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Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Rapporto di Ricerca 2012 – STEPI AE-SA-02 ACCESSO AUTONOMO AI SERVIZI SPAZIALI Analisi del caso italiano a partire dall’esperienza Broglio, con i lanci dal poligono di Malindi ad arrivare al sistema VEGA. Le possibili scelte strategiche del Paese in ragione delle attuali e future esigenze nazionali e tenendo conto della realtà europea e del mercato internazionale. di T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro data di chiusura della ricerca: Febbraio 2012 Ai mie due figli Andrea e Francesca (che ci tiene tanto…) ed a Elisabetta per la sua pazienza, nell‟impazienza di tutti giorni space_20120723-1026.docx i Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango INDICE ACCESSO AUTONOMO AI SERVIZI SPAZIALI. Analisi del caso italiano a partire dall’esperienza Broglio, con i lanci dal poligono di Malindi ad arrivare al sistema VEGA. Le possibili scelte strategiche del Paese in ragione delle attuali e future esigenze nazionali e tenendo conto della realtà europea e del mercato internazionale. SOMMARIO pag. 1 PARTE A. Sezione GENERALE / ANALITICA / PROPOSITIVA Capitolo 1 - Esperienze italiane in campo spaziale pag. 4 1.1. L'Anno Geofisico Internazionale (1957-1958): la corsa al lancio del primo satellite pag. 8 1.2. Italia e l’inizio della Cooperazione Internazionale (1959-1972) pag. 12 1.3. L’Italia e l’accesso autonomo allo spazio: Il Progetto San Marco (1962-1988) pag. 26 Capitolo 2 - Nascita di VEGA: un progetto europeo con una forte impronta italiana pag. 45 2.1. Il San Marco Scout pag. 45 2.2. Il Vega pag. 54 Capitolo 3 - CAPITOLO 3. L’Europa e gli Stati Uniti: l’accesso allo spazio pag. 65 3.1. Attività UE ed ESA pag. 66 3.2. La necessità di un accesso allo spazio veloce, flessibile e sostenibile: ORS Operationally Responsive Space pag. 80 space_20120723-1026.docx ii Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Capitolo 4 - Responsiveness Space Capability: Broglio precursore in Europa del sistema ORS degli Stati Uniti pag. 92 4.1. La base di lancio: (avio, terra, mare) pag. 94 4.2. Il lanciatore: cosa è italiano e cosa manca. pag. 103 4.3. Le missioni possibili pag. 109 4.4. Conclusioni pag. 117 PARTE B . Sezione SPECIALISTICA / DI SUPPORTO / BIBLIOGRAFICA Capitolo 5 - La missione compatibile: costellazione per telecomunicazioni “TRIADE” pag. 120 5.1. Descrizione generale pag. 120 5.2. Perturbazioni dell’orbita pag. 125 5.3. Coperture e back up pag. 131 5.4. Cenni di gestione operativa pag. 140 Indice delle Figure pag. 144 Bibliografia pag. 146 NOTA SUL Ce.Mi.S.S. e NOTA SULL' AUTORE pag. 150 space_20120723-1026.docx iii Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Ringraziamenti Spesso prima di iniziare a ideare, progettare costruire un qualunque sistema, dovremmo cercare di capire maggiormente quello che è accaduto prima delle nostre idee, per farne tesoro e costruire solide base per i progetti futuri. “Un popolo che ignora il proprio passato non saprà mai nulla del proprio presente”. Man mano che elaboravo questo lavoro mi accorgevo sempre di più di quanto fosse vera questa frase pronunciata da un grande giornalista e storico come Indro Montanelli. Ma la cosa che mi ha lasciato più meravigliato è come questa frase potesse calzare non solo a quella che normalmente viene definita la Storia, ma anche a quei processi tecnologici che ci hanno portato ad essere quello che siamo oggi. Voglio ringraziare due amici e colleghi che mi hanno aiutato a scrivere questo lavoro: l‟Ing. Daniele BARBAGALLO e il Cap. GArn (A) Marco REALI Daniele BARBAGALLO è nato a Genova il 31 luglio 1958. Si è laureato all‟università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza” in Ingegneria Aeronautica con indirizzo strutturale tecnologico. Dopo alcune esperienze lavorative, nel febbraio 1989 entra in BPD (attualmente Avio), con la mansione di specialista in calcolo strutturale e dinamica delle strutture occupandosi di razzi e missili, propulsione solida e meccanismi . Nel 1991 entra a far parte del team di progetto per l‟ENHANCED SCOUT, partecipando al programma del dimostratore tecnologico XSB3, basato sul booster Ariane4. In questi anni nell‟ambito del contratto “Industrializzazione del San Marco-Scout”, si occupa di strutture, dei meccanismi di separazione degli stadi, degli studi su i carichi di volo . Nel 1995 diventa responsabile di una struttura dell‟Ariane 5 che segue fino alla produzione del “volo 501” ed alla fornitura del primo lotto di produzione. Nel 1996 diviene responsabile di sistema del Vega, coordinando il gruppo di ingegneria di sistema e sottosistema. In tale ambito ha gestisto e coordinato le attività della società Ucraina Yuzhnoye, partner e sottofornitore di Fiat Avio. Queste attività si concludono con l‟esito positivo della PDR (Preliminary Design Review) di sistema del vettore Vega K0 L. Nel 2000 per conto dell‟ASI entra a far parte del‟Integrated Project Team di VEGA con l‟incarico di