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Organización Latinoamericana De Energía Latin American Energy Orga,Nization

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Organización Latinoamericana De Energía Latin American Energy Orga,Nization Marzo - Abril/82 March - April/82 Organización Latinoamericana de Energía Latin American Energy Orga,nization LOS PRECIOS DE LA ENERGJA: INSTRUMENTO DE POLITICA Y PLANIFl- CACION ENERGETICA ENERGY PRICING: A TOOL FOR ENERGY PLANNING ANO POLICY - MAKlNG ENERGIA Y EVALUACION o/ DEL IMPACTO AMBIENTAL ENERGY ANO Tl~E EVALUATION OF ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT COLOMBIA: ANTE LA NUEVA ERA DEL CARBON COLOMBIA: ON THE BRINK OF A NEW COAL ERA L.-. .....------------------------------------ ... Organización Latinoamericana de Energía lada ORGANO DE D!VULGACION TECNICA DE LA ORGAN!ZAC!ON LATINOAMERICANA · DE ENERGIA (OLAOE) PERIODICAL FOR DISSEMINATION MARZO,.. APR!L/82 OF THE LATIN AMERICAN ENERGY ORGANIZATION MARCH ~ APRIL/82 EDITORIAL 3- 11 EDITORIAL 2 6 LOS PRECIOS DE LA ENERGIA: INSTRUMENTO DE POLITICA Y PLANIFl­ CAG/ON ENERGETICA 5-10 ibb, dJ.(:H~í'.:'i · ENERGY PRICING: A TOOL FOR ENERGY PLANNING ANO POLICY ­ MAKING o~c.r~. ¡~· 1.1- \~ 1 '\l; \lE.~.~ET{Gy ANO THE EVALUATION OF ITS . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT \-\::¡' ".) 1. <:~'<!.'.l..~~~; , C:\..i·,~'t >\ •.3 COLOvMBIA: ANTE LA NUEVA ERA DEL. \ · CARBON '. 19- r C) ll. \' L._ +o\~ . COLOMBIA: ON THE BRINK OF A NEW GOAL ERA Los artículos firmados san de la exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores y no expresan, necesariamente. la posición oficial de la Secre- taria Permanente. Toda colaboración deberá ser dirigido a la Coordinacion de RR.PP.; Información y Difusión de OLADE: Casina 6413 C. C. l .. Quito, Ecuador. The signed articles are me exclusive responsability of their autnors. and 1hey do not necessarily express the otticia! posrtion 01 the Permanent Secretaria t. Any remarks snould IJe di meted to the Ollice of Orfíusion. OLADE. Casilla 6413 C C. l .. Quilo. Ecuador. Organización Latinoamericana de Energía EDITORIAL El desafio energético que enfrenta América Latina y el resto de países en desarro- llo tiene un doble carácter: por un lado se d ebevalcanz ar un ritmo de crecimiento glo- bal satisfactorio en un período de encarecimiento energético absoluto y. al mismo tiempo. prepararse para llegar a la nueva era energética con la capacidad para realizar sus propósitos históricos de desarrollo autosostenido e independiente en condiciones más complejas y sustancialmente distintas a las actuales ... " 1 Este doble carácter del desafio energético ha conducido a OLADE a desarrollar e! Programa Latinoamericano de Cooperación Energética (PLACE). el cual busca fundamcn ta lm en te usar la integra bil id ad del sector energético para rn oto rizar el desa- rrollo económico de América Latina dentro ele un marco en e! cual se utiliza prioritaria- mente la capacidad de la región. tanto en sus recursos naturales. corno humanos. cien- t if'icos. tecnológicos y empresariales. Para el cumplimiento de dichos objetivos. el PLACE pone especial énfasis en Ja necesidad de desarrollar sistemas y metodologías de planificación que garanticen Ja viabilidad de las políticas energéticas propuestas y que respondan a las propias espe- cificidades de la realidad de América Latina. La poi ítica de precios de la energía, constituye un imprescindible instrumento de la pol rt ica de planificación energética. Sólo a través de una política energética, que contemple una clara definición respec.o de los precios. se podrán poner en prac- tica planes y programas dirigidos a lograr una mayor eficiencia energética y una mejor