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Amazigh-State Relations in Morocco and Algeria Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-06 Amazigh-state relations in Morocco and Algeria Kruse, John E.,III Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34692 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS AMAZIGH-STATE RELATIONS IN MOROCCO AND ALGERIA by John E. Kruse III June 2013 Thesis Advisor: Mohammed Hafez Second Reader: Tristan Mabry Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS AMAZIGH-STATE RELATIONS IN MOROCCO AND ALGERIA 6. AUTHOR(S) John E. Kruse III 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) As some of North Africa’s original inhabitants, the indigenous Amazigh population in Morocco and Algeria has withstood waves of invaders to retain a distinct cultural and linguistic identity that has persisted within—and despite—nearly fourteen centuries of Arab rule. The emergence of Morocco and Algeria as modern nation-states following their independence marked the beginning of an ongoing tension between each state and its ethnic Amazigh minorities. With one state (i.e., Morocco) more inclusive and progressive and the other more repressive and exclusionary (i.e., Algeria), what are the factors that explain the different outcomes in both states? This study compares the two movements in Algeria and Morocco by investigating the relative salience of two central variables— that of each state’s institutions and the behavior of its movements—on the outcomes for the Amazigh community. The major finding is that state institutions stand as the most potent variable due to their ability to channel movement strategies towards either militancy or accommodation. This power is largely illustrated through Morocco’s reliance on cooptation as an initial response to expressions of grievance that has produced a milder form of activism. In contrast, Algeria has defaulted to a more repressive approach (to any dissent) that has produced a strident activism with radical offshoots. Movement behavior continues to play a secondary role that largely hinges on its ability to use globalization as an amplifying and mobilizing instrument for international pressure. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Amazigh, Berber, Tamazight, Morocco, Algeria, Tamazgha, Tifinagh, 15. NUMBER OF identity politics, ethnicity, ethnic conflict, Arabization, colonialism, Berber Spring, Kabyle, Rif, free PAGES men, Imazighen, Rif, Souss, IRCAM 117 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited AMAZIGH-STATE RELATIONS IN MOROCCO AND ALGERIA John E. Kruse III Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 2001 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ASIA, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2013 Author: John E. Kruse III Approved by: Mohammed Hafez, PhD Thesis Advisor Tristan Mabry, PhD Second Reader Mohammed Hafez, PhD Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT As some of North Africa’s original inhabitants, the indigenous Amazigh population in Morocco and Algeria has withstood waves of invaders to retain a distinct cultural and linguistic identity that has persisted within—and despite—nearly fourteen centuries of Arab rule. The emergence of Morocco and Algeria as modern nation-states following their independence marked the beginning of an ongoing tension between each state and its ethnic Amazigh minorities. With one state (i.e., Morocco) more inclusive and progressive and the other more repressive and exclusionary (i.e., Algeria), what are the factors that explain the different outcomes in both states? This study compares the two movements in Algeria and Morocco by investigating the relative salience of two central variables—that of each state’s institutions and the behavior of its movements—on the outcomes for the Amazigh community. The major finding is that state institutions stand as the most potent variable due to their ability to channel movement strategies towards either militancy or accommodation. This power is largely illustrated through Morocco’s reliance on cooptation as an initial response to expressions of grievance that has produced a milder form of activism. In contrast, Algeria has defaulted to a more repressive approach (to any dissent) that has produced a strident activism with radical offshoots. Movement behavior continues to play a secondary role that largely hinges on its ability to use globalization as an amplifying and mobilizing instrument for international pressure. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I.! INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1! A.! MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................... 1! B.! IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................... 4! C.! LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 6! 1.! Moroccan and Algerian Imazighen ................................................... 7! 2.! Nations and States ............................................................................. 10! 3.! Ethnic Conflict Literature ................................................................ 10! D.! PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES ................................................................ 14! E.! METHODS AND SOURCES ........................................................................... 16! F.! THESIS OVERVIEW ....................................................................................... 16! II.! STATE INSTITUTIONS AND AMAZIGH IDENTITY ...................................... 19! A.! COLONIALISM AND THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE: MOHAMMED V AND AHMED BEN BELLA ......................................... 24! 1.! Morocco ............................................................................................. 25! 2.! Algeria ................................................................................................ 29! B.! MAGHRIB ARABIZATION: HASSAN II (1961–1999) AND BOUMEDIENE, BITAT AND CHADI BENDJEDID (1965–1992) ......... 35! 1.! Morocco ............................................................................................. 36! 2.! Algeria ................................................................................................ 39! C.! MOHAMMED VI (1999-PRESENT) AND ABDELAZIZ BOUTEFLIKA (1999-PRESENT) .............................................................. 45! 1.! Morocco ............................................................................................. 45! 2.! Algeria ................................................................................................ 47! D.! CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 50! III.! NATURE OF THE AMAZIGH MOVEMENTS ................................................... 53! A.! THE HISTORICAL IMAZIGHEN ................................................................ 58! B.! THE INDEPENDENCE (TRIBAL) AMAZIGH ........................................... 62! 1.! Morocco. ............................................................................................ 62! 2.! Algeria. ............................................................................................... 63! C.! THE MODERN AMAZIGH: THE AMAZIGH IDENTITY MOVEMENT ................................................................................................ 65! 1.! 1970s and Globalization ................................................................... 65! 2.! Multiculturalism and IRCAM in
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