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Contribution to the Study of French Atomic Explosions the Sahara
CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE DES EXPLOSIONS ATOMIQUES FRANCAISES AU SAHARA CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF FRENCH ATOMIC EXPLOSIONS THE SAHARA BOUFROURA Smail : Maître de conférences Faculté des sciences politiques - Université d’Alger 3 Date soumission: 11/10/2018 Date accéptation:25/11/2018 Résumé Essais nucléaires ou explosions atomiques ? Crimes de guerre ? La France a effectué 17 explosions atomiques entre 1960, à l’époque coloniale et 1966, après l’indépendance de l’Algérie. Les 4 premiers essais aériens ont eu lieu à Reggane du nom de code multicolore « gerboise », les 13autres souterrains portant des noms de pierres précieuses par exemple émeraude, rubis, ont été confinés dans la roche à In Ecker (Tamanrasset), au mépris du Droit International. Les conséquences sanitaires et environnementales sont très «graves durables et étendues ». La France est responsable de l’irradiation de la faune et de la flore et tenue d’indemniser la population et de décontaminer la région. Mots clés : Explosions- Essais- Crimes de guerre- Nucléaires- Atmosphériques- Souterraines- Reggane- Tamanrasset- Droit International Humanitaire- Conséquences- Santé- Environnement. Abstract Nuclear tests or atomic explosions? War crimes? France has done 17 atomic explosions between 1960, during the colonial era and 1966, after Algerian’s independence. The 4 first air tests took place in Reggane according to a multicolor code name of “GERBOISE” the other 13 were underground carrying names of precious stones such as “EMERAUD” or “RUBY” has been confined within the rock in In Ecker (Tamanrasset), despite international law provisions . The sanitary and environmental consequences have been “extremely grave, enduring and extensive”. France is held responsible for fauna and flora irradiation and should provide indemnities for local population and for decontamination of the area. -
586 World Political
22_Biz_in_Global_Econ MAPS 12/14/04 2:56 PM Page 586 WORLD POLITICAL MAP ARCTIC OCEAN Barrow GREENLAND Fort Yukon Port Radium Fairbanks ICELAND Nome Baker Lake Nuuk Reykjavik Rankin Inlet Torshavn Anchorage Cordova Fort Chipewyan Churchill Juneau Inukjuak Fort McMurray Bear Lake Dawson Creek Thompson Grande Prairie Flin Flon Su Prince Rupert Prince George Unalaska Prince Albert Dublin Labrador City U. K. Red Deer IRELAND Londo Saskatoon CANADA Kamloops Calgary Cork Moosonee Swift Current Vancouver Brandon Timmins Amos Williston Spokane Grand Forks Seattle Nantes Butte Duluth Ottawa Montreal Minneapolis Portland Bayonne Twin Falls MilWawkee Detroit Scottsbluff Chicago Buffalo Boston Valladolid Porto Omaha Madrid Provo New York Reno Denver Kansas City Baltimore PORTUGAL Philadelphia SPAIN Oakland U. S. A. St. Louis Washington D. C. Ponta Delgada Lisbon Sevilla San Francisco Norfolk Gibraltar Las Vegas Albuquerque Memphis Charlotte Rabat Los Angeles Atlanta Casablanca Tucson Dallas Birmingham San Diego ATLANTIC MOROCCO Houston New Orleans Jacksonville Canary Islands ALG Tampa WESTERN THE BAHAMAS MEXICO SAHARA Havana Mexico City CUBA DOM. REP. MAURITANIA Araouan JAMAICA Nouakchott BELIZE HAITI MALI HONDURAS SENEGAL Dakar GUATEMALA GAMBIA Bamako EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA BURKIN Caracas GUINEA BISSAU GUINEA Conakry GHANA IVORY T COSTA RICA Freetown VENEZUELA Georgetown COAST PACIFIC PANAMA Paramaribo SIERRA LEONE Bogota GUYANA Monrovia FRENCH GUIANA A SURINAME LIBERIA Abidjan COLOMBIA EQU SAO TOM ECUADOR Quito Belem Manaus Fortaleza Talara PERU -
Les Fusées-Sondes De Sud-Aviation
Les fusées-sondes de Sud-Aviation Jean-Jacques Serra Commission Histoire de la 3AF Origines : Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET) • Loi du 4 mai 1944, validée le 29 janvier 1945 • Demandes d'études - ministères (Guerre, Air, Marine), - Radiodiffusion française, - Comité d’action scientifique de la Défense nationale,... • Etudes sur la propagation radioélectrique plusieurs départements (Tubes et hyperfréquence, Transmission, Laboratoire national de radioélectricité) • Recherches sur la troposphère et sur l’ionosphère Programme spatial du CNET lancé en 1957 selon deux directions : • participation au lancement de fusées-sondes pour l’exploration de la haute atmosphère • traitement scientifique des données fournies par les signaux émis par les satellites artificiels Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 2 Contexte : Fusées-sondes existantes Fusées du CASDN pour l'AGI : • Véronique AGI : dérivée des Véronique N et NA (1952-1954) 60 kg à 210 km d'altitude • Monica IV et V : dérivées des Monica I à III (1955-1956) 15 kg à 80 km ou 140 km d'altitude Fusées de l'ONERA utilisées par le CEA : • Daniel : dérivé d'Ardaltex (1957-1959) 15 kg à 125 km d'altitude • Antarès : dérivé de l'engin d'essais de rentrée (1959-1961) 35 kg à 280 km d'altitude Samedis de l'Histoire de la 3AF Les fusées-sondes de Sud Aviation 15/10/2011 - 3 Définition des besoins du CNET Envoi d'une charge utile de 32 kg à 80 km, 120 km, 400 km et 1000 km d'altitude • fusées commandées à Sud Aviation • unité mobile construite -
