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Home , Yalta Conference

Divided up and Berlin into four parts, one for each of the Allies in World War II (Great Britain, France, Germany, and the ) The Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Conference

USA and the Soviet Union after WWII Both nations competed and had a rivalry Democracy and free enterprise economy vs. dictatorship and Superpowers

Harry Truman President of the at the beginning of the Responsible for creating the policy of

A policy for preventing the spread of Communism Comes from the Said that the United States was prepared to aid any country that wanted to resist Communism, in order to control the spread of Communism Containment A metaphorical “wall” that divided the Soviet Union and its satellite nations (communist countries in ) from the democratic Western European nations The

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Mutual defense organization created by democratic nations in the west to protect against communism NATO

Formed by the Soviet Union and its satellite nations in response to the creation of NATO

Warsaw Pact

Cold War Conflict fought between Communist North aided by Chinese forces and Democratic South Korea aided by forces War ended in a stalemate. The country today remains divided at the 38th parallel France owned Vietnam during the Age of and the Communist forces fought for independence from the French Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South The Communist North wanted to unite with the South under a communist government Due to the policy of containment, the United States got involved in the war on the side of the Democratic South The war waged back and forth for many years. The Vietcong in the North fought a guerrilla war that eventually forced the Americans out of the war, and the Communist forces won. Vietnam today is a united communist country. The capital of Germany during WWII During the Cold War, it was divided into four parts as a result of the Yalta Conference, but the whole city was located in the Soviet part of Germany The Soviet Union wanted the American influence out of their part of Germany, and eventually built a wall Berlin between their part of the city and the rest of it.

A wall built dividing East Berlin (Communist) from West Berlin (Democratic) in the 1960s that lasted until it was torn down in 1989.

The

President John F. Kennedy was notified that the Soviet Union was building nuclear missile sites on the island of Cuba, which was governed by a Soviet ally, JFK was prepared to launch a nuclear war should the Soviet Union make an aggressive move Cuban Missile This event was the closest the world ever came to a nuclear war Crisis The Communist economy in Eastern Europe collapsed in countries led to increased rebellions The Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989—this was a Collapse of symbol of the end of communism The Soviet Union breaks up NATO expands a result of the Soviet Union breaking up Communism in Europe

Countries hesitated to use nuclear weapons for fear of what other countries would retaliate with. For example, the USA would not use the H bomb on the Soviet Union, because they were afraid the Soviet Union Theory of would use the H bomb on them Deterrence

After WWII, China had two major political parties (the Nationalists and the Communists) that fought for power The Communists, led by , defeated the Nationalists, led by Chang Kai-Shek The Communists owned mainland China, and renamed it Chinese Civil the People’s Republic of China The Nationalists fled to Taiwan—the two countries still War fight today

Leader of the Nationalists in China Chiang Kai-Shek

Leader of the Communists in China Mao Zedong

Prime Minister of India from 1966-1977 and then from 1980-1984 Indira Gandhi Fostered a close relationship between India and the Soviet Union Developed a nuclear program in India

Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1979-1990 Supported free trade and less government regulation of Margaret business Supported a close relationship with the United States and its foreign policy Thatcher Developed the military power of the

The last president of the Soviet Union, from 1988-1991 Developed the ideas of (openness) and Mikhail (restructuring) for the Soviet economy Gorbachev Responsible for agreeing to tear down the Berlin Wall

Chinese Communist leader from 1978-1992 Reformed China’s communist economy to a market Deng Xiaoping economy, which led to rapid economic growth Continued the communist control of the government

British colony until the The Indian National Congress was created during colonial rule to encourage Indian nationalism Divisions between Hindus and Muslims made The Development independence difficult to achieve Mohandas Gandhi was a major leader—supported civil disobedience and passive resistance of Independence Partition occurred in 1947 in India

Leader of the Indian Independence movement Mohandas Supported civil disobedience and passive resistance Gandhi

World’s largest democratic nation Federal system—government gives many powers to the states Jawaharlal Nehru, an associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization Ethnic and religious differences kept India from developing democratically—even though in 1950, the Republic of India Constitution tried to get rid of caste discrimination New economic development has helped to ease India’s financial problems Countries to know: Indian sub-continent, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka India Pakistan and Bangladesh: today are Muslim India: today is Hindu Sri Lanka: today is primarily Buddhist

According to the United Nations, all nations have the right to self-determination Causes of Pride in African cultures and heritage Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium and Independence Portugal, also superpowers influenced feelings during the Cold War Movements in Africa Peaceful transition from British to self-rule as a result of boycotts, strikes, and economic pressures West African Independence Movements

Led by Jomo Kenyatta Achieved independence from Britain as a result of a Kenya’s violent struggle independence movement Leader of the Kenyan independence movement Part of the Mau-Mau rebellion Jomo Kenyatta First President of Kenya

Black South Africans’ struggle against and British rule led by Nelson Mandela Independence Movement in South Africa

Leader of South African independence movement Imprisoned for many years Nelson Mandela Became first black president of the Republic of South Africa

A system of legal racial segregation in South Africa, primarily organized between whites and members of other races Apartheid Established by the Granted independence after WWII Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

Mandates

Lebanon and Syria

French Mandates

Jordan (formerly Transjordan) Palestine (part of it later becomes Israel)

British Mandates

Prime Minister of Israel from 1969-1974 Led Israel to victory in the Golda Meir Sought the aid of the United States

President of Egypt from 1956-1970 Nationalized the Suez Canal Gamal Abdul Established a relationship between Egypt and the Soviet Union Nasser Built the Aswan High Dam

Monotheism 10 commandments of moral and religious conduct Sacred Text: Torah: written records and beliefs of the Jews Concentrated in Israel and North America Judaism

Monotheism Jesus as the son of god Life after death Sacred Text: New Testament: life and teachings of Jesus Establishment of Christian doctrines by early church councils Christianity Concentrated in Europe and North and South America

Monotheism Founded by Muhammad, the prophet Sacred Text: Qur’an Five Pillars of Islam—faith, fasting, alms, prayer, pilgrimage Mecca and Medina are the holiest cities Location today: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa, Islam and Asia Founded by Siddhartha Gautama Guidelines: Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path Final Goal: enlightenment or nirvana Asoka’s missionaries were responsible for spreading Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia Buddhism Location today: Concentrated in East and Southeast Asia

Founder: no one person Has many forms of one god Reincarnation: rebirth based upon your karma Karma: knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences Final Goal: moksha Hinduism Location today: concentrated in India

The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce for political reasons Often caused by religious extremism OR problems resulting from the differences between developed and developing nations Terrorism

Munich Olympics 9/11/2001 attacks—motivated by extremism on the part of Osama bin Laden Car bombings Suicide bombers Examples of Airline Hijackers Terrorism Surveillance increased Review of privacy rights Security at ports and airports increased Government Identification badges and photos required Responses to Terrorism