DOCSLIB.ORG

France and Algeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
France and Algeria France and Algeria A History of Decolonization and Transformation Phillip C. Naylor Notes to Pages 000–000 | i France and Algeria Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola France and Algeria A History of Decolonization and Transformation Phillip C. Naylor University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers Copyright 2000 by the Board of Regents of the State of Florida Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 05 04 03 02 01 00 6 5 4 3 2 1 Excerpts from Songs of the F.L.N., copyright Folkways Records, Album No. FD 5441, copyright 1962. Reprinted with permission. Excerpt from “Some Kinda Love” by Lou Reed, copyright 1991 Metal Machine Music, Inc., appeared in Between Thought and Expression: Selected Lyrics of Lou Reed, published by Hyperion. For information contact Hyperion, 114 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10011. Reprinted with permission. ISBN 0-8130-1801-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available. The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com To my parents, Alexander Chiviges and Sappho Dereby Relations between France and Algeria cannot be so simple or indifferent. Michel Jobert Relations between Algeria and France are always important. When they are bad, they are important. When they are good, they are also important. Abdelaziz Bouteflika Contents List of Maps and Tables xi Preface xiii Abbreviations xvii Prologue 1 1. French-Algerian Colonial Relations, 1830–1958 5 2. The Political Decolonization of Algeria and the Evian Accords, 1958–1962 23 3. Independence with Interdependence, 1962–1965 47 4. The Decline and Demise of Privileged Cooperation, 1965–1971 74 5. Turning the Page, 1972–1980 101 6. Redressing the Relationship, 1981–1988 136 7. Algeria’s “Second Revolution” and France, 1988–1992: From the October Riots to the Fitna 164 8. The Fitna, 1992–1994: From the Annulment of the Parliamentary Elections to the Air France Hijacking 189 9. The Fitna, 1995–1998: From the Sant’Egidio Agreement 216 10. Mirrors and Mirages, 1958–1998: Reflections, Refractions, and Representations 252 11. Conclusion 286 Notes 291 Selected Bibliography 389 Index 429 Maps and Tables Maps Algeria xv France xix Tables 3.1 French Aid, 1963–1965 61 3.2 French Trade with Algeria, 1962–1965 62 3.3 Algerian Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1962–1965 66 4.1 French Public Aid and Loans to Algeria, 1965–1970 79 4.2 French Trade with Algeria, 1966–1970 81 4.3 French Participation in Algerian Petroleum Production, 1965–1970 91 5.1 Algerian Investment Plans, 1967–1977 102 5.2 French Trade with Algeria, 1971–1975 107 5.3 French Trade with Algeria, 1976–1980 114 6.1 French Trade with Algeria, 1980–1984 145 6.2 French Trade with Algeria, 1985–1988 162 7.1 French Trade with Algeria, 1988–1991 173 8.1 French Trade with Algeria, 1991–1994 199 9.1 French Trade with Algeria, 1995–1997 247 Preface The relationship between France and Algeria did not end in 1962. Yet it seemed that way, given the relative lack of scholarly attention devoted to the relationship’s postcolonial history as compared with the colonial expe- rience. I felt that there was a need to continue the inquiry, the story. As I researched the postcolonial relationship, my mentor, David E. Gardinier, advised that I study it comprehensively. Having already introduced me to Frantz Fanon’s work when I was a graduate student, Professor Gardinier insisted that the complexities of the relationship needed a survey in breadth and depth. This has resulted in a sweeping study ranging from beur novels to Saharan hydrocarbon condensates. Though the book should interest a variety of specialized audiences, my chief purpose was to write a detailed historical narrative. My hope is that it will inspire other inquiries concerning the postcolonial histories of former metropolitan powers and their ex-colonies. I tried to live this history. My research has taken me from the corporate headquarters of French and Algerian hydrocarbons enterprises to the refu- gee tents of proud Sahrawis displaced by the war in Western Sahara. I traveled with Algerian emigrant workers across the Mediterranean and shared meals with pieds-noirs, harkis, and Polisario cadres. I also dis- cussed the relationship or conducted formal interviews with a variety of people. I thank them for their kindness and consideration. They included Maurice Couve de Murville, Olivier Wormser, Louis Joxe, Bernard Tricot, Georges Gorse, François Scheer, Jean Basdevant, Marcel Crozatier, Georges Jasseron, Stéphane Hessel, Vincent Labouret, Michel Schneider- Manoury, Marcelle Routier, Jean-Pierre Gonon, Nicole Grimaud, Jean Déjeux, Alain Gillette, Mohamed Sahnoun, Mihoubi