European-African Partnership in Satellite Applications for Sustainable Development
This report was prepared under the auspices of the 2010 Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union European-African Partnership in Satellite Applications for Sustainable Development A Comprehensive Mapping of European-African Actors and Activities Report 26 September 2010 Christina Giannopapa Short title: ESPI Report 26 ISSN: 2076-6688 Published in September 2010 Price: €11 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 26; September 2010. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before pub- lishing. This report was prepared under the auspices of the 2010 Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with ESPI. The printing of the report was made possible thanks to the support of the Belgian High Representation for Space Policy. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 26 2 September 2010 European-African Partnership in Satellite Applications for Sustainable Development Table of Contents Executive Summary 7 1. Introduction 12 1.1 The setting 12 1.2 Approach of the Study 12 2. -
The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . -
Annette Froehlich ·André Siebrits Volume 1: a Primary Needs
Studies in Space Policy Annette Froehlich · André Siebrits Space Supporting Africa Volume 1: A Primary Needs Approach and Africa’s Emerging Space Middle Powers Studies in Space Policy Volume 20 Series Editor European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Editorial Advisory Board Genevieve Fioraso Gerd Gruppe Pavel Kabat Sergio Marchisio Dominique Tilmans Ene Ergma Ingolf Schädler Gilles Maquet Jaime Silva Edited by: European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Director: Jean-Jacques Tortora The use of outer space is of growing strategic and technological relevance. The development of robotic exploration to distant planets and bodies across the solar system, as well as pioneering human space exploration in earth orbit and of the moon, paved the way for ambitious long-term space exploration. Today, space exploration goes far beyond a merely technological endeavour, as its further development will have a tremendous social, cultural and economic impact. Space activities are entering an era in which contributions of the humanities—history, philosophy, anthropology—, the arts, and the social sciences—political science, economics, law—will become crucial for the future of space exploration. Space policy thus will gain in visibility and relevance. The series Studies in Space Policy shall become the European reference compilation edited by the leading institute in the field, the European Space Policy Institute. It will contain both monographs and collections dealing with their subjects in a transdisciplinary way. More information about this -
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project GLENN R. CELLA Interviewed By: Charles
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project GLENN R. CELLA Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: July 18, 2006 Copyright 2021 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background 1935-1960 Italian and German Ancestry New York lower middle class ethnic community youth World War Two memories Jesuit high school education High school summers in the merchant marine Holy Cross-Navy ROTC scholarship, 1953-57 Passed Foreign Service Exam, 1957 US Navy, 1957-60—meeting Foreign Service Officers Entering Foreign Service 1960-1961 A-100. June-August Staff Assistant Office of Congressional Relations, September Rolling over and playing dead to Congress Working for Bill Macomber French Language Training, October-January, 1961 INR Resources Branch 1961 National Intelligence Surveys Country Demographics Branch abolished Staff Assistant Political Military Affairs 1961-6x Creating the PM Bureau Staffing DAS Jeffrey Kitchen Law of the Sea-Three Mile debate Berlin Impressions of Kennedy and the Kennedy Administration Vice Consul, Alexandria, Egypt 