The Satellite Global Observing System

Stephen English

1. A brief introduction to the Satellite GOS 2. OSCAR – WMO’s database for information on observations, user requirements and gap-analysis

Slide 1

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 What types of satellites are used in NWP?

Advantages Disadvantages

GEO - Regional coverage No global coverage by single satellite

- Temporal coverage

LEO - Global coverage with single satellite

Slide 2

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Example of 6-hourly satellite data coverage LEO Sounders LEO Imagers

Scatterometers GEO imagers

Satellite Winds (AMVs) GPS Radio Occultation

Slide 3

30 March 2012 00 UTC

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Satellite orbits

AM + PM * MetOp-A * NOAA-18

E-AM + AM + PM AM + 2 x PM * MetOp-A * NOAA-18 * NOAA-15 * MetOp-A * NOAA-18 * NOAA-19

Slide 4

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Satellite orbits

Mid AM Europe MetOp-B, A FY-3A

T i Early AM China m DMSP F17, F18 e NOAA-18 NOAA-15 India

PM US NOAA-19, S-NPP, Aqua, Terra, Aura, China FY-3B Slide 5 Adapted from

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Metop

Slide 6

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Slide 7

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Dee DP, Balmaseda M, Balsamo G, Engelen R, Simmons AJ, Thépaut J-N. 2014. Toward a consistent reanalysis of the climate system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. doi: 10.1175/BAMS- D-13-00043.1.

Slide 8

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Combined impact of all satellite data

EUCOS Observing System Experiments (OSEs):

3/4 day • 2007 ECMWF forecasting system, • winter & summer season, • different baseline systems: • no satellite data (NOSAT), • NOSAT + AMVs, • NOSAT + 1 AMSU-A, • general impact of satellites, • impact of individual systems, • all conventional observations. 3 days

 500Slide hPa 9 geopotential height anomaly correlation

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Composition

Ultraviolet sensors

Sub-mm, and near IR plus Polar Visible IR + MW (e.g. sounders Lidar) Mass Radar and Radio Geo IR Moisture Sounder GPS total occultation path delay

Geo IR and Polar MW Imagers

Feature tracking in imagery (e.g. cloud track winds), scatterometersSlide 10 and doppler winds IR = InfraRed MW = MicroWave Wind ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Composition

Ultraviolet sensors

Sub-mm, and near IR plus Polar Visible IR + MW (e.g. sounders Lidar) Mass Radio Geo IR Radar and Moisture occultation Sounder GPS total path delay

Geo IR and Polar MW Imagers

Feature tracking in imagery (e.g. cloud track winds), scatterometersSlide 11 and doppler winds IR = InfraRed MW = MicroWave Wind ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Types of sensor

• Orbit View geometry Main • Reflector • Wavelength • Passive or Active Cold Calibration Reflector Warm Load Issues Feedhorns

• Calibration accuracy • Signal to noise ratio

• Complexity of interpretation Slide 12 • 3D spatial and temporal resolution

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Strengths / Weakness

Satellite obs In situ obs Data coverage +++ --- Representitivity error ++ -- Modern formats + - Diversity ++ + Data quality – random +++ +++ errors Ease of transmission on - + GTS Data quality – absolute -- - errors Complexity of --- ++ observation operators Slide 13 Vertical resolution --- +++

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Global Observing System is essential to weather forecasting

In the past technology driven….a more integrated user driven approach been encouraged by WMO

Mass is well observed: 1. MW sounders; 2. IR sounders; 3. RO

Moisture – satellite observations are data rich but poorly exploited. Radar and lidar will become more important.

Dynamics – wind observations are scarce in many areas. Methods are indirect e.g. AMVs or surface only e.g. scatterometer

Composition – NWP techniques have been successfully extended to environmental analysis and prediction but more observations are needed.

Surface –SST, sea ice, soil moisture, snow all needSlide 14real-time analysis; plus climatologies for land use, biomass, albedo, orography, lakes and rivers…)

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 User requirements http://www.wmo-sat.info/db/

• Vision for the GOS in 2025 adopted June 2009 • GOS user guide WMO-No. 488 (2007) • Manual of the GOS WMO- No. 544 (2003) Slide 15

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 OSCAR

• OSCAR = Observation Systems Capability Analysis and Review . A tool developed by WMO to assist with the “Rolling Requirements Review” and the development of “WMO Integrated Global Observing System” WIGOS

• What do we need?

• What is there?

• Where are the gaps?

• But OSCAR is more than this. It provides valuable and usually very up to date information both to satellite data specialists and the wider interested meteorological community.

http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/Slide 16

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Some details!