el-Mihoub, Abdel- hak Belghit, Messafeur Abbas, Kamal Nefti, Ali Khamis, Madjid Abdal- lah, Mohamed Salem Ould Salek, the Bachaga Said, and Ali Boualam. The Association France-Algérie (Michèle Moreau) provided research facilities and contacts. The United States embassy in Algiers provided gracious hospitality under Ambassadors Ulric Haynes Jr. and Michael Newlin and their respective staffs. I was also very well received by the Algerian United Nations delegation and the Algerian embassy in Washington, D.C. Librarians at the following institutions provided invaluable assistance: in Aix-en-Provence, the Archives d’outre-mer and the Centre de recher- xiv | Preface ches et d’études sur les sociétés méditerranéennes; in Paris, the Biblio- thèque de la Documentation française and the Institut d’études politiques; in Algiers, the Bibliothèque nationale, the Centre national d’études his- toriques, and the Université d’Alger; and in the United States, Marquette University (Dennis Higgins and Rose Trupiano), Northwestern University (Mette Shayne and Hans Panofsky), Boston University (Gretchen Walsh), Merrimack College (Sandy Thomas), Harvard University, and the Univer- sity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. I appreciated the collegial and departmental support at Marquette University and Merrimack College. The book also benefited from my af- filiations at the African Studies Center at Boston University and the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University. Special thanks for the contributions and encouragement of David E. Gardinier, John P. Entelis, Robert A. Mortimer, Alf Andrew Heggoy, Lewis Livesay, Yahia Zoubir, Susan G. Miller, Peter Ford, Edward G. Roddy, David Knepper, Muham- mad Bakr Alwan, Abd al-Hamid Alwan, Brigitte Coste, Sylvia Pressman, Paula Dicks, Carl Schwartz, Thomas C. Anderson, Donna Schenstrom, and Kevin Lacey. Many others provided encouragement and support over the years. Among them were Jim Jablonowski, John J. Steinberger, OSA, Dan Schmidt, Pete deRosa, Don Tubman, Ivan Peterlin, Nick Top- ping, Jerome Hardt, Gary Giesemann, Helen Bistis, Thomas E. Hachey, F. Paul Prucha, SJ, Robert W. Reichert, Ronald and Olive Johnson, Mike Gregory, Elsie D. Mack, Moody Prior, Constance Cryer Ecklund, Esther Masters, and Thelma and Andy Hamilton. Chris Hofgren of the Univer- sity Press of Florida conscientiously and constantly pursued this manu- script; I appreciate the particular attention to the manuscript and its pro- duction by Jacqueline Kinghorn Brown of the University Press of Florida and by copy editor Ann Marlowe. My parents instilled a deep interest in travel and scholarship. This book is dedicated to them. My brother has profoundly influenced the develop- ment of my historical consciousness and transcultural interests. My family has been exceptionally understanding and considerate. Thank you all. A note on transliterations: I used familiar spellings for Arabic persons and places, for example, the transliterated French Ahmed Tewfiq for Ahmad Tawfiq. While Ali Ben (Bin) Hajj or Ben Hadj is now common, it was initially Belhadj in the Arabic and French press and is still often spelled that way in English publications. Where a standard English form exists (Algiers, Muslim, the prophet Muhammad), this is used, although diverse persons may spell their names Mohamed, Mohammed, or M’ham- Preface | xv med. I kept Pouvoir in French and fitna in Arabic since these words appear in popular as well as scholarly print. During a photographic exploration of Algiers’s labyrinthine Casbah, I came across a little girl who was playing alone. She saw me, smiled, and began to dance. To me she symbolized Algeria, and I hope that, twenty years later, as her country emerges from a violent decade, she dances again. Abbreviations AAN—Annuaire de l’Afrique du Nord AD—Articles et documents (Documentation française) AFP—Agence France-Presse AI—Algérie informations (Association France-Algérie) APS—Algérie Presse Service AUFS:NAS—American Universities Field Staff: North African Series BG—Boston
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Resituating Culture
