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Chinese Fengyun Meteorological Satellites and Their Contributions To

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Global Satellite Programs and Requirements for Radiative Transfer Models Peng Zhang Co-chair of CGMS WG III Co-chair of ITWG IIFS [email protected] National Satellite Meteorology Center （NSMC） China Meteorological Administration （CMA） Outline Satellite and NWP RTM for Satellite Data Assimilation Global Satellite Program Issues to be Discussed April 29- May 2, 2019, Tianjin National Satellite Meteorological Center ,CMA 1. Satellite and NWP Retrospect 1896, Kite meteorological instrument, Weather Bureau of US 1940s, Radiosonde observation, US 1943, Airplane-based Typhoon eye detection, US Air Force 1950s, NWP and high performance electronic computer (global forecast field required) 1940s, Rocket with camera (the first image from space) 1957, Sputnik (the first man-made satellite, former Soviet Union) 1959, Vanguard 2 (the first meteorological instrument, US) 1959, Explorer 7 (the first successful meteorological instrument, US) 1960, TIROS-1 (the first meteorological satellite, US) May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 3 The first image from TIROS-1 May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 4 Courtesy of E. Källén AMSU, AIRS, IASI, CrIS/ATMS ~210km ~63km ~39km ~16km~8-10km May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 5 201822 Super Typhoon Mangkhut May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 6 2. RTM for Satellite Data Assimilation Assimilation of satellite radiances Courtesy of Roger Saunders Observation space Observations O or yo Quality Bias Forecast observations B control (Forward modelled TBs) O-B Ob correction H(X) increments Observation operator H Adjoint of observation (Radiative transfer model + operator H map to observation space) Map back to model space Profile Adjusted model increments Background fields NWP forecast Analysis X May 1, 2019 NWP modelInternational space Workshop on RTM X Forecast7 RTM in General Meteorological Radiance Parameters P T T d Atmosphere Cloud Surface May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 8 0 Tp(,) R B( ) T + B ( ( p )) u dp ss, p ps p s Tp*(,) +(1 − )T B ( ( p )) d dp s, 0 p T T( p , ) F cos +s, s sun 0, sun Energy balance on the Earth: The Solar heats the Earth c B (T) = 1,i The Earth emits the energy i c exp( 2,i −1) ai + bi T May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 9 RTM Solver Mathematical methods in which the atmospheric radiation transfer differential equation is solved directly discrete coordinate algorithm DISORT, SCIATRAN, LIDORT, VLIDORT Physical methods based on the physical process of atmospheric radiation transferred in the atmosphere successive scattering method 6S Double adding method CRTM Monte Carlo method which is based on the physical statistics of photo scattering May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 10 Transmittance Matrix R1, R2, R3... Optical depths T(p) q(p) O3(p) P(1) c −di, j i, j = e P(n) Ts, qs, Ps, s Courtesy of Roger Saunders May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 11 2. Active All-sky assimilation 1. Microwave radar 6. Earth 5. Solar T-sounding low- high-freq. 3. Sub- 4. Infrared radiation mm budget Cloud Cloud Cloud particles, ice fraction, lighter water cloud top precip. Ice particle height, size, multiple shape, layers orientation Vertically Larger Vertically resolved frozen resolved particles, particle size Cloud and shape Size of particle Cloud water size and liquid cloud number water particles 9. Lightning Melting particles Cloud Sub-FOV Rain, cover heterogen including eity & particle Courtesy of Steve English structure size 7. Rain gauge 8. Ground radar May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 12 RTTOV & CRTM Assimilation of TOVS top-of-atmosphere radiance began operational in the ECMWF NWP model in early 1990’s, and accurate radiative transfer model started to be important. CRTM has a long scientific heritage beginning in mid 1970’s with the work of Larry M. McMilling and Henry E. Fleming, and it is started to be sustainable in 2005 by NOAA. Latest version is V2.3. RTTOV first coded in the beginning of the 1990’s by John Eyre and now is supported by NWP Satellite Application Facilities. Latest version is V12.3 RTTOV is operational at ECMWF, UK Met-Office, Meteo-France, JMA, DWD, CMA and many other national weather services center; CRTM is operational at NCEP. May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 13 Model provide ⚫ Satellite radiance simulation model: 푅 = 퐹(푋) ⚫ Tangent-linear model: 훿푅 = (휕퐹/휕푋)휕푋 ⚫ Adjoint model: 훿∗푋 = (휕퐹/휕푋)푇훿∗푅 ⚫ K-Matrix (Jacobian) model: 휕퐹/휕푋 ⚫ Covering Microwave and infrared sensors May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 14 Fast RT model applications Assimilation of satellite radiance for NWP and reanalysis; Physical retrieval of temperature, water vapor, ozone profiles etc from satellite measurements; Satellite radiance observation monitoring; Simulate satellite imagery from NWP model fields; Studies of new satellite sensors … May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 15 3. Global Satellite Program Important Component of WMO Space Program reliable and sustained observation in operation open data policy to free access May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 16 120 Number of satellite data products operationally monitored at ECMWF (Weather and Composition configurations) 100 90s: mostly 00s: mostly US + 10s: Also Chinese + other US satellites European Asia satellites 80 5 more instruments per year 60 Courtesy of Steve English 40 20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 POES Suomi-NPP JPSS Metop FY3 CHAMP