1962-1964 Nasser and Nationalization Impressions of Ambassador John Badeau 1 Yemen invasion Consul General Harlan Clarke Alexandria perspective vs Embassy Cairo perspective Consular Duties Admin Duties Consulate Martinique 1964-1966 Two person Consulate Principal Officer William Marvin A diplomatic backwater Martinique politics and social cleavages FSI Tangier, Morocco Arabic Language Training 1966-1968 Poor quality of language studies Six Day War - reporting popular sentiment Detailed to USIA - National Space Mobile Appearing on Moroccan television Traveling the region- attitudes toward America Principal Officer, Oran, Algeria 1968-1971 Post independence mood Decaying infrastructure Tracking the Soviet presence Israel Desk - Political-Military Affairs Officer 1971-1973 Scope of duties Scope of influence on policy Country Director Haywood H. -
June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen Citation: “Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen,” June 17, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, From the personal collection of Avner Cohen. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113997 Summary: Transcript of Avner Cohen's 1993 interview with André Finkelstein. Finkelstein, deputy director of the IAEA and a ranking official within the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), discusses Franco- Israeli nuclear technology exchange and collaboration in this 1993 interview. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York (CCNY). Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Interview with Dr. André Finkelstein [1] This interview was conducted on 17 June 1993 in Paris, France. Interviewer: Dr. Avner Cohen Dr. André Finkelstein: I was trained as a physical chemist, I spent two years in Rochester University in New York and then I came back and joined the French Commission.[2],[3] Dr. Avner Cohen: When was that? Finkelstein: ’53. And I was involved in isotope tritium production and then quickly the Commission was expanding very quickly, so many people had no chance to stay in the lab very long and I was called to headquarters and I was in international affairs. I float[ed] for many years in [International Atomic Energy Agency] IAEA[4] in Vienna and I was for four years as deputy director general in Vienna and then I came back . Cohen: For Hans Blix?[5] Finkelstein: Before Hans Blix, with [Sigvard] Eklund [6] in the Department of Research and Isotopes. -
Download Poster As PDF for Printing
Reggane, Algeria Nuclear weapons test site The French army conducted four atmospheric nuclear tests near Reggane, Algeria in 1960 and 1961, contaminating the Sahara desert with plutonium, exposing soldiers, workers and local Tuareg to radioactive fallout, and causing long-term health e ects like cancer, infertility and genetic mutations. History In 1945, France established the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), which was given authority over all nuclear affairs – scientifi c, commercial and military. In the 1950s, France began mining uranium and proces- sing it into weapons-grade plutonium. The construc- tion of nuclear weapons was completed in a few years not properly fenced off or guarded, and large amounts and the fi rst tests were organized in French-occupied of radioactively contaminated scrap metal have been Algeria, 50 km southwest of the Saharan city of Reg- stolen and sold on the black market. gane. The fi rst French nuclear test, code-named “Ger- boise Bleue” (“Blue Desert Rat”), was detonated on To this day, no proper epidemiological studies on the February 13, 1960 with an explosive yield equivalent health effects of the nuclear tests at Reggane on work- to 70 kilotons of TNT. The following year, three more at- ers, soldiers and local Tuareg have ever been con- mospheric tests (“Gerboise Rouge,” “Gerboise Verte” ducted, despite reports of increased cancer rates and and “Gerboise Blanche”) were conducted in Regga- congenital malformations in the region. In 2008, the ne, before protests forced the French government to French Nuclear Testing Veterans’ association, “Aven,” switch to underground testing at In Ekker in the Alge- conducted a survey of more than 1,000 veterans and rian mountains.1 found that 35 % had one or more types of cancer and Between 1960 and 1961, four atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted near the town of Reggane, in the Algerian one in fi ve had been diagnosed with infertility. -
Astrophil, Espace Et Philatélie
