Annette Froehlich ·André Siebrits Volume 1: a Primary Needs
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Studies in Space Policy Annette Froehlich · André Siebrits Space Supporting Africa Volume 1: A Primary Needs Approach and Africa’s Emerging Space Middle Powers Studies in Space Policy Volume 20 Series Editor European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Editorial Advisory Board Genevieve Fioraso Gerd Gruppe Pavel Kabat Sergio Marchisio Dominique Tilmans Ene Ergma Ingolf Schädler Gilles Maquet Jaime Silva Edited by: European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Director: Jean-Jacques Tortora The use of outer space is of growing strategic and technological relevance. The development of robotic exploration to distant planets and bodies across the solar system, as well as pioneering human space exploration in earth orbit and of the moon, paved the way for ambitious long-term space exploration. Today, space exploration goes far beyond a merely technological endeavour, as its further development will have a tremendous social, cultural and economic impact. Space activities are entering an era in which contributions of the humanities—history, philosophy, anthropology—, the arts, and the social sciences—political science, economics, law—will become crucial for the future of space exploration. Space policy thus will gain in visibility and relevance. The series Studies in Space Policy shall become the European reference compilation edited by the leading institute in the field, the European Space Policy Institute. It will contain both monographs and collections dealing with their subjects in a transdisciplinary way. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8167 Annette Froehlich • André Siebrits Space Supporting Africa Volume 1: A Primary Needs Approach and Africa’s Emerging Space Middle Powers Annette Froehlich André Siebrits European Space Policy Institute European Space Policy Institute Wien, Austria Wien, Austria ISSN 1868-5307 ISSN 1868-5315 (electronic) Studies in Space Policy ISBN 978-3-030-12172-3 ISBN 978-3-030-12173-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12173-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931917 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Africa and the Space Arena ............................... 1 2 The African International Space Ecosystem ................... 101 3 African Union Member States: National Space Infrastructure, Activities, and Capabilities ................................ 191 Appendix ................................................ 273 References ............................................... 281 v About the Authors Dr Annette Froehlich is a scientific expert seconded from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) to the European Space Policy Institute (Vienna) and Honorary Adjunct Senior Lecturer at the University of Cape Town (SA) at SpaceLab. She graduated in European and international law at the University of Strasbourg (France), followed by business-oriented postgraduate studies and her PhD at the University of Vienna (Austria). Responsible for DLR and German representation to the United Nations and international organisations, Dr. Froehlich was also a mem- ber/alternate head of delegation of the German delegation of UNCOPUOS. More- over, Dr. Annette Froehlich is author of a multitude of specialist publications and serves as a lecturer at various universities worldwide in space policy, law, and society aspects. Her main areas of scientific interest are European space policy, international and regional space law, emerging space countries, space security, and space and culture. She has also launched as editor the new scientific series “Southern Space Studies” (Springer publishing house) dedicated to Latin America and Africa. [email protected]; [email protected] André Siebrits is a researcher focusing on the space arena (especially in developing world contexts), education and the use of educational technologies, and international relations (particularly in the Global South). He is currently working with the European Space Policy Institute (Vienna) and has experience as an e-learning researcher (previously based at the University of the Western Cape) and as an African political risk analyst. He graduated with a Master of Arts in International Studies from the University of Stellenbosch, where his research focused on theories of international relations. He is currently a PhD candidate at the Department of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town, where his research revolves around the role of the Global South in the space arena, especially in relation to governance, vii viii About the Authors seen from an international relations perspective. André is an author of publications in the e-learning field and has written on the space-education ecosystem for sustain- ability and the role of educational technologies in Africa, intersections between popular culture and space, and on integrated space for African society. [email protected]; [email protected] Abbreviations 1KUNS-PF First Kenyan University Nano Satellite-Precursor Flight AAQS Ambient Air Quality Standards AARSC Association of Arab Remote Sensing Centres AARSE African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment ACCNNR African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ACDEG African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance ACHR African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ACMAD African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development ADCS Attitude Determination and Control System AEC African Economic Community AfCFTA African Continental Free Trade Area AFRIGIST African Regional Institute for Geospatial Science and Technology AF-SGW African Space Generation Workshop AGA African Governance Architecture AGEOS L’Agence Gabonaise d’Etudes et d’Observation Spatiales AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIMS Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy AIS Automatic Identification System AIT Assembly, Integration, and Test AITDC Assembly, Integration, Testing and Design Centre ALC African Leadership Conference on Space Science and Technology for Sustainable Development AlComSat Algerian Communication Satellite ALC-YF African Leadership Conference on Space Science and Technology for Sustainable Development Youth Forum ALG Liptako-Gourma Region Integrated Development Authority AlSat Algeria Satellite AMCOST African Ministerial Conference on Science and Technology AMDC African Minerals Development Centre AMU/UMA Arab Maghreb Union ix x Abbreviations ANU-SSTL All Nations University Space Systems Technology Laboratory APRM African Peer Review Mechanism APRSAF Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum APSA African Peace and Security Architecture ArabSat Arab Satellite Communications Organisation ARCSSTE Regional Centres for Space Science and Technology Education ARDC African Regional Data Cube ARM African Resource Management ARMS-C African Resource Management Satellite Constellation ARV Anti-Retroviral ASA African Space Agency ASAL Agence Spatiale Algérienne ASF African Space Foundation ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana/Italian Space Agency ASPI African Space Policy Institute ASPS African Space Policy and Strategy ASReG Aerospace Systems Research Group ASRT Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt AU African Union AUC African Union Commission AUFS Africa Union Financial Services AVN African Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network Birds Joint Global Multi-Nation Birds Satellite project BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa CAST China Academy of Space Technology CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention CDS Centre for Satellite Design CEMAC Central African Economic and Monetary Community CEN–SAD Community of Sahel–Saharan States CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CEST Telecommunication Systems Operating Centre CFA Communauté Financière Africaine (African Financial Community) CGWIC China Great Wall Industry Corporation CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel CMA Common Monetary Area CNCT National Centre for Mapping and Remote Sensing/Centre National de la Cartographie et de la Télédétection/Tunisian National Centre for Mapping and Remote Sensing/Centre National de la Cartographie et de la Télédétection CNES Centre National d’Études