responsabile di sistema lanciatore. Per conto dell‟ASI partecipa ai programmi space_20120723-1026.docx iv Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Moon Vision, Lyra, Pathfinder, ed è Coordinatore tecnico dei programmi della unità trasporto spaziale, e segretario tecnico del Gruppo di Lavoro del CTS (Trasporto spaziale). Collaudatore del programma LYRA, è responsabile dello studio ASI-Jaxa per la missione Hayabusa2 e ha coordinato le attività di progettazione e sviluppo del satellite Lares. Nel 2008 lascia l‟ASI divenendo contractor ESA, mantenendo i propri incarichi in IPT di Vega. In questa veste diviene anche responsabile delle interfacce PL e RCU (responsabile carico utile) nella campagna di lancio del satellite Lares. Marco REALI nasce a Frosinone il 5 novembre 1981. Entra in Accademia Aeronautica con il Corso Aquila V (Genio Aeronautico categoria Ingegneri). Si laurea all‟Università Federico II di Napoli in Ingegneria Aeronautica con indirizzo Aerospaziale. Nel 2006 frequenta il Master di II livello in Sistemi di Trasporto Spaziale presso l‟Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” con tesi in “Analisi di fattibilità di un lanciatore aviotrasportato per micro-satelliti”. Attualmente è impiegato presso il Centro di gestione e Controllo del Satellite Sicral in qualità di Capo Nucleo Analisi e Prestazioni di sistemi di piattaforma e Dinamica del Volo Spaziale. space_20120723-1026.docx v Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango SOMMARIO ACCESSO AUTONOMO AI SERVIZI SPAZIALI Analisi del caso italiano a partire dall’esperienza Broglio, con i lanci dal poligono di Malindi ad arrivare al sistema VEGA. Le possibili scelte strategiche del Paese in ragione delle attuali e future esigenze nazionali e tenendo conto della realtà europea e del mercato internazionale. L‟obiettivo di questo lavoro è un analisi qualitativa della possibilità di accedere in modo autonomo allo Spazio extratmosferico, partendo dalle esperienze tecnologiche italiane fatte da Broglio negli anni 60. Nel Capitolo 1, viene ripercorso il cammino che ha portato alla nascita del progetto San Marco, dove il Prof. Luigi Broglio ha gettato le basi dell‟astronautica italiana. È il periodo della ricostruzione in Italia ed è il momento delle grandi imprese e del cuore gettato oltre l‟ostacolo. Broglio, nel momento in cui vari interessi di parte dividono quelle che sono le risorse italiane ed europee, riesce nell‟impresa di raggiungere lo spazio e mettere un satellite in orbita, dimostrando che oltre la forza finanziaria è necessaria la forza delle idee. Raggiunge gli obiettivi prefissati, ovvero porta il Know how per lanciare i razzi in Italia, istruisce due generazioni di ingegneri e docenti, costruisce l‟infrastruttura italiana per lanciare i satelliti in orbita.... ma inevitabilmente le risorse diminuiscono e alcuni errori, forse più politici che gestionali fanno ridurre le ambizioni del progetto San Marco . Terminata la possibilità di lanciare i razzi di un paese terzo come gli Stati Uniti, una delle ricadute positive dell‟esperienza Broglio è il know how acquisito, che da scientifico ed operativo diventa ingegneristico. Nel Capitolo 2 viene descritta la seconda parte dell‟avventura tecnologica, che sarebbe improprio non catalogare come figlia dell‟esperienza Broglio. Cosi passando da un‟idea ad un‟altra, da un progetto ad un altro, con i finanziamenti messi a disposizione, l‟Italia arriva a convincere l‟Europa ad affidargli la premiership del progetto di un lanciatore, basato su tecnologia italiana. Fiducia che il nostro paese ha ripagato in pieno con il successo del lancio di Vega il 13 febbraio 2012. Ma questo non basta a capire se è necessaria una capacità autonoma per raggiungere lo spazio. Cosi nel Capitolo 3 vengono affrontati due argomenti: il primo riguarda la posizione dell‟Europa e dell‟ESA rispetto le attività spaziali. Di recente queste due space_20120723-1026.docx 1 Author: T. Col. GArn (E) FUSCO Ing. Alessandro Edit: T..Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango organizzazioni hanno iniziato un cammino (si pensi a quanto tempo fa è nata la corsa allo Spazio) che porterà a rendere sinergiche, nel rispetto delle singole prerogative tutte le entità europee, dal Consiglio, alla Commissione, dal Parlamento all‟Agenzia Spaziale Europea. In tale ambito ancora una volta l‟accesso allo spazio e ritenuto strategico e vitale per poter avere quei servizi di cui oggi non possiamo fare a meno. Questo però sembra essere in controtendenza con un‟aspirazione di autonomia nel raggiungimento dello spazio. Ecco quindi che viene affrontato un secondo argomento: ORS – Operationally Responsive Space. Questa dottrina nasce negli Stati Uniti per esigenze militari, ma nella realtà è applicabile anche in campo civile, in quanto sancisce la necessità di rendere i progetti spaziali più efficienti in fase realizzativa, più economici perché basati su tecnologie che sono pressoché consolidate e più veloci da mettere in operazioni.
