant without a gas produces process The ferment-reactor. aspecial in husbandry animal and crop production from waste organic process bacteria To thermophilic waste. biogas, produce organic from made fertilizers and biogas is agriculture in of energy in remote locations where suffi remotein locations of energy sources additional as used be can they Nevertheless, sources. completelyautonomous as energy serve yet cannot of 50 height the at velocity wind annual average the where Raion, gachinsky Biogas. had greatly changed, and such savings become unachievable. unachievable. become savings such and changed, greatly had 1990 end of by the the that clear become since It has equivalent. fuel oftons conventional & Reference 100 KHABAROVSK

Sources: Se JAO lemdzh Daniel. percent of the available biological waste were used to wereused waste biological available of the percent A relatively simple, inexpensive, and effi and inexpensive, simple, Arelatively

amn 00 SI 2002. ESRI, 2000; Darman, aR. m per second. Wind-power stations stations Wind-power second. 16mper mis 466 Guide pages as does Amur Oblast. Amur does as days sunny many as has of Russia vorable populated area is Magda- is area vorable populated fa- Another rare. are periods less wind and occur never Hurricanes 50 of height atthe velocity wind annual average The River: Amur benefi which of Blagoveshchensk, city the in good relatively are tions energy. for Condi- solar potential tothe comparison in pale energy for wind prospects the locations, favorable well-populated, few Wind. needs. some energy power for meeting of solar viability the demonstrate does project but this scale, small on a is there generation power The quarters. living and Center Visitors’ park’s for the electricity togenerate Park Nature vyovka in Mura- installed successfully been have panels Solar pothetical. hy- more here is than generation power for solar possibility The cient electricity is not is available. cient electricity m exceeds 8 mexceeds s the situation in agriculture agriculture in situation s the ts from winds over the over the winds from ts With the exception of a exception the With 79 for , 500 1990 kcal. The process process The kcal. Conservation m per second. second. mper s suggested that that s suggested cient source 78 , 000

