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I: the GREEK COMMUNIST PARTY: RESISTANCE OR REVOLUTION? 1. for the Founding Charter of SEKE See KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924 (

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I: the GREEK COMMUNIST PARTY: RESISTANCE OR REVOLUTION? 1. for the Founding Charter of SEKE See KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924 ( Notes I: THE GREEK COMMUNIST PARTY: RESISTANCE OR REVOLUTION? 1. For the Founding Charter of SEKE see KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924 (KKE Official Documents), vol. I (Athens, 1964) pp. 5-13. On the history of the Greek socialist movement see Kordatos, Y., Istoria tou Ellinikou Ergatikou Kinimatos (Athens, 1972); Benaroya, A., I Proti Stadiodromia tou Ellinikou Proletariatou (Athens, 1975); Moskof, K., I Ethniki kai Koinoniki Synidisi stin Ellada, 1830-1909 (Athens, 1973). With the notable exception of the book by Elefantis, A., I Epangelia tis Adynatis Epanastasis: KKE kai Astismos ston Mesopolomo (Athens, 1976), there has been no other scholarly study on the history of the KKE during the inter-war period. 2. For the text of the decision of the National Council see KKE Episima Kei1:nena, 1918-1924, op.cit., p. 31. 3. For the text of the decisions of the Second Congress see KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924, op.cit., pp. 61-2,68. 4. For the text of the resolution of the Third Extraordinary Congress see KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924, op.cit., p. -499. 5. KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924, op.cit., pp. 523-4, 534-42. See also Loulis, J. C., The Greek Communist Party, 1940-1944 (London, 1982) p.1. 6. KKE Episima Keimena, 1925-1928, vol. II (Athens, 1974) pp. 99, 101-2,105. 7. The results of the votes received by SEKE(K)/KKE in the elections held during the period 1923-9 were the following: 1923: 2.25 per cent; 1926: 3.6 per cent; 1928: 1.41 per cent; 1929: 1.70 per cent. By 1931, as a result of the KKE's 'factional struggle without principles' (i.e. the conflict between two factions headed by Political Bureau members Haitas and Siandos), the membership of the party had dropped to 1,500. Tables containing Greece's electoral results in the inter-war period can be found in the Appendix of Dafnis, G., Ta Ellinika Politika Kommata (Athens, 1961). For a more detailed analysis of the results (returns for each constituency) see Elefantis, op.cit., pp. 387-401. 8. Svoronos, N., Analekta Neoellinikis Istorias kai Istoriografias (Athens, 1987) p. 362. See also Elefantis, op.cit., pp. 104-11. 9. Stavrianos, L.S., The Balkans since 1453 (New York, 1958) p. 478; Elefantis, op.cit., pp. 82-3, 110-11, 319-24. As Elefantis, op.cit., p. 375, observes, 'the KKE was the party of the working class and of the proletarian revolution only in a metaphorical sense. The leadership of the KKE wasted its efforts in instilling into the members a "prole­ tarian" ideology, which did not reflect the ideological and social reality of the movement'. See also Mavrogordatos, George Th., Stillborn 260 Notes 261 Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922-1936 (London, 1983) pp. 147-52. 10. KKE Episima Keimena, 1929-1933, vol. III (Athens, 1966) p. 99; Bushkoff, L., 'Marxism, Comniunism and the Revolutionary Tradition in the Balkans, 1878-1924: An Analysis and an Interpretation', East European Quarterly, vol. I, No.1, March 1967, p. 380; Elefantis, op.cit., p. 49. On the 1dionymon see Mavrogordatos, op.cit., p. 336. 11. The Comintern, in an effort to assist the powerful Bulgarian Commu­ nist Party, supported the Bulgarian demand for a united Macedonian State composed of the territories of Greek, Yugoslav and Bulgarian Macedonia. On this see Kofos, E., Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia (Thessaloniki, 1964) pp. 68-89; Barker, E., Macedonia: Its Place in Balkan Power Politics (London, 1950) pp. 47-69; Stavrianos, op.cit., p. 670. For KKE decisions on the 'Macedonian Question' see KKE Episima Keimena, 1918-1924, op.cit., pp. 513-18. On the voting behaviour of the refugees see Mavrogordatos, op.cit., pp. 182-225. There is, of course, another reason that explains the failure of the KKE to enlist the support of the refugees. Despite their destitute condition, the majority of them had previously constituted the middle and upper classes of the main towns in Anatolia and as a consequence had never relinquished their bourgeois mentality. Although the KKE viewed them as 'proletarians', they were in fact 'impoverished bourgeois'. As Tsoukalas 'notes 'it was only later on, when they had abandoned their dream of reconquering the status they had lost, that they started to act and function as a working class'. See Tsoukalas, C., The Greek Tragedy (London, 1969) p. 39; Loulis, op.cit., p. 2. 