    Resituating culture edited by Gavan Titley Directorate of Youth and Sport Council of Europe Publishing This publication is an edited collection of articles from the resituating culture seminar organised in the framework of the partnership agreement on youth research between the Directorate of Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe and the Directorate-General for Education and Culture, Directorate D, Unit 1, Youth, of the European Commission. The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not neces- sarily reflect the official position of the Council of Europe. All correspondence relating to this publication or the reproduction or translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to: Directorate of Youth and Sport European Youth Centre Council of Europe 30, rue Pierre de Coubertin F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex Tel: +33 (0) 3 88 41 23 00 Fax: +33 (0) 3 88 41 27 77 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.coe.int/youth All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing from the Publishing Division, Communication and Research Directorate. Cover: Graphic Design Publicis Koufra Council of Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex ISBN 92-871-5396-5 © Council of Europe, April 2004 Reprinted May 2005 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents Pags List of contributors ........................................................................................... 5 Resituating culture: an introduction Gavan Titley ...................................................................................................... 9 Part l. Connexity and self 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Document
    ALGERIA: ADVERSARIES IN SEARCH OF UNCERTAIN COMPROMISES Rémy Leveau September 1992 © Institute for Security Studies of WEU 1996. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Institute for Security Studies of WEU. ISSN 1017-7566 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Introduction The context of coup d'état The forces involved in the crisis Questions and scenarios Postscript PREFACE Earlier this year the Institute asked Professor Rémy Leveau to prepare a study on `Algeria: adversaries in search of uncertain compromises.' This was discussed at a meeting of specialists on North African politics held in the Institute. In view of the continuing importance of developments in Algeria the Institute asked Professor Leveau to prepare this revised version of his paper for wider circulation. We are very grateful to Professor Leveau for having prepared this stimulating and enlightening analysis of developments which are also of importance to Algeria's European neighbours. We are also grateful to those who took part in the discussion of earlier drafts of this paper. John Roper Paris, September 1992 - v - Algeria: adversaries in search of uncertain compromises Rémy Leveau INTRODUCTION The perception of Islamic movements has been marked in Europe since 1979 by images of the Iranian revolution: hostages in the American Embassy, support for international terrorism, incidents at the mosque in Mecca and the Salman Rushdie affair. The dominant rhetoric of the FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria, which has since 1989 presented a similar image of rejection of internal state order and of the international system, strengthens the feeling of an identity of aims and of a bloc of hostile attitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Opting Identity: the Manipulation of Berberism, the Frustration of Democratisation, and the Generation of Violence in Algeria Hugh Roberts DESTIN, LSE
    1 crisis states programme development research centre www Working Paper no.7 CO-OPTING IDENTITY: THE MANIPULATION OF BERBERISM, THE FRUSTRATION OF DEMOCRATISATION AND THE GENERATION OF VIOLENCE IN LGERIA A Hugh Roberts Development Research Centre LSE December 2001 Copyright © Hugh Roberts, 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce any part of this Working Paper should be sent to: The Editor, Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre, DESTIN, LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. Crisis States Programme Working papers series no.1 English version: Spanish version: ISSN 1740-5807 (print) ISSN 1740-5823 (print) ISSN 1740-5815 (on-line) ISSN 1740-5831 (on-line) 1 Crisis States Programme Co-opting Identity: The manipulation of Berberism, the frustration of democratisation, and the generation of violence in Algeria Hugh Roberts DESTIN, LSE Acknowledgements This working paper is a revised and extended version of a paper originally entitled ‘Much Ado about Identity: the political manipulation of Berberism and the crisis of the Algerian state, 1980-1992’ presented to a seminar on Cultural Identity and Politics organized by the Department of Political Science and the Institute for International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, in April 1996. Subsequent versions of the paper were presented to a conference on North Africa at Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, under the title 'Berber politics and Berberist ideology in Algeria', in April 1998 and to a staff seminar of the Government Department at the London School of Economics, under the title ‘Co-opting identity: the political manipulation of Berberism and the frustration of democratisation in Algeria’, in February 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.)