Slide 17

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Sun-Synchronous Polar Satellites Instrument Early morning Morning orbit Afternoon orbit orbit High spectral IASI Aqua AIRS resolution IR NPP CrIS sounder Microwave T F16, 17 SSMIS Metop AMSU-A NOAA-15, 18, 19 AMSU-A sounder FY3A MWTS Aqua AMSU-A DMSP F18 SSMIS FY3B MWTS, NPP ATMS Meteor-M N1 MTVZA Microwave Q F16, 17 SSMIS Metop MHS NOAA-18, 19 MHS sounder + DMSP F18 SSMIS FY3B MWHS, NPP ATMS imagers FY3A MWHS Broadband IR Metop HIRS NOAA-19 HIRS sounder FY3A IRAS FY3B IRAS IR Imagers Metop AVHRR Aqua+Terra MODIS Meteor-M N1 MSU-MR NOAA-15, 16, 18, 19 AVHRR Composition NOAA-17 SBUV NOAA-18, 19 SBUV (ozone etc). ENVISAT GOMOS Slide 18 AURA OMI, MLS ENVISAT SCIAMACHY GOSAT

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Sun-Synchronous Polar Satellites (2) Instrument Early morning Morning orbit Afternoon orbit orbit Scatterometer Metop ASCAT Oceansat OSCAT Coriolis Windsat Radar CloudSat Lidar Calipso Visible Parasol reflectance L-band SMOS imagery SAC-D/Aquarius Non Sun-Synchronous Observations Instrument High inclination (> 60°) Low inclination (<60°)

Radio GRAS, GRACE-A, COSMIC, TerraSarX occultation C-NOFS, (SAC-C), ROSA MW Imagers TRMM TMI SlideMeghatropics 19 SAFIRE MADRAS Radar Altimeter ENVISAT RA JASON Cryosat

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Data sources: Geostationary Satellites Product Status SEVIRI Clear sky radiance Assimilated

SEVIRI All sky radiance Being tested for overcast radiances, and cloud-free radiances in the ASR dataset

SEVIRI total column ozone Monitored

SEVIRI AMVs IR, Vis, WV-cloudy AMVs assimilated

GOES AMVs

MTSAT AMVs

Slide 20

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Future Satellite Systems

Stephen English

1. EPS Second Generation / Meteosat Third Generation 2. ESA Earth Explorer missions: EarthCARE and Aeolus 3. Quick summary of other missions 4. Beyond 2035?

Slide 21

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 EPS Second Generation A little of the history that led to EPS-SG…

• 1970s : Research sounders with a few channels = SCAMS,VTPR+

• 1979 : TOVS (NOAA) = HIRS/2→/3,MSU,SSU,AVHRR

• 1999 : ATOVS (NOAA) = HIRS/3→/4,AMSU-A,AMSU-B→MHS,AVHRR

• 2002 : A-train: AIRS,MODIS,CloudSat,Calipso+

• 2007 : EPS First Generation (Metop) = ATOVS + IASI, ASCAT, GRAS, GOME-2

• 2011 : S-NPP = ATMS, CrIS, VIIRS, OMPS

• ~2021: EPS-SG

• EPS-SG-A (3 sats) 2021-2042 = mostly EPS follow on instruments • EPS-SG-B (3 sats) 2022-2043 = mostly new instruments Slide 22

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 EPS Second Generation

~2021 EPS-SG will have updated counterparts to Metop 2nd generation instruments on EPS-SG-A: • ATOVS + AVHRR/MODIS → MWS + MetImage • IASI → IASI-NG • ASCAT → SCA (on EPS-SG-B) • GOME-2 → Sentinel-5 UVNS • GRAS → RO

Plus some instruments new compared to Metop, on EPS-SG-A • MWI: based on SSM/I • 3MI: based on POLDER and PARASOL (VIS/NIR/SWIR) • ICI: completely new! Sub-mm imager for cloud ice Slide 23

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 EPS-SG: Ice Cloud Imager - ICI

ICI

Slide 24

From John and Soden (2006) From CloudIce proposal (Buehler et al.)

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Improving accuracy Observations Mie simulations DDA simulations of scattering radiative transfer

Liu (2008, BAMS) DDA scattering database

Implementation in RTTOV-SCATT: Geer and Baordo (2014, AMT)

Result: We can do all- sky assimilation in convective areas at frequencies above 30 GHz for the first time.

Needed for ICI. Slide 25

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 EPS-SG: Multi-Viewing Multi-Channel Multi- Polarisation Imaging Mission - 3MI

3MI = POLDER + MODIS heritage

• Multi-directional : 10-14 views for one pixel Exploits bi-directional reflectivity • Multi-polarization : ±60, 0o • Multi-spectral : 12 channels 388 to 2130 nm (close to MODIS specification)

Slide 26

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 What can be obtained depends on avoiding sun-glint

GLINT West

Case 1 Optical depth + size Optical depth + some and refractive index Slide 27 size and refractive information for coarse index information Optical depth and fine particles

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Examples of POLDER products

Cloud Optical Thickness Mean for May 2012

Aerosol Optical Thickness Mean for May 2012

AerosolSlide Optical 28 Thickness for Non-Spherical coarse mode Mean for May 2012