and Development. Newell, J. Olyokma Rivers and a group of small of agroup small and Rivers Olyokma of construction long the term, the hpp for constructing hpp hpp Zeiskaya realized. construction of an international airport in Blagoveshchensk Blagoveshchensk in airport international of an construction oblast the across built being is Road Nakhodka Chita- the planned, is River Amur the across Abridge taken: now.pect fi The pros- for this toprepare Consequently, it necessary is costs. environmental higher as well as region for the dividends signifi entail may position This (China). Asia Central and of Sakha) (Republic Arctic the between and Asia East and Siberia between acrossroads as century, fi could senses, geoeconomic and geopolitical the in both Oblast, Amur advantage. into agreat turned be future, the in could, problems, economic and social Pacifi the and region Baikal the between gap aprovincial as position Its advantage. toits used not been has todate, which, location graphical geo- toits related are Oblast for Amur Some prospects separate report. of a subject the be would work, but may that measures trative adminis- often-criticized the even some In cases, compliance. fi employ and economic but also one not apply technologies should only new energy conserve deplorable. To are currently which measures, conservation energy from arises environment surrounding the and sources re- energy traditional for preserving potential biggest The Conservation Hydroelectric. problems. environmental and social creates waste the by burning produced emissions air however, that tioning men- It worth is cities. large in done atincinerators is which burning, hard-waste in potential some energy also is There area. this in doexist reserves some energy Nevertheless, supply. on ariver, free-fl located is that region Amur in village and town small every for Therefore, transportation. during incurred losses energy also eliminate large energy transportation expenses and the developments low. is local density Such where population Oblast toAmur suited perfectly is This location. same the in economic benefi hpp such caused, is no damage fl of power uninterrupted the only use rivers, blocking without hpp for small possibilities enormous holds region the meantime, the In planned. being is River, Zeya on the dams tional hydropower plants ( of tradi- for construction Plans high. is region the in potential ows. Aside from the obvious environmental advantage that that advantage environmental obvious the from Aside ows. 2004. is being fi being is McKinleyville, The nished, and the Ministry of Energy has plans plans has of Energy Ministry the and nished, As has been noted earlier, the hydro-energy hydro-energy the noted earlier, been has As ts: production and consumption of energy of energy consumption and production ts: rst steps in this direction have already been been already have direction this in steps rst ow ow c coast, which previously had led to deep todeep led had previously which c coast, hpp s on the Lower Bureya and Gilyui. In In Gilyui. and Bureya Lower s on the Russian is already functioning, Bureinskaya Bureinskaya functioning, already is s are a promising prospect for energy for energy prospect apromising s are hpp ) with dams are slowly being being slowly are dams ) with s also provide a number of provideanumber s also nancial measures to ensure toensure measures nancial nd itself, in the twenty-fi the in nd itself, hpp hpp s on Nyukzha and and s on Nyukzha Far CA: cant economic s, which do not use donot use which s, East: , and the the , and Daniel s that, s that, rst A & Reference upland zones that were rich with lichen—the best feeding feeding best lichen—the with wererich that zones upland transitional and taiga larch on northern dependent mainly was of way life traditional Their hunters. degree, to alesser and, breeders reindeer nomadic wereprimarily They Coast. Pacifi on the of Okhotsk Sea of the shores tothe Siberia of eastern part central the in Yenisei the basin from stretching territory ahuge across lived Evenks Traditionally, the Raion. Mazanovsky the in of Maisky settlement the in number) live in forty than (fewer of group Evenks small A Selemdzhinsky. in Ivanovskoe and Zeisky, in Bomnak Tyndinsky, in Ust-Nyukzha and Ust-Urkima Pervomaiskoe, raion northern three the in administrations village of fi residents as registered are of Most them hundred. In the past fi past the In home Evenkpeoples. is tothe Oblast of Amur territory The Illarionov Gennady Darman, Yuri peoples Indigenous areality. becomes it before actually region of the status the in changes deep of such implications and prospect the consider environmentalists that It necessary is begun. has Daniel. physical assets.” physical region’s the appropriate to willing is Belonogov “Governor because areality become to likely is construction bridge that statement revealing the making Skulason, Ingo stroi, Update East Far Russian The completed. been has it once export and exploitation continued their facilitate will also but resources, natural unprocessed of export and exploitation the require only million. U.S.$250 of estimates recent more to million U.S.$50 from rise to continued has bridge 3-km the of cost estimated The problematic. been has however, aventure, such for funding Finding decade. past the for agenda the on been has Blagoveshchensk with Heihe of city Chinese the linking River Amur the across bridge proposed The Amur bridge construction — MH and 150 million cu. m of timber. mof cu. 150 million and titanium sell to rights the for exchange in construction undertake to agreed have Genstroi, and Most AO panies, com- two Currently, construction. bridge for resources fi the to solution the that appears It Oblast. Amur for sum aconsiderable represents still this bridge, the building of nancial problem will be the trading of rights to natural natural to rights of trading the be will problem nancial 80 ve years they have numbered fewer than fi than fewer numbered have they ve years Although the two cities would share the costs costs the share would cities two the Although 466 Guide 82 pages quotes the president of Gen- of president the quotes Amur Oblast Ⅲ for 81 The bridge will not not will bridge The Conservation s: the the s: ve fteen

c 223 and

AMUR Development. Newell,

AMUR 224 Forestry ecosystems. northern of the resources slim upon the dependence heavy by their affected particularly was situation Their civilizations. European technogenic the with contact through experienced have nations other of problemsthat sorts same the encountered economy. Oblast of Amur Evenks outside into the Evenkterritories and of Amur’s resources integration subsequent the with and west the from of settlers signifi deteriorated situation The of snow). forms Evenk for various in terms twenty more than for example, are, (there habitat totheir oriented was which language, and culture own their having adjusted to its natural limiting factors. They created ecosystem, of the apart werepractically Evenks The bance. tooutside distur- susceptible was and balance delicate quired of self-suffi pattern This ecosystem. northern of the parameters resource the Evenk economy and the between maintained was balance specifi under only occur could that pastures grazing of the succession dent natural on the depen- was turn in which population, reindeer tothe related closely was Evenks of the growth population The cycle. the torepeat years later in return could they Subsequently areas. weremoved toadjacent herds and grazed, being after themselves toregenerate wereleft sites Feeding use: resource of sustainable example aclassic was Evenks of the herding of reindeer system The herds. reindeer for small grounds J. nieoslnso mrOblast Amur of lands Indigenous 5.4 Map Ⅲ 2004. Evenk CHINA THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 100 0 McKinleyville, Evenk ¯ The Pervomaiskoe km Russian Evenk cient resource use obviously re- obviously use cient resource Evenk ! ! BLAGOVESHCHENSK c conditions. For centuries a For centuries c conditions. Tynda