    France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of History August 2015 © “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis examines French relations with Yugoslavia in the twentieth century and its response to the federal republic’s dissolution in the 1990s. In doing so it contributes to studies of post-Cold War international politics and international diplomacy during the Yugoslav Wars. It utilises a wide-range of source materials, including: archival documents, interviews, memoirs, newspaper articles and speeches. Many contemporary commentators on French policy towards Yugoslavia believed that the Mitterrand administration’s approach was anachronistic, based upon a fear of a resurgent and newly reunified Germany and an historical friendship with Serbia; this narrative has hitherto remained largely unchallenged. Whilst history did weigh heavily on Mitterrand’s perceptions of the conflicts in Yugoslavia, this thesis argues that France’s Yugoslav policy was more the logical outcome of longer-term trends in French and Mitterrandienne foreign policy. Furthermore, it reflected a determined effort by France to ensure that its long-established preferences for post-Cold War security were at the forefront of European and international politics; its strong position in all significant international multilateral institutions provided an important platform to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State
    Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State By Neil Grant Landers A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Professor Karl Britto Professor Stefania Pandolfo Fall 2013 1 Abstract of the Dissertation Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State by Neil Grant Landers Doctor of Philosophy in French Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State addresses the way the Algerian civil war has been portrayed in 1990s novelistic literature. In the words of one literary critic, "The Algerian war has been, in a sense, one big murder mystery."1 This may be true, but literary accounts portray the "mystery" of the civil war—and propose to solve it—in sharply divergent ways. The primary aim of this study is to examine how three of the most celebrated 1990s novels depict—organize, analyze, interpret, and "solve"—the civil war. I analyze and interpret these novels—by Assia Djebar, Yasmina Khadra, and Boualem Sansal—through a deep contextualization, both in terms of Algerian history and in the novels' contemporary setting. This is particularly important in this case, since the civil war is so contested, and is poorly understood. Using the novels' thematic content as a cue for deeper understanding, I engage through them and with them a number of elements crucial to understanding the civil war: Algeria's troubled nationalist legacy; its stagnant one-party regime; a fear, distrust, and poor understanding of the Islamist movement and the insurgency that erupted in 1992; and the unending, horrifically bloody violence that piled on throughout the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Copyright by Camille Alexandra Bossut 2016
    Copyright by Camille Alexandra Bossut 2016 1 The Thesis committee for Camille Alexandra Bossut Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Arabization in Algeria: Language Ideology in Elite Discourse, 1962- 1991 APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: ______________________________________ Benjamin Claude Brower ______________________________________ Mahmoud Al-Batal 2 Arabization in Algeria: Language Ideology in Elite Discourse, 1962-1991 by Camille Alexandra Bossut, B.A. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2016 3 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Benjamin Claude Brower and Dr. Mahmoud Al-Batal, for their time and willingness to guide me through this project. Dr. Brower’s continued feedback and inspiring discussions have taught me more about Algeria than I ever expected to learn in one year. Dr. Al-Batal has been an inspiration to me throughout my two years as a graduate student. I credit much of my linguistic development to his tireless encouragement and feedback. To Dr. Kristen Brustad, I extend my deepest gratitude for not only teaching me Arabic, but also teaching me how to think about language. Our many discussions on language ideology stoked my curiosity for exploring the topic of Arabization in more detail. Thank you for showing me how debates over language are rarely ever about language itself. I would also like to thank the Department of Middle Eastern Studies, the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, and the Arabic Flagship Program for their continued commitment to providing a high-quality, supportive, and enjoyable environment in which to learn Arabic.
    [Show full text]
  • Frantz Fanon: the Brightness of Metal
    FRANTZ FANON: THE BRIGHTNESS OF METAL Dossier no 26 Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research March 2020 Cover photograph | Frantz Fanon walking up a ship gangway. To Fanon’s right is Rheda Malek, a journalist from the Algerian National Liberation Front’s newspaper, El Moudjahid. Frantz Fanon Archives / IMEC FRANTZ FANON: THE BRIGHTNESS OF METAL Dossier no 26 | Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research March 2020 Dossier no 26 French colonial map of Martinique from the Covens & Mortier’s Atlas Nouveau, 1942. Geographicus Rare Antique Maps / Wikimedia Commons On this earth there is that which deserves life. – Mahmoud Darwish Frantz Fanon was born on the Caribbean island of Martinique on 25 July 1925. He died in the United States, from leukaemia, on 6 December 1961. He was thirty-six years old. At thirty-six he had been a protagonist in two wars, a political militant in the Caribbean, Europe and North Africa, a playwright, a practicing psychiatrist, the author of numerous articles in scientific journals, a teacher, a diplomat, a journalist, the editor of an anti-colonial newspaper, the author of three books, and a major Pan-Africanist and internationalist. Like Ernesto “Che” Guevara – another revolutionary who valued the poetic and was a committed internationalist, doctor, soldier, teacher, and theorist – Fanon’s life was marked by a permanent, courageous, and militant motion into the present, and into the specificity of the situations in which he found himself. Fanon’s thought carries, in Ato Sekyi-Otu’s memorable phrase, an ‘irrepressible … openness to the universal’. In the realm of the political, as in the poetic, the truest route into the universal has always been through an intense engagement with the particular in its concrete manifestations in space and time: this piece of land occupied in the interstices of this city, these women rebuilding in the ruins of the last attack, the plastic burning in this brazier as the night wears on, these men stepping out of the shadows with these guns.
