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China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States

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China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Sources ........................................................................................................................................2 China’s Space Policy .....................................................................................................................2 China’s Grand Strategy ................................................................................................................3 The Pursuit of Comprehensive National Power and China’s Grand Strategy ...................................5 China’s Space Strategy .................................................................................................................7 Space Power’s Contribution to China’s Comprehensive National Power .............................. 7 The Role of Space in China’s Military ............................................................................................7 National Military Strategy ................................................................................................................ 9 Chinese Military Concept of Operations ........................................................................................ 10 Striking Centers of Gravity and Assassin’s Mace Weapons ........................................................... 11 Space Warfare ................................................................................................................................ 12 Space-based C4ISR ......................................................................................................................... 14 Counterspace Capabilities ............................................................................................................. 15 Manned Platforms ......................................................................................................................... 17 Co-orbital Counterspace Technologies .......................................................................................... 18 China’s View on Outer Space Weapons and Arms Control ........................................................... 19 Economic and Commercial Benefits ............................................................................................ 19 Market Creation and Spin-off Technologies .................................................................................. 20 Satellite Application Technologies ................................................................................................. 21 Commercial Launch Services and Satellite Exports ....................................................................... 21 Satellite Exports ............................................................................................................................. 22 China’s Satellite Exports in Detail .................................................................................................. 22 Launch Services .............................................................................................................................. 23 Political Benefits and Cooperative Activities ............................................................................... 24 Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization ................................................................................ 24 Brazil............................................................................................................................................... 25 Russia ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Ukraine ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Europe ............................................................................................................................................ 28 France ............................................................................................................................................ 32 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................. 33 Germany......................................................................................................................................... 34 Venezuela ....................................................................................................................................... 34 United States .................................................................................................................................. 35 China’s Space Technologies ....................................................................................................... 41 China’s Space Projects in Detail .................................................................................................. 45 Human Spaceflight ......................................................................................................................... 45 Shenzhou Space Capsule................................................................................................................ 46 Tiangong-1 Space Station............................................................................................................... 47 Long-term Space Station ................................................................................................................ 48 Shenzhou Missions in Detail .......................................................................................................... 48 Lunar Exploration Program ............................................................................................................ 53 Manned Lunar Missions ................................................................................................................. 60 Mars Exploration Project ............................................................................................................... 62 Earth Remote Sensing .................................................................................................................... 62 Satellite Navigation ........................................................................................................................ 71 Communication Satellites .............................................................................................................. 74 Tianlian ........................................................................................................................................... 74 Other Satellites .............................................................................................................................. 76 Launch Vehicles.............................................................................................................................. 78 New Generation of Launch Vehicles .............................................................................................. 81 Counterspace Technologies ........................................................................................................... 86 Organization ................................................................................................................................ 93 Creation of an Executive Agent for Space and a Military Space Force ........................................... 94 Space Organizations in Detail ........................................................................................................ 96 Implications for the United States ........................................................................................... 106 National Security Implications .................................................................................................. 107 Economic Implications .............................................................................................................. 112 Diplomatic Implications ...........................................................................................................
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