Evenk cantly with the arrival arrival the with cantly

iyiR. Gilyui mrR. Amur SAKHA Far Reservoir CA: Zeiskoe ! P ! Zeya R

. East: Daniel

B

ur ! ey aR Maisky Zeya R. yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By

. Evenk A 5. 5 than fewer today but economies, modern and traditional between promise of form com- asensible was This Raion. Tyndinsky the in Pervomaiskoe in established was farm animal An enterprises. breeding captive todevelop wereallowed Evenks the period, Soviet the During nationalities. of people other and Evenks by both conducted is and regulations, without and illegally 1980 late the since dramatically declined has harvest fur the as signifi its losing is activity This Evenks. of working for about 30 accounts Hunting years. recent in rapidly fallen has herds of the size the of and herders number the both less Neverthe- resources. and of labor inputs minimal relatively nomic and cultural development of indigenous peoples. development of indigenous cultural nomic and fi to devoted been have realm this in acts federal Most groups. by native occupied traditionally territories in use resource and toland rights legal tosecure attempts been have there decade, doubly diffi was fundamental, is property economy, notion amarket of entering wherethe process the aresult, of concept property. of As the understanding little have Evenks peoples, indigenous other many Like souvenirs. and bearskin, using footwear and ing cloth- species, other and reindeer from goods wares—leather & nancial and organizational measures related tosocioeco- related measures organizational and nancial Reference

5 KHABAROVSK percent of Evenks engage in production of traditional of traditional production in engage of Evenks percent Sources:

JAO Selemdzha R. s. Furthermore, hunting on Evenk territory often occurs occurs often on Evenk territory hunting Furthermore, s. Daniel. amn 00 SI 2002. ESRI, 2000; Darman, Evenk percent of Evenks are involved in it. Only it. Only in involved are of Evenks percent 466 Guide pages representing representing group, dominant the are they herders, reindeer and hunters the Among crafts). of native duction animal husbandry, and the pro- hunting, herding, (reindeer tions occupa- traditional in exclusively involved are today Evenks not all, (about Most hunt. can wherethey areas the nationalities and are limited in of hunters other with compete to now forced are Evenks as affected been also has hunting is continually dwindling, and herding for traditional available territory The Evenks. of the system life-support the are that cycle’s components natural the destroyed have territories Evenk and gold in mining traditional mal exchange of production for of production exchange mal amaxi- allowing Evenks, the of ways the and taiga northern tothe suited well use of resource It aform is Evenks. of working employs 22 about herding Reindeer respectively. percent, percent of the employment of percent the for 73 cult. In the past past the In cult. Conservation percent and 98 and percent 60 percent), but percent), cance, percent percent