Bulletin d’information ASTROPHIL Association philatélique du CE ArianeGroup LHA BP 10054 - 33160 St - Médard - en - Jalles n° 34 [email protected] Mars — Avril 2019 https://www.astrophil - philatelie .fr Association affiliée à la FFAP - au GAPS Editorial INFORMATIONS Astrophilatéliques ASSEMBLEE GENERALE DU 11 MARS 2019 Deux grands salons retiennent toute notre L’assemblée générale 2019 s’est tenue au HAILLAN le 11mars 2019. attention pour la mise en place d’expostions : Un compte rendu détaillé va vous parvenir courant avril. - MONTPELLIER stand Spatial et congrès Le vote tout d’abord, pour lequel nous vous remercions de votre FFAP participation et de votre confiance. L’ensemble du CA sortant est reconduit en totalité dans leur - SENS sur le Thème de l’ESPACE, du 50ème fonction. anniversaire du premier pas de l’homme sur Mise en place : la Lune avec organisation du Challenge Présidente : Evelyne Krummenacker PHILESPACE 2019 par notre association et Vice - Président : Serge Roux (chargé des relations avec l’Espagne) le congrès du GAPS. Secrétaire : Alain Lentin Secrétaire adjointe : Catheline Legal Nous aurons la possibilité d’être présents à Trésorier : Luc Delmon LA CITE DE L’ESPACE TOULOUSE pour Délégué au GAPS : Alain Lentin premier jour de la sortie du timbre Délégué au GPA : Catherine Legal commémoratif des 50 ans sur la lune Commissions : - Site internet : Alain Lentin, Catherine Legal, Luc Delmon, Les problèmes de cachet postal à Kourou Evelyne Krummenacker étant réglés, nous procédons aux impressions - Bibliothèque : Michel Tual des enveloppes des vols 2018 et 2019 et - Promotion grand public : Bernard Claverie vous commencerez à recevoir vos - Bulletin : abonnements dès avril 2019. -
June 2017 Front Cover FINAL.Indd
AEROSPACE June 2017 44 Number 6 Volume Society Royal Aeronautical www.aerosociety.com June 2017 TRAIN VIRTUAL, FIGHT EASY WILL LONG-HAUL, LOW- COST WORK THIS TIME? MIRAGE IV – FRANCE’S NUCLEAR STRIKER FRATERNITÉ IN FRANCE PARIS AIR SHOW PREVIEW Images courtesy of www.defencephotography.com Images courtesy of www.defencephotography.com 34,038 VISITORS FROM ACCESS THE REGISTER TO 108 COUNTRIES GLOBAL MARKET ATTEND TODAY (6% INCREASE IN 2015) 76% AT THE WORLD OF ATTENDEES DECISION MAKERS OR AIR LEADING DEFENCE SPECIFIERS (DSEI 2015) & SECURITY EVENT LAND 1,683 N AVA L EXHIBITORS To enquire and reserve your exhibition space contact: REPRESENTING THE T: +44 (0)20 7384 7770 E: [email protected] SECURITY WHOLE SUPPLY CHAIN Register to attend: WWW.DSEI.CO.UK/RAES JOINT 42 INTERNATIONAL Supported by Platinum Sponsors Organised by PAVILIONS Volume 44 Number 6 SIAE June 2017 French connection Train virtual, fi ght A preview of the easy 52nd Paris Air Show How Inzpire is 14 which will be held 16 revolutionising UK at Le Bourget from defence training. 19-25 June. Contents Inzpire Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and feedback. analysis and comment. 62 The Last Word A great leap forward? 10 Antenna Keith Hayward on Airbus’ Howard Wheeldon on the fi rst half century. implications of Brexit and the To outsiders, the world of Chinese aerospace may seem opaque at times. -
Sounding Rocket Program Handbook (SRPH)
Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com Sounding Rocket Program Handbook (SRPH) Suborbital Projects and Operations Directorate Sounding Rockets ProgramOffice June 1, 1999 Goddard Space Flight Center National Aeronautics and Wallops Flight Facility Space Administration Wallops Island, Virginia 23337 Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com Preface This Handbook describes the capabilities of the program, the design and technology applications to be considered, and the process NASA has established to integrate the customer (principal investigator/program user/scientist/experimenter) into the sounding rocket mission team to ensure the highest probability of a successful project. Neither the United States Government nor any person acting on the behalf of the Unites States Government assumes any liability resulting from the use of information contained in this document or warrants that the use will be free from privately owned rights. The use of a company name does not imply approval or recommendation of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. ii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com Sounding Rocket Program Handbook Table of Contents PREFACE .......................................................................II SECTION 1: NASA SOUNDING ROCKET PROGRAM........................... 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................2 1.2 NASA ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................1-3 1.3 SOUNDING ROCKET PROGRAM CUSTOMER’S