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    databk7_collected.book Page 17 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS databk7_collected.book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM databk7_collected.book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS Introduction Launch systems provide access to space, necessary for the majority of NASA’s activities. During the decade from 1989–1998, NASA used two types of launch systems, one consisting of several families of expendable launch vehicles (ELV) and the second consisting of the world’s only partially reusable launch system—the Space Shuttle. A significant challenge NASA faced during the decade was the development of technologies needed to design and implement a new reusable launch system that would prove less expensive than the Shuttle. Although some attempts seemed promising, none succeeded. This chapter addresses most subjects relating to access to space and space transportation. It discusses and describes ELVs, the Space Shuttle in its launch vehicle function, and NASA’s attempts to develop new launch systems. Tables relating to each launch vehicle’s characteristics are included. The other functions of the Space Shuttle—as a scientific laboratory, staging area for repair missions, and a prime element of the Space Station program—are discussed in the next chapter, Human Spaceflight. This chapter also provides a brief review of launch systems in the past decade, an overview of policy relating to launch systems, a summary of the management of NASA’s launch systems programs, and tables of funding data. The Last Decade Reviewed (1979–1988) From 1979 through 1988, NASA used families of ELVs that had seen service during the previous decade.
  • USA Space Debris Environment, Operations, and Research Updates

    USA Space Debris Environment, Operations, and Research Updates

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration USA Space Debris Environment, Operations, and Research Updates J.-C. Liou, PhD Chief Scientist for Orbital Debris National Aeronautics and Space Administration U.S.A. 53 rd Session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations 15-26 February 2016 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Presentation Outline • Earth Satellite Population • Space Missions in 2014 • Satellite Fragmentations • Collision Avoidance Maneuvers • Satellite Reentries • 2015 IADC Meeting and MCAT 2 • National Aeronautics Nationaland Aeronautics Space Administration Number of Objects slightly in 2015. Earth increased objectsorbitin numberCatalog,toU.S. theSatellite Accordingthe 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 2000 4000 6000 8000 Evolution of the Cataloged Satellite Population Satellite Cataloged the of Evolution 0 1957 1959 1961 1963 Rocket Bodies Mission-related Debris Spacecraft FragmentationDebris TotalObjects 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 Collision of Cosmos and 2251 Iridium 33 1981 1983 3 1985 1987 Destruction of Fengyun-1C 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 of 10 cm and larger andcm larger 10 of 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 • National Aeronautics Nationaland Aeronautics Space Administration 7000 metric metric in2015. tons7000 toorbit in Earth incre continued mass Thematerial Mass in Near-Earth Space Continued to Increase to Continued Space Near-Earth in Mass Mass in Orbit (millions of kg) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 Mission-related Debris FragmentationDebris Rocket Bodies Spacecraft TotalObjects 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 4 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 and exceeded ase 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 National Aeronautics and Space Administration World-Wide Space Activity in 2015 • A total of 83 space launches placed more than 200 spacecraft into Earth orbits during 2015, following the trend of increase over the past decade.
  • N.7 1 24336 April 18, 1971

    N.7 1 24336 April 18, 1971

    NATIONAL MRONAUTKS AND SPACE ADMINISRATlON (m)w-4155 WASHINGTON, D x .mi46 TEIS: (a)963-6925 - ma ac * LEASE: SUNDAY N.7 1 24336 April 18, 1971 . (ACCMSION NUMB^) (THRU) e-3 37) (NASA CR OR TMX OR AD NUMBER) (CATEGORY) The third spacecraft in a joint Italian-United States cooperative space program is scheduled to be launched by a four-stage Scout rocket from an Italian platform in the Indian Ocean three miles off the coast of Kenya, Africa, no earlier than April 24. Called San Marco-f, the 360-pound (164 Kilogram) scientific spacecraft, built in Italy, carries three specially- designed icstruments -- one Italian and two U.S. -- to - - study the environment of the upper atmosphere in the equa- torial region. The orbit planned for San Marc3-C is equatorial, inclined only three degrees, with an apogee of about 500 statute miles (800 Kilometers), and a perigee of 130 statute miles (214 Km). It will circle the Earth once every 95 minutes. The launch- ing will be conducted ,by an Italian crew. -2- The San Marco program is Jointly managed by the Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali dellv Universita Degli Studi di Roma (Aerospace Research Center of the University of Rome)--CRA-- of Italy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. Under terms of the agreement signed in Nov. 1967, responsibilities for the program were divided as follows: Italy designed and built the spacecraft, integrated flight experiments and will conduct launch operations. The U.S,, under the agreement, has provided the Scout launch rocket, two experiments, technical consultation, launch crew train- ing.