and Development. Newell, J. Population Peoples is being prepared. It is intended to address It intendedtoaddress is prepared. Population Peoples being is Useof Small- OnTerritories law the Resource of Traditional Amur, In laws. similar preparing currently is Duma federal The use. resource of traditional territories on their rights other and rights, toregulate property people’s provisions of native status, questions special lacks still legislation Federal distribution. the handle peoples native of the used because because used seldomproperly are payments these practice, development. In socioeconomic peoples’ these toward directed be must ples peo- by native inhabited areas in resources of mineral for use payment that dictates law Asingle territories. on their peoples for native provisions no special almost has rights mineral about federation of the law current the Unfortunately, tories. fi given are peoples Native of anation. members individual as and group acollective as both resources, animal touse rights special them grants law The of way life. Evenks’ the recognized has fi the is This On Animals. law federal Signifi use. resource for traditional conditions preserve order to in peoples tonative granted are rights forest-harvest special code, forestry current the In peoples. of these session ttp that acknowledges North the People of Small-Population of the Areas Activity Economic and of Habitation Protection for the Measures On Necessary decree presidential The lived. traditionally have they which on land purchasing peoples for native some advantages ates law, cre- Federation OnPayment for Land, Russian The territories. natural protected otherwise are that some lands on use resource for traditional granted been also have Rights peoples. by native inhabited areas in use of resource regime aspecial traditional toestablish drafted been has Alaw 2004. — MH Israel. including countries, several from satellites launch to orders has currently complex The place. took fi Cosmodrome the 1997 the In from base. launch space rst military aformer of site the on complex space-launch this of creation the for called decree Apresidential Svobodny. near Cosmodrome the is card, awild of something haps per- project, threatening environmentally potential One Cosmodrome at Svobodny of such rocket launching sites were confi were sites launching rocket such of hazards the areas, inhabited over fuel toxic spewing sions, occa- different two on exploded Kazakhstan in modrome Cos- Baikonur at launched rockets Proton Russian When ecosystem. local signifi the to avery threat pose new cant will it that doubt no is there but area, the in conditions functioning of this launch site will affect socioeconomic subsequent and construction the diffi how predict to cult cant rights are also granted to native peoples by the by the peoples tonative granted also are rights cant rst rights to resource use on their traditional terri- traditional on their use toresource rights rst McKinleyville, The raion administrators rather representatives than Russian s are the inalienable pos- inalienable the s are rst time that legislation legislation that time rst Far CA: rmed. East: 84 Daniel 83 It is A & Reference to pay for all the effects of resource use and development. and use of resource effects the forto pay all users ecosystem one second requires the environment; natural fi The use. the of resource successful for the topreserve regulation serves essential law rst are efforts legal two These water,resources. soil and animal, plant, affected of locally “use” for topay the have will enterprises strip-mining ample, For ex- usage. that from income direct any obtain or not they of whether regardless enterprise, their in used resources of the for topay all obliged be will users resource all adopted, is law this If management. regional comprehensive by prioritizing use nature of regional planning comprehensive the strengthen tolegally prepared being is Oblast Amur Use in of Nature Principles Territories. OnOverall law The Natural Protected OnSpecially law federal tocomplementtion existing the of protec- categories legal new many creates law This species). Book Data Red federal and oblast both biota (including and territories for special protection for the basis alegal forms cil, Coun- Oblast Amur tothe submitted and prepared been had An oftion biodiversity. protec- the and use of resource planning the tointegrate tion oblast development of an the on Work use. proceeding is of resource system comprehensive atthe tofunction agencies resource of coordination for the It elements. advisable is natural other of protecting expense atthe resource, natural of their protection and organization the solely in interested often are agencies The department’s interests. own its prioritizes thus and department of afederal branch regional the is use resource and protection involved environmental in agencies A basic problem stems from the fact that each of the oblast of the each that fact the from problem stems A basic Illarionov Gennady Darman, Yuri issues Legal the fi become may territories on their rights resource Evenk natural for protections of legal securing The problems. economic for solutions tospecifi enterprises gold mining from payments single hope for are can Evenks the that best The territories. on their resources Evenk development of natural of examples no positive still are there Unfortunately, wildlife. and habitation Evenk of traditional areas topreserve ritories ter- of ethno-ecological creation the oversee will and written, of being process the in is Fund Nature Protected On the the Also, Evenks. of the territories traditional the on resources natural and management problemsof land the Daniel. rst step in the resolution of the problems described here. problems described of resolution the the in step rst oblast law On the Nature-Zapovednik Fund, which which Fund, Nature-Zapovednik Onthe law 466 Guide pages Amur Oblast Ⅲ -level form of agency coordina- form of agency -level for oblast Conservation level to develop a todevelop level oblast c socio-

law law 225 ’s ’s and

AMUR