GRACE COSMIC COSMIC-2 CNOFS SAC-C TERRASAR-X TANDEM-X DMSP TRMM Windsat GCOM-W/C GPM Megha Tropiques AQUA AURA TERRA ERS-1/2 QuikSCAT Oceansat RapidSCAT HY2 ENVISAT JASON Saral/Altika Cryosat Meteosat GOES Himawari FY2+4 COMS1 INSAT-3D SMOS SMAP EarthCARE ADM Aeolus GOSAT May 1, 2019 International Workshop on RTM 17 Sentinel 3 Sentinel 5p OCO-2 NOAA’s Observational Paradigm Has Been: Two Orbits, One Mission Polar-orbiting Operational Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites Environmental Satellites (POES) (GOES) Operating since 1970 Operating since 1975 N N S S Primarily source of synoptic, Primarily source of near real time global observations feeding observations for nowcasting and Numerical Weather Models and imaging of severe weather events forecasts S-NPP image of North America Courtesy of Mitch Goldberg Department of Commerce // National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration // 18 GOES-R Series Payload Capability GOES-R Series Instruments Measurements & Products Vendor Provides Earth weather, climate, ABI – Advanced Baseline ocean, and environment imagery, Harris Imager 4x spatial resolution, 5x faster Observing - GLM – Geostationary Maps in-cloud and cloud-to- Lockheed Lightning Mapper ground lightning activity Martin Earth SEISS – Space Monitors proton, electron, and ATC Environment In-Situ Suite heavy ion fluxes Measures space environment Lockheed Magnetometer magnetic field Martin EXIS – Extreme Ultraviolet Observing - Monitors solar flares and solar and X-Ray Irradiance LASP variations Sensors Solar Observes coronal holes, solar SUVI – Solar Ultraviolet Lockheed flares, and coronal mass Imager Martin ejections Department of Commerce // National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration // 19 GOES Flyout Chart https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/our-satellites Department of Commerce // National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration // 20 Improving Forecast Accuracy & Timeliness JPSS satellites: ▪ Circle the Earth from pole-to-pole and cross the equator 14 times daily in the afternoon orbit— providing full global coverage twice a day. ▪ Provide critical data to the numerical forecast models that produce 3- to 7-day mid-range forecasts. ▪ Provide support for zero to 3-day operational forecasting in Polar Regions Department of Commerce // National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration // 21 JPSS Payload Capability JPSS Instruments Measurements & Products Vendor ATMS – Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder High vertical resolution temperature NGES and water vapor information critical for forecasting extreme weather events, 5 CrIS – Cross-track Infrared to 7 days in advance Sounder Harris Critical Imagery products, including VIIRS – Visible Infrared Imaging snow/ice cover, clouds, fog, aerosols, Raytheon Radiometer Suite fire smoke plume, vegetation health, phytoplankton abundance/chlorophyll Ozone spectrometers for monitoring OMPS – Ozone Mapping Profiler Ball ozone hole health, recovery of Suite (Nadir Mapper, Nadir Aerospac stratospheric ozone, and for UV index Profiler, Limb - S-NPP, JPSS-2+) e forecast CERES – Clouds and the Earth’s CERES – Radiant Energy System (S-NPP & Scanning radiometer that supports NGAS JPSS-1) studies of Earth Radiation New procurement (JPSS-3, 4) Department of Commerce // National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration // 22 Polar Flyout Chart Department of Commerce // National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration // 23 EUMETSAT Mission Planning YEAR... 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 METEOSAT SECOND GENERATION METEOSAT-8 Courtesy of Kenneth Holmland METEOSAT-9 METEOSAT-10 METEOSAT-11 METEOSAT THIRD GENERATION MTG-I-1 : IMAGERY MTG-S-1: SOUNDING EUMETSAT POLAR SYSTEM (EPS) MTG-I-2: IMAGERY METOP-A MTG-I-3: IMAGERY METOP-B MTG-S-2: SOUNDING METOP-C MTG-I-4: IMAGERY Mandatory Programmes EUMETSAT POLAR SYSTEM SECOND GENERATION (EPS-SG) METOP-SG A: SOUNDING AND IMAGERY METOP-SG B: MICROWAVE IMAGERY JASON (HIGH PRECISION OCEAN ALTIMETRY) JASON-2 JASON-3 Optional Programmes
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    Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Rapporto di Ricerca 2012 – STEPI AE-SA-02 ACCESSO AUTONOMO AI SERVIZI SPAZIALI Analisi del caso italiano a partire dall’esperienza Broglio, con i lanci dal poligono di Malindi ad arrivare al sistema VEGA. Le possibili scelte strategiche del Paese in ragione delle attuali e future esigenze nazionali e tenendo conto della realtà europea e del mercato internazionale. di T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro data di chiusura della ricerca: Febbraio 2012 Ai mie due figli Andrea e Francesca (che ci tiene tanto…) ed a Elisabetta per la sua pazienza, nell‟impazienza di tutti giorni space_20120723-1026.docx i Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango INDICE ACCESSO AUTONOMO AI SERVIZI SPAZIALI. Analisi del caso italiano a partire dall’esperienza Broglio, con i lanci dal poligono di Malindi ad arrivare al sistema VEGA. Le possibili scelte strategiche del Paese in ragione delle attuali e future esigenze nazionali e tenendo conto della realtà europea e del mercato internazionale. SOMMARIO pag. 1 PARTE A. Sezione GENERALE / ANALITICA / PROPOSITIVA Capitolo 1 - Esperienze italiane in campo spaziale pag. 4 1.1. L'Anno Geofisico Internazionale (1957-1958): la corsa al lancio del primo satellite pag. 8 1.2. Italia e l’inizio della Cooperazione Internazionale (1959-1972) pag. 12 1.3. L’Italia e l’accesso autonomo allo spazio: Il Progetto San Marco (1962-1988) pag. 26 Capitolo 2 - Nascita di VEGA: un progetto europeo con una forte impronta italiana pag. 45 2.1. Il San Marco Scout pag.