conservación de los recursos. Sin embargo. la determinación ele los precios de la ener- gía. enfrenta d ilicultades teóricas y practicas. En efecto. las teorías económicas tradi- cionales. no solarn en te que han dern ostra do su obsolescencia en tan to sus supuestos no corresponden a la realidad. sino que la producción y distribución de los bienes energéticos, ha hecho que estas teorías enfrenten situaciones de mercados caracteriza- das por condiciones monopólicas y oligopólicas que rebazan los estrechos límites de dichas teorías. Y a ello apunta, el artículo del economista Alberto Acosta cuando enfoca la necesidad de repensar sobre el problema y plantear nuevos parámetros que conduzcan al análisis objetivo del mercado energético. Pero la planificación del desarrollo energético no se reduce solamente al mero análisis del costo-beneficio de cada proyecto. Al contrario. ella implica también la necesidad ele incorporar la evaluación del impacto ele Ja tecnología en el medio ambien- te. corno un medio para conseguir su protección. El enfoque ambiental no se reduce únicamente a los aspectos físicos. biológicos: por el contrario. lo ambiental debe estar considerado en su entorno tanto natural corno social; en otras palabras. no debe limi- tarse solamente a los aspectos ecológicos sino contemplar además los aspectos socio- económicos. políticos y culturales. Desde esta perspectiva el ingeniero Alvaro Urnaña. propone una metodología para la evaluación del impacto ambiental de proyectos gcotérm icos subrayando la nece- sidad de un enfoque sistemático, interdisciplinario, integral, ordenado y participativo. lJ OL.\DE, Programa Latinoamericano de Cooperación Energética (PLACE); Quito, 1981: pág. No. 2L . • 3 Organización Latinoamericana de Energía El desafío e nergét ico que enfrenta América Latina implica también la urgencia de desarrollar otras fuentes de energía para las cuales existen ya tecnologías al alcance y son susceptibles de ser explotadas en gran escala. Entre estas, tiene especial importan- cia el carbón, al cual el PLACE le otorga una alta prioridad. A pesar del desconocimiento de los recursos carboníferos de la region, que se refleja en el precario grado de utilización productiva y comercial, su desarrollo es sumamente alentador, tanto para los propósitos de sustitución y diversificación energé- tica, como para el impulso de nuevas actividades industriales básicas. OLADE estima que los recursos carboníferos representan el 27.3 o/o del total de los recursos energéticos de la región, Jo cual contrasta con el escaso grado (3 o/o) en que en la actualidad dicho recurso y su derivado el coque. participan en Ja satis- facción de la demanda total el e energía L ! En este contexto. las reservas carboníferas que posee Colombia. son las más grandes de América Latina y constituyen el 38 o/o del total de Ja región. Justamente, el artículo del Ministro de Energía Carlos Rodado Noriega , plantea el papel pio- nero que tendrá Colombia en el desarrollo de esta prometedora fuente de energía de la región, tanto en Ja proposición de una política carbonífera. como en Ja generación y adaptación tecnológica y la utilización de este recurso natural para el desarrollo integral y auto sostenido. Camelio Marchán 1! OLA DE, !bid. , página No. 24. 4 Organización Latinoamericana de Energía · 1 ~-oc ·~g¡; ·d '1l,nuouoo3 lll ll u9!J:inpoJlUJ ·dd '6L6 I ;uqmand~-I!Jqll 'll:i!w9uoa3 m;>pllílJlSdAUI Ud 'R:J]W 'mJSSo1I ·d·A :u-LS ·dd ep.uouo:i:;¡ t:¡ 1l u9p~npoJlUI 'l:fl!BJq[ll~ -guoJ!{ ll!JO;i! A sll·J!H¡¡J;iu!! s::iuopdo •un.rew ;ipt?I~ m1af Ja.\ tz · )!" f ~ L(;t-EO'P -dd 'sop;iLd so1 ;;ip ll!JO;i! B¡ ::11qos so,{esu3 u;i 'O!(Odollno ¡;;ip !. 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