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Source : www.icare.univ-lille1.fr Meteosat Third Generation A little of the history that led to MTG-IRS • 1977 : Meteosat-1: 3 channel MVIRI instrument (by ESA) • 1989 : Meteosat-4: first operational Meteosat • 1995 : EUMETSAT takes over Meteosat operations • 2002 : 2nd generational Meteosat: 12 channel SEVIRI on Meteosat-8 • 2005 : NASA aspiring to launch first Geo interferometer

~ 2019 Meteosat Third Generation • MTG-I 2019 (4 sats) 2019-2039 • MTG-S 2021 (2 sats) 2021-2037

Slide 29

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Meteosat Third Generation

~2018 MTG-I will have updated counterpart to SEVIRI on MSG: • SEVIRI → FCI 16 channel imager • European rapid scan 2.5 minutes, full disk 10 minutes.

Plus new instruments on MTG-I and MTG-S (from ~2020): • IRS: IR interferometer (never previously launched in Geo orbit) • LI: Lightning imager (777.4nm) • UVN: Ultraviolet, Visible and Near IR imager

Slide 30

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 MTG: Infrared Sounder - IRS

• An imaging Fourier-interferometer with a hyperspectral resolution of 0.625 cm-1 wave-number • Two bands, the 700–1210 cm-1 Long-Wave InfraRed (LWIR) and the 1600–2175 cm-1 Mid-Wave InfraRed (MWIR) • Spatial resolution of 4 km. • Full Disk basic repeat cycle of 60 min.

• Moisture flux convergence from combination of humidity and wind (through feature tracking) • High potential for nowcasting

• Also very high resolution NWP (~1 Slidekm) 31

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 MTG: Infrared Sounder - IRS

LW CO2 MW H2O

Slide 32

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Aeolus: doppler wind lidar

. Aeolus is a Doppler wind lidar . Active measurement of Doppler shift in backscattered laser . Direct information on horizontal line of sight wind mostly in the zonal direction . Provides a “curtain” of observations along orbit (2D cross section) • Vertical resolution 250m (PBL) to 2km (Stratosphere) • Horizontal resolution ~90km . Winds are derived from molecular (Rayleigh) or particulate (Mie) backscattering . Technologically challenging and launch date has changed many times. Now expected ~2017. Slide 33

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Aeolus: doppler wind lidar

Continuous mode 1 basic repeat cycle 30 x 2.85 km each

6 hr coverage

Slide 34

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Simulated Aeolus wind observations

Slide 35

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 EarthCARE: cloud radar and lidar EarthCare

The A-Train EarthCARE . Launched 2006 . Expected launch c. 2018 . NASA . ESA+JAXA . 700-km orbit . 400-km orbit (more sensitive) . CloudSat 94-GHz radar . CPR: 94-GHz Doppler radar Slide 36 . CALIPSO 532/1064-nm lidar . ATLID: 355-nm lidar . MODIS, CERES and AMSR-E radiometers . MSI and BBR radiometers

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 (S Di Michele EarthCARE: cloud radar and lidar and M Janisková)

O

B

A

δq

δT Slide 37

Radar Lidar

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 GPM Some other key missions Meghatropiques Feb 2014 • JAXA/JMA Oct 2011 • Himawari-8 – “MODIS on GEO!” (as GOES-R) • GCOM-W1: AMSR2 • GPM = NASA (US) + INPE (Brazil) + JAXA (Japan)

• CMA • Feng Yun satellite series • FY-3C similar to Metop • FY-4 similar to MTG

• ISRO / CNES • Meghatropiques SAPHIR sounder

• ESA / EUMETSAT / European Commission • Sentinel-1 SAR • Begins Sentinel series: 2 to 5 carry many instruments of interest for atmospheric composition, marine and climate. • Vital component of Copernicus

• NSPO • COSMIC-2 (RO) Slide 38 FY3C • DoD, CSA, RosHydroMet, KMA, Sentinel-1 Sept 2013 NSAOS, UCAR, DLR, CONAE, IMD April 2014

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Beyond 2035?

• MTG and EPS-SG (and equivalent plans elsewhere) mean we (mostly!) know what is coming up to ~2035

• What will we need 2035-2050? • What horizontal and vertical resolution will NWP have reached? • What quantities will we be interested in? • What temporal frequency will we be interested in? • If we can’t afford what we have now, what will we drop? • Will radio-frequency competition have killed passive microwave, which now is the cornerstone of meteorological observation?

Slide 39 • We will need to be answering these questions in ~5 years time.

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015 Dee DP, Balmaseda M, Balsamo G, Engelen R, Simmons AJ, Thépaut J-N. 2014. Toward a consistent reanalysis of the climate system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. doi: 10.1175/BAMS- D-13-00043.1.

Slide 40

ECMWF Training Course - The Global Observing System - 03/2015