    [Show full text]
  • The Left and the Algerian Catastrophe
    THE LEFT AND THE ALGERIAN CATASTROPHE H UGH R OBERTS n explaining their sharply opposed positions following the attacks on the IWorld Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, two promi- nent writers on the American Left, Christopher Hitchens and Noam Chomsky, both found it convenient to refer to the Algerian case. Since, for Hitchens, the attacks had been the work of an Islamic fundamentalism that was a kind of fascism, he naturally saw the Algerian drama in similar terms: Civil society in Algeria is barely breathing after the fundamentalist assault …We let the Algerians fight the Islamic-fascist wave without saying a word or lending a hand.1 This comment was probably music to the ears of the Algerian government, which had moved promptly to get on board the US-led ‘coalition’ against terror, as Chomsky noted in articulating his very different view of things: Algeria, which is one of the most murderous states in the world, would love to have US support for its torture and massacres of people in Algeria.2 This reading of the current situation was later supplemented by an account of its genesis: The Algerian government is in office because it blocked the democratic election in which it would have lost to mainly Islamic-based groups. That set off the current fighting.3 The significance of these remarks is that they testify to the fact that the Western Left has not addressed the Algerian drama properly, so that Hitchens and Chomsky, neither of whom pretend to specialist knowledge of the country, have THE LEFT AND THE ALGERIAN CATASTROPHE 153 not had available to them a fund of reliable analysis on which they might draw.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Life Is Seized Adam Shatz
    This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies.× (More Information) Back to article page Where Life Is Seized Adam Shatz Écrits sur l’aliénation et la liberté by Frantz Fanon, edited by Robert Young and Jean Khalfa La Découverte, 688 pp, £22.00, October 2015, ISBN 978 2 7071 8638 6 Author of the anti-racist jeremiad Black Skin, White Masks; spokesman for the Algerian Revolution and author of The Wretched of the Earth, the ‘bible’ of decolonisation; inspiration to Third World revolutionaries from the refugee camps of Palestine to the back streets of Tehran and Beirut, Harlem and Oakland; founder, avant la lettre, of post-colonialism; hero to the alienated banlieusards of France, who feel as if the Battle of Algiers never ended, but simply moved to the cités: Frantz Fanon has been remembered in a lot of ways, but almost all of them have foregrounded his advocacy of resistance, especially violent resistance. Fanon speaking in Accra in 1958 Fanon was not a pacifist, but the emphasis on his belief in violence – or ‘terrorism’, as his adversaries would say – has obscured the radical humanism that lies at the heart of his work. In her 1970 study, On Violence, addressed in part to Fanon’s student admirers, Hannah Arendt pointed out that both his followers and his detractors seemed to have read only the first chapter – also entitled ‘On Violence’ – of The Wretched of the Earth. There Fanon described how violence could serve as a ‘cleansing force’ for the colonised, liberating them not only from their colonial masters, but from their inferiority complex.