12. Zachariadis, N., Theseis ya tin 1storia tou KKE (Athens, 1939) reprint 1975, p. 30. This is in fact the 'official' history of the KKE during the interwar period, written by Zachariadis in 1939 in Corfu prison and published for the first time in 1946. The account is oversimplified and reflects the views of the new Stalinist leadership. Despite Zachariadis' dethronement in 1956, the views of the book remained unchallenged for almost two decades. See, for example, Theseis tis KE tou KKE ya ta Penintachrona tou KKE (n.p., 1968). 13. Nikos Zachariadis was born in 1903 in Asia Minor. In 1923 he came to Greece and became a leading member of the KKE's youth organiz­ ation. In 1926 he was imprisoned for agitating in favour of a Macedo­ nian state. He escaped in 1929 and went to the Soviet Union where he remained until 1931, studying at the KUTV (Communist University of Eastern Peoples). In that year he was appointed by the Comintern as Party leader. In 1935 (Fourth Plenum) he was elected Secretary Gen­ eral of the KKE. In 1936, after the establishment of the Metaxas dictatorship he was imprisoned again and in 1942 he was transferred by the German occupation authorities to the Dachau concentration camp. He was liberated by the Allies at the end of the war and returned to Greece in May 1945, where he resumed the leadership of the KKE. In 1949, after the defeat ofthe KKE in the civil war, he fled to the Soviet Union. In March 1956, through the intervention of the Communist 262 Notes Parties of the USSR, Rumania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Cze­ choslovakia, he was deposed from the KKE leadership and a few months later he was expelled from the Party. He lived as a 'political refugee' in conditions of inhuman deprivation in a village in North Siberia where according to the official KKE history he 'died' in 1973. It has recently been disclosed in the Soviet press, however, that Zacharia­ dis in fact committed suicide, after his recurrent requests to the new KKE leadership for his rehabilitation in the Party had been turned down. As with so many others before him, Zachariadis too fell victim to the logic he had so successfully instilled in his party. 14. This line remained the party's policy throughout the period of the Resistance and the Civil War until January 1949 when it reverted for a moment to the slogan of a 'united and independent Macedonia' when the KKE, in desperation, made a last-ditch effort to recruit 'Bulgaro­ Macedonians' and 'Slavo-Macedonians' in the 'Democratic Army of Greece'. (The 'Democratic Army of Greece', the KKE's military organization during the 'Third Round' of the civil war (1946-9) was established in September 1946 under the command of Markos Vafiadis. For the decisions of the Fifth Plenum (January 1949) see KKE Episima Keimena, 1945-1949, vol. VI (Athens, 1987) p. 333. 15. See Deka Chronia Agones, 1935-1945, (a collection of documents published by the Political Bureau of the KKE) (Athens, 1977) pp. 66-7. Emphasis mine. 16. For a more authoritative analysis of the resolutions of the Seventh Congress of the Comintern see Carr, E.H., The Twilight of the Comin­ tern, 1930-1935 (London, 1982) pp. 403-27; for the results of the elections see Dafnis op.cit., Appendix. 17. On the consequences of the world economic crisis on the Greek working. classes see KKE Episima Keimena, 1929-33, vol. III (Athens, 1966) pp. 145-69, 308-30, 421-33, 457-70. On the question of the radicalism of the refugees see Mavrogordatos, op.cit., pp. 214-25, 335-6. 18. In January 1934, the Sixth Plenum of ·the Central Committee of the KKE, one of the most important gatherings in the history of the Party, elaborated the 'character of the revolution of Greece'. The central passage of the final resolution reads: 'The imminent revolution of the workers and peasants in Greece will be of a bourgeois-democratic character'. KKE Episima Keimena, 1934-1940, vol. IV (Athens, 1981) p. 19. Zachariadis, in the Voithima ya tin Istoria tou KKE (the 'official' history of the KKE for the period of the Resistance and the Civil War, written probably by him and/or Bartziotas), n.p., 1956, p. 126, notes that with the assistance of the Comintern the KKE, by 'rejecting the dogmatic, unfounded call for an immediate proletarian-socialist revolu­ tion', was able to work out a realistic programme and define its immediate strategic objectives and tactics. The aim of the party was to 'win the majority of the working class and fight against fascism'. 19. This account is naturally oversimplified, as the events that preceded and followed the Greco-Turkish war of 1922 are outside the scope of the present study. For a scholarly study of Greece's disastrous venture in Asia Minor see Llewellyn Smith, M., Ionian Vision. Greece in Asia Notes 263 Minor 1919-1922 (London, 1973); Pallis, A.A., Greece's Anatolian Venture and After. A survey of the diplomatic and political aspects of the Greek expedition to Asia Minor [1915-1922J (London, 1937). For the development of the Greek political system during the inter-war period see Mavrogordatos, op.cit.; Dafnis, G., 1 Ellas Metaxy dyo Polemon 1923-1940, 2 vols (Athens, 1974).
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