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Les Fusées-Sondes De Sud-Aviation

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Les Fusées-Sondes De Sud-Aviation Les fusées-sondes de Sud-Aviation Jean-Jacques Serra Commission Histoire de la 3AF Origines : Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET) • Loi du 4 mai 1944, validée le 29 janvier 1945 • Demandes d'études - ministères (Guerre, Air, Marine), - Radiodiffusion française, - Comité d’action scientifique de la Défense nationale,... • Etudes sur la propagation radioélectrique plusieurs départements (Tubes et hyperfréquence, Transmission, Laboratoire national de radioélectricité) • Recherches sur la troposphère et sur l’ionosphère Programme spatial du CNET lancé en 1957 selon deux directions : • participation au lancement de fusées-sondes pour l’exploration de la haute atmosphère • traitement scientifique des données fournies par les signaux émis par les satellites artificiels Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 2 Contexte : Fusées-sondes existantes Fusées du CASDN pour l'AGI : • Véronique AGI : dérivée des Véronique N et NA (1952-1954) 60 kg à 210 km d'altitude • Monica IV et V : dérivées des Monica I à III (1955-1956) 15 kg à 80 km ou 140 km d'altitude Fusées de l'ONERA utilisées par le CEA : • Daniel : dérivé d'Ardaltex (1957-1959) 15 kg à 125 km d'altitude • Antarès : dérivé de l'engin d'essais de rentrée (1959-1961) 35 kg à 280 km d'altitude Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 3 Définition des besoins du CNET Envoi d'une charge utile de 32 kg à 80 km, 120 km, 400 km et 1000 km d'altitude • fusées commandées à Sud Aviation • unité mobile construite par le département "Télécommande" du CNET Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 4 Antécédents Sud-Aviation Missiles • sol-air : SE 4100 (1) , SE 4300 (1) , SE4400 (2) • sol-sol : SE 4200 (2) , SE 4500 (2) Propulsion principale : (1) moteur-fusée à liquides, (2) statoréacteur Projet SSBT "Casseur" (1957-1959) • Missile de 3500 kg, 8,7 m de long, portant à 100 km • Propulsion solide de gros diamètre : 800 mm • Bloc Plastolite Mammouth de 1855 kg Propositions Sud-Aviation • 80 km………… monoétage (croisière) • 120 km……… même étage / petit booster • 400 km……… même étage / gros booster • 1000 km…… même étage / deux gros boosters Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 5 Blocs de croisière existants Missiles sol-air à poudre Nombreux blocs de croisière Epictète testés • PARCA (Terre, DEFA) : Ajax : ∅280, 2 t x 17 s (en 2 blocs) Atlas : ∅380, 2 t x 27 s (projet) • R.422 (Air, MATRA) : Jéricho I : ∅300, 1.5 t x 20 s Jéricho II : ∅300, 1.5 t x 24 s • MASURCA (Marine, Ruelle) : Irène : ∅390, 1.5 t x 35 s (en 2 blocs) Neptune : ∅390, 2 t x 33 s Jéricho IV : 208 kg , 2 t x 21 s Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 6 Blocs d'accélérateurs existants (petits) Missiles de la Marine (Latécoère) Nombreux blocs accélérateur Plastolite bloc Vénus ∅275 • MASALCA, Vénus à partir de 1955 Vénus en tandem (1800 mm, 125 kg) 6,4 t x 3,6 s • MALAFACE, Vénus à partir de 1955 1 Vénus ventral (2200 mm, 150 kg) ? t x ? s 2 Vénus ventraux (1400 mm, 95 kg) ? t x ? s • MALAFON, à partir de 1958 2 Vénus latéraux (1400 mm, 95 kg) 6 t x 2,9 s Vénus : 94 kg, 4 t x 4,5 s Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 7 Blocs d'accélérateurs existants (gros) Missiles sol-air à poudre Gros bloc Plastolite : Vésuve ∅550 • R.422 (Air, MATRA), à partir de 1957 (528 kg) 26 t x 4 s • MASURCA (Marine, Ruelle), à partir de 1959 (475 kg) 20 t x 4.5 s Antarès, Statex B, Vega Programme BALLON (1957) Grosse propulsion solide • SNPE, ONERA, SEPR • Bloc Stromboli : ∅550 VE 10, Stataltex, Bérénice, à partir de 1960 Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 8 Du SEPR 737 au Sud S2 Véhicule Expérimental Aigle / Sud Aviation Propulseur SEPR 737 • Bloc Stromboli 984 kg, ? T x 16 s Accélérateur Dragon / Sud Aviation Propulseur S2 • Bloc Stromboli 686 kg, 9 t x 16 s • Enveloppe, technologie "enroulé-collé" Liasse de 10 bandes d'acier de 0,1 mm d'épaisseur et 8 cm de large, enroulées et collées en spirale Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 9 Description des véhicules Bélier, Centaure et Dragon (1) Bélier Pointe normalisée (forme conique) • angle au sommet = 18,5° • volume étanche = 35 litres Propulseur • enveloppe en tôle d'acier roulée-soudée • séparation pointe par cordon à charge creuse • dispositif autodestruction par ceinture détonante (découpe du fond arrière du propulseur) • 4 gouttières extérieures pour relier la CU aux différentes antennes. Empennage constitué de 4 plans stabilisateurs • 2 : antennes de télécommande et aériens du répondeur radar • 2 : antennes de télémesure et impulseurs qui mettent l'engin en rotation à 6 tr/s (rotation entretenue par calage des empennages) Centaure, Dragon • séparation étage par cordon à charge creuse • empennage Dragon équipé d'impulseurs pour mise en rotation sur 2 stabilisateurs Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 10 Description des véhicules Bélier, Centaure et Dragon (2) 315 kg 467 kg 1157 kg Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 11 Création du CNES • Janvier 1959 : création du Comité des recherches spatiales (CRS) présidé par Pierre Auger • Décembre 1961 : création du Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) Président : Pierre Auger Directeur Général : Général Robert Aubinière A ses débuts, le CNES utilise les installations des champs de tirs militaires : • Centre d’essais d’engins spéciaux (CIEES) sur les deux ensembles Colomb-Béchard et Hammaguir • Centre d’essai et de recherches d’engins spéciaux (CERES) sur l'île du Levant Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 12 1961 : Début des essais Bélier et Centaure Rampe CNET B C D Mai 61 HMG 2 2 CNET Dec 61 HMG- REG 5 SA Rampe PARCA Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 13 Première campagne en Argentine 1962 : Premières expériences allemandes Début des essais Dragon Argentine : CNIE (Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales) Demande CNES en janvier 1962 pour une campagne "nuage de sodium" multisite. Campagnes en 1962 (CNES), 1963 (conjoint), 1964, 1965, 1967 (CNIE) 15 Centaure en tout C28 Allemagne : MPE Garching (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics) Campagnes "nuages de baryum". B C D Campagnes en 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969 Mai 62 IDL 3 1 CNET Mai-Jun 62 REG-HMG 2 8 CEA, SA 10 Centaure et 3 Dragon Nov-Dec 62 HMG- REG-IDL-ARG 2 13 SA Dec 62 HMG 1 Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 14 1963 : Poursuite des essais Dragon B C D Avr 63 HMG 1 Sud Mai 63 HMG 1 SA, CEA Mai-Jun 63 HMG- REG-IDL-ARG 11 SA, CNIE Jul 63 IDL 1 SA Oct 63 HMG 1 DMA Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 15 Partenariats avec l'Inde et le Pakistan Inde : INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee Pakistan : SUPARCO (Space and Upper for Space Research) Atmosphere Research Commission) Accord de coopération signé en mai 1964 Accord de coopération signé en mars 1964, prévoyant, entre autres : prévoyant, entre autres : • matériel français pour la base de Thumba • matériel français pour le Centre de Sonmiani • licence de fabrication des fusées Centaure. • licence de fabrication des fusées Centaure. Avant le premier vol d’une Centaure indienne, Avant le premier vol d’une Centaure pakistanaise, 10 Centaure françaises lancées depuis Thumba. 10 fusées françaises (8 Centaure et 2 Dragon) lancées depuis Sonmiani. + 2 Centaure françaises lancées après cette date. Note sur les propergols composites : 1) Plastorgols (AP-PVC ) 1951 (premiers échantillons) → 1956 (premiers blocs) → 1958 (premiers blocs en Plastolane ) Inconvénient : température de cuisson (160-170°C) incompatible avec technique "moulé-collé". 2) Isorgols (AP-PU) température de cuisson ≈ 40-50°C 1957 (premiers échantillons) → 1958 (premiers blocs libres) → 1960 (premier bloc moulé-collé) Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 16 Programme de fusées-sondes de l'ESRO COPERS (COmmission Préparatoire Européenne pour la Recherche Spatiale) octobre 1961 (3° session ) Blue Book • Programme scientifique : fusées-sondes et satellites CERS-ESRO (Conseil Européen de Recherche Spatiale - European Space Research Organisation) juin 1962 : Signature convention créant l’ESRO 9 états : D, B, E, F, I, NL, GB, S, CH + DK quelques mois plus tard. mars 1964 : Convention en vigueur pour 8 ans. Véhicule Nombre Skylark 82 Petrel 1 Centaure 64 Dragon 4 Bélier 2 Zenit 1 Arcas 14 IDL SDQ AND GRE KIR Bélier 2 Centaure 1 5 8 3 47 Dragon 1 3 Total 1 8 11 3 47 Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 17 2ème version des fusées Bélier, Centaure et Dragon pour l'exportation Bélier II à bloc Vega (Plastolite) • 230 kg, 2 t x 23.4 s Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 18 Première campagne en Islande 1964 : Première campagne pour l'ESRO Rampe SERMIAT B C D Fev 64 HMG 1 DMA Fev 64 HMG 8 SA, MPE Avr 64 HMG 2 2 SA Mai 64 HMG 5 CNET, SA, GRI Aug 64 ISL 2 SA Oct 64 HMG 2 CNET Oct 64 IDL 1 ESRO Nov 64 HMG- REG-IDL-ARG 10 SA Nov 64 IDL 1 LPA Nov-Dec 64 HMG 2 1 MPE Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 19 1965 : Première campagne en Inde Première campagne en Sardaigne B C D Mar 65 HMG 1 SA Avr-Mai 65 IND 2 INCOSPAR Jun
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