    [Show full text]
  • French Stewardship of Jazz: the Case of France Musique and France Culture
    ABSTRACT Title: FRENCH STEWARDSHIP OF JAZZ: THE CASE OF FRANCE MUSIQUE AND FRANCE CULTURE Roscoe Seldon Suddarth, Master of Arts, 2008 Directed By: Richard G. King, Associate Professor, Musicology, School of Music The French treat jazz as “high art,” as their state radio stations France Musique and France Culture demonstrate. Jazz came to France in World War I with the US army, and became fashionable in the 1920s—treated as exotic African- American folklore. However, when France developed its own jazz players, notably Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli, jazz became accepted as a universal art. Two well-born Frenchmen, Hugues Panassié and Charles Delaunay, embraced jazz and propagated it through the Hot Club de France. After World War II, several highly educated commentators insured that jazz was taken seriously. French radio jazz gradually acquired the support of the French government. This thesis describes the major jazz programs of France Musique and France Culture, particularly the daily programs of Alain Gerber and Arnaud Merlin, and demonstrates how these programs display connoisseurship, erudition, thoroughness, critical insight, and dedication. France takes its “stewardship” of jazz seriously. FRENCH STEWARDSHIP OF JAZZ: THE CASE OF FRANCE MUSIQUE AND FRANCE CULTURE By Roscoe Seldon Suddarth Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2008 Advisory Committee: Associate Professor Richard King, Musicology Division, Chair Professor Robert Gibson, Director of the School of Music Professor Christopher Vadala, Director, Jazz Studies Program © Copyright by Roscoe Seldon Suddarth 2008 Foreword This thesis is the result of many years of listening to the jazz broadcasts of France Musique, the French national classical music station, and, to a lesser extent, France Culture, the national station for literary, historical, and artistic programs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Algerian Armed Forces: National and International Challenges
    THE ALGERIAN ARMED FORCES: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES Carlos Echeverría Jesús Working Paper (WP) Nº 8/2004 1/4/2004 Area: Mediterranean & Arab World / Defence & Security – WP Nº 8/2004 (Trans. Spanish) 1/4/2004 The Algerian Armed Forces: National and international challenges ∗ Carlos Echeverría Jesús THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE FIRST STEPS TOWARD DEMOCRACY (1962-1988) The Algerian Armed Forces arose from the National Liberation Army (ALN), particularly from the so-called ‘border army’ which, as General Jaled Nezzar recalls in his Memoirs, began to play a dominant role under the command of Colonel Houari Boumedienne in late 1959: this army relentlessly waged war on the French forces deployed on the borders of Morocco and Tunisia until the conflict ended in 1962 (1). Although the creation of the ALN itself dates back to 1954, it was not until the Summam Congress, on August 20, 1956, that its structure was determined and it became considered an instrument for implementing the policies developed by the party: the National Liberation Front (FLN). The internal struggles within the FLN-ALN tandem, both in and outside Algeria, have been described by many authors: both the confrontations within the National Council of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA) and those at the various FLN congresses during and immediately after the war –the Summam Congress (1956), Tripoli Congress (1962) and Algiers Congress (1964)– aimed at taking control of the embryo of the future Armed Forces. According to Mohamed Harbi, the session of the CNRA held in December 1959 – January 1960 was crucial, as it abolished the Ministry of the Armed Forces, replacing it with an Inter-Ministerial War Committee (CIG), directed by military officers of a General Chiefs of Staff (EMG) led by Boumedienne, who went on to become Defense Minister of the first independent government and, starting in June 1965, President until his death in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Neil Macmaster
    1 Inside the FLN NEIL MACMASTER 2 Inside the FLN: the Paris massacre and the French Intelligence Service Neil MacMaster March 2013. The moral right of the author has been asserted. The author welcomes any e-mail comment: <[email protected]> Cover photograph: Mohamed Zouaoui. 3 Contents Introduction 4 1 “Operation Flore” and the arrest of Mohamed Zouaoui 10 2 The Zouaoui network: the role of the Contrôleurs 21 3 The European Support Network, Renault, and FLN Propaganda 33 4 The Problem of Violence and the Federation U-Turn 43 5 Assassination of police officers and the Federation crisis 54 6 At the grass-roots: Mohammed Ghafir and Amala 12 (13th Arrondissement) 66 7 Planning the demonstrations of 17-20 October 84 8 Abderrahmane Farès and the financial network 98 9 After the massacre: the impact of the crisis on the FLN 108 Conclusion 123 Jean-Luc Einaudi and the Sacralisation of Mohammedi Saddek: An Essay 127 Appendix 1 Who was Mohammedi Saddek? 132 Appendix 2 La guerre des chiffres: how many Algerians died? 140 Short bibliography of publications, 2006-2013 145 Note on the author 147 4 INTRODUCTION By 2006, when I and Jim House published Paris 1961. Algerians, State Terror, and Memory, a number of books, by Jean-Luc Einaudi, Jean-Paul Brunet, Alain Dewerpe, Linda Amiri, Rémy Valat, and others, meant that the main features of the Paris massacre and the demonstration of 17 October were quite well understood.1 Political controversy has continued to rage, mainly in relation to the contested issue of the numbers of Algerians that were killed, but in general the bulk of the publications that have appeared since Paris 1961 have had to do with the cultural, artistic and memorial aspects of the events, rather than with further research into primary archival sources.2 This shift from the further excavation of archives, to differing interpretations of cultural and political meanings, was exemplified by the debates surrounding Michael Haneke’s film Caché,3 and the commemoration of the 50th anniversary in October 2011.
    [Show full text]